EP0313813B2 - Interrupteur à gaz comprimé - Google Patents

Interrupteur à gaz comprimé Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0313813B2
EP0313813B2 EP88115522A EP88115522A EP0313813B2 EP 0313813 B2 EP0313813 B2 EP 0313813B2 EP 88115522 A EP88115522 A EP 88115522A EP 88115522 A EP88115522 A EP 88115522A EP 0313813 B2 EP0313813 B2 EP 0313813B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
contact member
fixed
arcing
movable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88115522A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0313813A1 (fr
EP0313813B1 (fr
Inventor
Peter Dr. Kirchesch
Arnold Meier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB AG Germany
Original Assignee
ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd
Asea Brown Boveri AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=4271870&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0313813(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd, Asea Brown Boveri AB filed Critical ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd
Publication of EP0313813A1 publication Critical patent/EP0313813A1/fr
Publication of EP0313813B1 publication Critical patent/EP0313813B1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0313813B2 publication Critical patent/EP0313813B2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/91—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism the arc-extinguishing fluid being air or gas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/50—Means for increasing contact pressure, preventing vibration of contacts, holding contacts together after engagement, or biasing contacts to the open position
    • H01H2001/508—Means for increasing contact pressure, preventing vibration of contacts, holding contacts together after engagement, or biasing contacts to the open position with mechanical means to prevent return/reverse movement of movable contact once opening or closing cycle has started
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H2033/028—Details the cooperating contacts being both actuated simultaneously in opposite directions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/7015—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid characterised by flow directing elements associated with contacts
    • H01H33/7023—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid characterised by flow directing elements associated with contacts characterised by an insulating tubular gas flow enhancing nozzle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/904—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism characterised by the transmission between operating mechanism and piston or movable contact

