EP0313813A1 - Interrupteur à gaz comprimé - Google Patents

Interrupteur à gaz comprimé Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0313813A1
EP0313813A1 EP88115522A EP88115522A EP0313813A1 EP 0313813 A1 EP0313813 A1 EP 0313813A1 EP 88115522 A EP88115522 A EP 88115522A EP 88115522 A EP88115522 A EP 88115522A EP 0313813 A1 EP0313813 A1 EP 0313813A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
erosion
switching
movable
switchpiece
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88115522A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0313813B1 (fr
EP0313813B2 (fr
Inventor
Peter Dr. Kirchesch
Arnold Meier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB AG Germany
Original Assignee
BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=4271870&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0313813(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland filed Critical BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
Publication of EP0313813A1 publication Critical patent/EP0313813A1/fr
Publication of EP0313813B1 publication Critical patent/EP0313813B1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0313813B2 publication Critical patent/EP0313813B2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/91Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism the arc-extinguishing fluid being air or gas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00Contacts
    • H01H1/50Means for increasing contact pressure, preventing vibration of contacts, holding contacts together after engagement, or biasing contacts to the open position
    • H01H2001/508Means for increasing contact pressure, preventing vibration of contacts, holding contacts together after engagement, or biasing contacts to the open position with mechanical means to prevent return/reverse movement of movable contact once opening or closing cycle has started
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02Details
    • H01H2033/028Details the cooperating contacts being both actuated simultaneously in opposite directions
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/7015Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid characterised by flow directing elements associated with contacts
    • H01H33/7023Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid characterised by flow directing elements associated with contacts characterised by an insulating tubular gas flow enhancing nozzle
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/904Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism characterised by the transmission between operating mechanism and piston or movable contact

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a compressed gas switch according to the first part of patent claim 1.
  • Such a switch is known for example from US-A-4,658,108.
  • the known switch has a pressure space with constant volume enclosed by the movable of its two switching pieces.
  • switching gas generated compressed gas is supplied to this pressure chamber, which gas is used to blow the switching arc when the current to be switched off approaches a zero crossing.
  • this saves a considerable amount of drive energy compared to a compressed gas switch, in which the compressed gas used to blow the switching arc is generated exclusively by a piston-cylinder compression device operated by the switch drive, however, with such a switch, an optionally desired increase in the contact separation speed could previously only be achieved by a significant increase in drive energy can be achieved.
  • the invention solves the problem of developing a gas pressure switch of the type mentioned in such a way that its contact separation speed is significantly increased compared to the drive speed without any significant increase in its drive energy and without changing its extinguishing geometry.
  • the compressed gas switch according to the invention is characterized in that it now also masters switching cases in which a high contact separation speed plays an important role. This is particularly important when switching capacitive currents, which can now be switched safely and without any significant increase in drive energy.
  • Both contact pieces 1, 2 are essentially rotationally symmetrical and are each electrically conductively connected to a power connection (not shown). Both contact pieces 1 and 2 each have a nominal current 4 or 5 and an erosion contact 6 or 7.
  • the contact piece 1 can be moved along the axis 3 by a drive, also not shown, and has an insulating nozzle 8 arranged coaxially between the nominal current 4 and erosion contact 6 and rigidly connected to the nominal current 4 and erosion contact 6, with a nozzle constriction 9 and preferably for Storage of compressed gas provided, annular pressure chamber 10, which can be connected via an annular channel 11 provided between the erosion contact 6 and the inner wall of the insulating nozzle 8 and the nozzle constriction 9 to an exhaust chamber 12 located downstream of the nozzle constriction 9.
  • the contact piece 2 contains a sliding contact 14, which is coaxially encompassed by the nominal current contact 5 and connected to the nominal current contact 5 via electrically conductive webs 13, in which the pin-shaped erosion contact 7 is displaceably guided in the axial direction.
  • the current transfer from the sliding contact 14 to the erosion contact 7 is here by contact lamellae 15, the guiding of the erosion contact 7 is ensured by bearing rings 16 and 17 consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, for example.
  • the upper end of the compression spring 20 is supported on the sliding contact 14.
  • a recess 21 which is arranged essentially downstream of the nozzle constriction 9 and in which a spring-loaded pawl 23 which cooperates with the latching part 18 through an opening 22 provided downstream of the nozzle constriction 9 is rotatably mounted.
  • a nose 24 cooperating with the pawl 23 is fastened on the inner surface of the rated current contact 5.
  • the switching piece 1 When switching off, the switching piece 1 is moved along the axis 3 by the drive, not shown. After a predetermined stroke, the two rated current contacts 4, 5 separate and the current to be switched off commutates into a current path formed by the erosion contacts 6, 7.
  • the erosion contact 7 held by the pawl 23 follows the contact piece 1 during this time at the same speed and with the compression spring 20 charged until the pawl 23, which acts as a ratchet, is rotated clockwise after hitting the fixed nose 24 after a predetermined period of time.
  • the latching part 20 and thus also the erosion contact 7 serving as the clamping part of a clamping mechanism are released. Under the action of the now charged compression spring 20, the erosion contact 7 reverses its direction of movement (right part of FIG.
  • a switching arc is obtained between the erosion contacts 6 and 7, which fills the pressure chamber 10 with heated insulating gas. After the nozzle constriction 9 has