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a compressed gas switch according to the first part of patent claim 1.
  • Such a switch is known for example from US-A-4,658,108.
  • the known switch has a pressure chamber with constant volume enclosed by the movable of its two switching pieces.
  • switching gas generated compressed gas is supplied to this pressure chamber, which gas is used to blow the switching arc when the current to be switched off approaches a zero crossing.
  • this saves a considerable amount of drive energy compared to a compressed gas switch, in which the compressed gas used to blow the switching arc is generated exclusively by a piston-cylinder compression device operated by the switch drive, however, such a switch has so far only been able to increase the contact separation speed, if so desired a significant increase in drive energy can be achieved.
  • the invention solves the problem of developing a pressure gas switch of the type mentioned in such a way that its erosion contact separation speed is significantly increased compared to the drive speed without any significant increase in its drive energy and without changing its extinguishing geometry.
  • the compressed gas switch according to the invention is characterized in that it now also masters switching cases in which a high erosion contact separation speed plays an important role. This is particularly important when switching capacitive currents, which can now be switched safely and without any significant increase in drive energy.
  • the high contact separation speed is achieved by means of insulating rods 3 and two-armed levers 61 which, when switched off, lead drive energy from a moving contact to an erosion contact 60 of a fixed contact.
  • the high contact separation speed is achieved by a movable shield 41 which is supported on a shoulder 44 of a blowing nozzle 22 in the switched-on state and which continues to run when the blowing nozzle is switched off and, by means of rockers 39 and two-armed levers 35, to an erosion contact 31 of a fixed contact piece acts.
  • the high contact separation speed is achieved by a latch between two contact pieces 6, 8 and a compression spring 14 compressed when the switch is turned off, which, after removal of the latch by a spreading movement carried out by one of the two contact pieces, causes the contact piece 8 to move in the opposite direction Accelerated direction of the switching piece 6 moved by a drive.
  • the high contact separation speed is achieved by two compression springs 14, 15 acting on a displaceably guided switching element 8 and a latch which, when switched off above a predetermined preload of the compression springs, by deformation of a ring held on an intermediate piece 21 22 is opened.
  • the prestressed compression springs then cause a movement which is carried out in the opposite direction to a driven switching element 6 at the moment of the contact separation.
  • CH-A-524 887 also describes an electrical compression switch in which, when switched off, a first two erosion contacts are moved by a drive and a second of the two erosion contacts after a predeterminable partial stroke of the first erosion contact under the action of a charged spring against the direction of movement of the first Burning contact is performed.
  • a favorable extinguishing distance between the erosion contacts that separate when switching off and the base points of a switching arc is achieved very quickly.
  • the contact separation speed is practically zero. This is disadvantageous for certain switching cases, such as when switching capacitive currents, in particular when only a small amount of extinguishing gas is available.
  • FR-A-14 48 854 shows a switch-disconnector with two contacts, each of which, when switched off, is under the action of a charged spring mechanism and is latched together.
  • the contacts are released after a predeterminable partial stroke of one of the two contacts moved by a drive, the two contacts are separated from one another in opposite directions by the charged spring accumulator.
  • a switching arc drawn between the separating contacts commutates from the non-driven contact to a metal nozzle and is blown by extinguishing gas which is guided radially outwards through the metal nozzle.
  • the metal nozzle serving as the erosion contact is attached to the movable part of a pneumatically acting piston-cylinder arrangement which is driven by one of the supercharged spring accumulators.
  • a high speed of the metal nozzle serving as the erosion contact and thus a high contact separation speed can only be achieved with this switch with an extremely strong and therefore comparatively complex and bulky spring mechanism.
  • Both contact pieces 1, 2 are essentially rotationally symmetrical and are each electrically conductively connected to a power connection (not shown). Both contact pieces 1 and 2 each have a nominal current 4 or 5 and an erosion contact 6 or 7.
  • the contact piece 1 can be moved along the axis 3 by a drive, also not shown, and has an insulating nozzle 8 arranged coaxially between the nominal current 4 and the erosion contact 6 and rigidly connected to the nominal current 4 and the erosion contact 6, with a nozzle constriction 9 and preferably for Storage of compressed gas provided, annular pressure chamber 10, which can be connected via an annular channel 11 provided between the erosion contact 6 and the inner wall of the insulating nozzle 8 and the nozzle constriction 9 to an exhaust chamber 12 located downstream of the nozzle constriction 9.
  • the contact piece 2 contains a sliding contact 14 which is coaxially encompassed by the nominal current contact 5 and connected to the nominal current contact 5 via electrically conductive webs 13, in which the pin-shaped erosion contact 7 is displaceably guided in the axial direction.
  • the current transfer from the sliding contact 14 to the erosion contact 7 is ensured here by contact lamellae 15, and the guiding of the erosion contact 7 by bearing rings 16 and 17, for example, made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the upper end of the compression spring 20 is supported on the sliding contact 14.
  • a recess 21 which is arranged essentially downstream of the nozzle constriction 9 and in which a spring-loaded pawl 23 which cooperates with the latching part 18 through an opening 22 provided downstream of the nozzle constriction 9 is rotatably mounted.
  • a nose 24 cooperating with the pawl 23 is fastened on the inner surface of the rated current contact 5.
  • the switching piece 1 When switching off, the switching piece 1 is moved along the axis 3 by the drive, not shown. After a predetermined stroke, the two rated current contacts 4, 5 separate and the current to be switched off commutates into a current path formed by the erosion contacts 6, 7.
  • the erosion contact 7 held by the pawl 23 follows the contact piece 1 at the same speed and with the compression spring 20 charged until the pawl 23, which acts as a ratchet, is rotated clockwise after hitting the fixed nose 24 after a predetermined period of time.
  • the latching part 18 and thus also the erosion contact 7 serving as the clamping part of a clamping mechanism are released. Under the action of the now charged compression spring 20, the erosion contact 7 reverses its direction of movement (right part of FIG.
  • a switching arc is drawn between the erosion contacts 6 and 7, which fills the pressure chamber 10 with heated insulating gas. After the nozzle constriction 9 has been released by the erosion contact 7, the switching arc is blown by the insulating gas stored in the pressure chamber 10 when the current is approaching a zero crossing and is extinguished.
  • the high contact separation speed ensures that the insulation distance between the two erosion contacts 6 and 7 is large enough to withstand the recurring voltage.
  • the contact separation speed is the limiting variable, which can be increased significantly in a simple manner compared to a comparable switch according to the prior art by the measures described, without excessively increasing the drive energy and without changing the quenching geometry of the contact arrangement.
  • an increased contact separation speed is achieved without the quenching behavior of the contact arrangement to change, achieved by using a rack and pinion gear as a moving element instead of a barrier.
  • the rack and pinion gear here has two gear wheels 25, 26, each of which is rotatably mounted on the switching piece 2 about an azimuthally guided axis, and four gear racks 27 to 30 aligned parallel to the axis 3, of which the racks 27 and 30, respectively, are located at the downstream end of the insulating nozzle 8 are fixed and each with radially inwardly directed teeth with radially outwardly facing teeth of the gear 25 and 26 respectively.
  • the toothed racks 28 and 29 are embedded in diametrically opposite outer surfaces of the erosion contact 7 which can be moved in the direction of the axis 3.
  • the movable contact piece 1 and thus also the racks 27 and 30 are guided upwards.
  • This upward movement is converted via the gears 25 and 26 on the racks 28 and 29 into a movement of the erosion contact 7 which takes place at the same speed but is directed in the opposite direction.
  • the erosion contacts 6 and 7 are then separated from one another at twice the drive speed while maintaining the extinguishing geometry of the contact arrangement.

Claims (3)

  1. Interrupteur à gaz comprimé avec deux pièces de contact (1, 2) mobiles l'une par rapport à l'autre le long d'un axe (3) et présentant chacune au moins un contact d'usure (6, 7), dont l'une (1) est mobile et une autre (2) est fixe, et où le contact d'usure (7) prévu à la pièce de contact fixe (2) a la forme d'une tige et est introduit en position de fermeture dans le contact d'usure (6) creux de la pièce de contact mobile (1) mue avec une vitesse de commande lors de la coupure, avec une chambre de pression (10) de volume indépendant de la course de coupure, fixée à la pièce de contact mobile (1) et accumulant à la coupure un gaz d'extinction comprimé, et avec une douille isolante (8) disposée de façon coaxiale aux deux pièces de contact (1, 2) et fixée sur la pièce de contact mobile (1), dont le col (9) est, en position de fermeture, traversé par le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2) et relie la chambre de pression (10) à une chambre d'échappement (12) lors de la coupure, caractérisé en ce que le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2) est guidé de façon coulissante en direction axiale dans un contact glissant (14) et fait partie d'un élément de transformation actionné par la pièce de contact mobile (1) et disposé en aval du col (9) de la douille, lequel transmet lors de la coupure le mouvement de la pièce de contact mobile (1) en sens contraire au contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2), en ce que la profondeur de pénétration du contact d'usure (7) en forme de tige dans le contact d'usure (6) creux et l'élément de transformation sont dimensionnés de telle façon que les deux contacts d'usure (6, 7) s'écartent l'un de l'autre au moment de la séparation des contacts avec une vitesse de commande sensiblement doublée, en ce que l'élément de transformation est un arrêt, avec un verrou actionné par la pièce de contact mobile (1), en ce que le verrou présente au moins un cliquet (23) rotatif posé dans la douille isolante (8) et guidé dans la chambre d'échappement (12) à travers une ouverture (22) située en aval du col (9) de la douille et pouvant tourner à la coupure sous l'action d'un ergot (24) fixe, et en ce que le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2) est posé de façon coulissante en opposition à l'action d'un ressort de pression (20) et présente une pièce d'encliquetage (18) coopérant avec ledit au moins un cliquet (23).
  2. Interrupteur à gaz comprimé avec deux pièces de contact (1, 2) mobiles l'une par rapport à l'autre le long d'un axe (3) et présentant chacune au moins un contact d'usure (6, 7), dont l'une (1) est mobile et une autre (2) est fixe, et où le contact d'usure (7) prévu à la pièce de contact fixe (2) a la forme d'une tige et est introduit en position de fermeture dans le contact d'usure (6) creux de la pièce de contact mobile (1) mue avec une vitesse de commande lors de la coupure, avec une chambre de pression (10) de volume indépendant de la course de coupure, fixée à la pièce de contact mobile (1) et accumulant à la coupure un gaz d'extinction comprimé, et avec une douille isolante (8) disposée de façon coaxiale aux deux pièces de contact (1, 2) et fixée sur la pièce de contact mobile (1), dont le col (9) est, en position de fermeture, traversé par le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2) et relie la chambre de pression (10) à une chambre d'échappement (12) lors de la coupure, caractérisé en ce que le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2) est guidé de façon coulissante en direction axiale dans un contact glissant (14) et fait partie d'un élément de transformation actionné par la pièce de contact mobile (1) et disposé en aval du col (9) de la douille, lequel transmet lors de la coupure le mouvement de la pièce de contact mobile (1) en sens contraire au contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2), en ce que la profondeur de pénétration du contact d'usure (7) en forme de tige dans le contact d'usure (6) creux et l'élément de transformation sont dimensionnés de telle façon que les deux contacts d'usure (6, 7) s'écartent l'un de l'autre au moment de la séparation des contacts avec une vitesse de commande sensiblement doublée, en ce que l'élément de transformation est un engrenage à crémaillère avec au moins une roue dentée (25, 26) tournante montée sur la pièce de contact fixe (2) et au moins deux crémaillères (27, 28, 29, 30) disposées parallèlement à l'axe (3) et coopérant avec ladite au moins une roue dentée (25, 26), dont au moins une première (27, 30) est fixée à la douille isolante (8) et dont au moins une deuxième est insérée dans le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2).
  3. Interrupteur à gaz comprimé suivant l'une ou l'autre des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de transformation agit sur le contact d'usure (7) de la pièce de contact fixe (2) en deux points disposés diamétralement par rapport à l'axe (3).
EP88115522A 1987-10-27 1988-09-22 Interrupteur à gaz comprimé Expired - Lifetime EP0313813B2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH4211/87 1987-10-27
CH4211/87A CH675175A5 (fr) 1987-10-27 1987-10-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0313813A1 EP0313813A1 (fr) 1989-05-03
EP0313813B1 EP0313813B1 (fr) 1993-09-01
EP0313813B2 true EP0313813B2 (fr) 1997-04-02

Family

ID=4271870

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88115522A Expired - Lifetime EP0313813B2 (fr) 1987-10-27 1988-09-22 Interrupteur à gaz comprimé

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4973806A (fr)
EP (1) EP0313813B2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2769702B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN1016124B (fr)
CH (1) CH675175A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE3883699D1 (fr)
HU (1) HU198803B (fr)
SU (2) SU1729304A3 (fr)

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US5478980A (en) * 1994-04-05 1995-12-26 Abb Power T&D Company, Inc. Compact low force dead tank circuit breaker interrupter
EP0678954B1 (fr) * 1994-04-19 1998-09-02 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Appareillage de commutation blindé métallique à isolement gazeux
DE4427163A1 (de) * 1994-08-01 1996-02-08 Abb Management Ag Druckgasschalter
FR2734399B1 (fr) * 1995-05-17 1997-06-13 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur a deux chambres de coupure par pole a condensateurs d'equilibrage
DE69619568T2 (de) * 1995-01-06 2002-11-21 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Lastschalter mit zwei Löschkammern je Pol
DE19547098A1 (de) * 1995-12-16 1997-06-19 Asea Brown Boveri Leistungsschalter mit einem Einschaltwiderstand
DE19622460C2 (de) * 1996-05-24 1998-04-02 Siemens Ag Hochspannungs-Leistungsschalter mit zwei antreibbaren Schaltkontaktstücken
DE29609909U1 (de) * 1996-05-24 1996-08-22 Siemens Ag Hochspannungs-Leistungsschalter mit einer Isolierstoffdüse
DE59609837D1 (de) * 1996-06-04 2002-12-05 Alstom Ag Oberentfelden Druckgasschalter mit einer Ausschalt-Bremsvorrichtung
DE19628408A1 (de) * 1996-07-15 1998-01-22 Asea Brown Boveri Leistungsschalter
DE19631323C1 (de) * 1996-08-01 1997-10-16 Aeg Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
DE19641550A1 (de) * 1996-10-09 1998-04-16 Asea Brown Boveri Leistungsschalter
DE19727850C1 (de) * 1997-06-26 1998-09-17 Siemens Ag Hochspannungs-Leistungsschalter mit zwei entgegengesetzt antreibbaren Lichtbogenkontaktstücken
DE29706202U1 (de) * 1997-03-27 1997-06-05 Siemens Ag Druckgasleistungsschalter
DE29711407U1 (de) * 1997-06-26 1997-09-04 Siemens Ag Hochspannungs-Leistungsschalter mit zwei entgegengesetzt antreibbaren Lichtbogenkontaktstücken
DE19738697C1 (de) * 1997-08-29 1998-11-26 Siemens Ag Hochspannungsleistungsschalter mit antreibbarem Gegenkontaktstück
FR2769403B1 (fr) * 1997-10-02 1999-11-12 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Interrupteur a gaz comprime avec un engrenage a cremailleres
FR2774503B1 (fr) * 1998-02-02 2000-04-07 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur de moyenne ou de haute tension comportant une courroie de transmission refermee autour de deux pignons
DE19850396A1 (de) 1998-11-02 2000-05-04 Asea Brown Boveri Leistungsschalter
JP2000152445A (ja) * 1998-11-09 2000-05-30 Hitachi Ltd ガス絶縁電気機器
DE19858793A1 (de) * 1998-12-18 2000-06-21 Alstom Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
DE19907838A1 (de) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-31 Alstom Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
FR2817389B1 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2003-01-03 Schneider Electric High Voltag Appareillage de coupure electrique haute tension a double mouvement
ATE349067T1 (de) 2004-08-23 2007-01-15 Abb Technology Ag Hochleistungsschalter mit bewegungsumkehr
DE102005012930A1 (de) 2005-03-15 2006-09-21 Siemens Ag Elektrische Kontaktanordnung mit einem ersten und einem zweiten Kontaktstück
KR100978646B1 (ko) * 2005-10-17 2010-08-27 위에 장 리튬 브로마이드 기계의 무진공 펌프 자동 배기장치 및방법
FR2892851B1 (fr) 2005-11-03 2013-12-06 Areva T & D Sa Chambre de coupure de courant a double chambre de compression
EP1879207B1 (fr) 2006-07-12 2017-04-19 ABB Schweiz AG Engrenage à pignon et crémaillère pour un interrupteur
FR2906931B1 (fr) 2006-10-09 2009-07-17 Areva T & D Sa Chambre de coupure avec cylindre repartiteur de champ pour disjoncteurs haute ou moyenne tension
CN104299841B (zh) * 2014-04-25 2016-11-23 国家电网公司 灭弧室及使用该机构的断路器
JP2019075194A (ja) * 2017-10-12 2019-05-16 株式会社日立製作所 ガス遮断器

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CH524887A (de) * 1970-12-14 1972-06-30 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Elektrischer Kompressionsschalter
US3896282A (en) * 1973-05-25 1975-07-22 S & C Electric Co High voltage circuit interrupting device
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US4489226A (en) * 1982-09-03 1984-12-18 Mcgraw-Edison Company Distribution class puffer interrupter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0313813A1 (fr) 1989-05-03
SU1729304A3 (ru) 1992-04-23
DE3883699D1 (de) 1993-10-07
CN1032882A (zh) 1989-05-10
JP2769702B2 (ja) 1998-06-25
EP0313813B1 (fr) 1993-09-01
HU198803B (en) 1989-11-28
US4973806A (en) 1990-11-27
SU1741620A3 (ru) 1992-06-15
JPH01159922A (ja) 1989-06-22
CH675175A5 (fr) 1990-08-31
CN1016124B (zh) 1992-04-01
HUT48408A (en) 1989-05-29

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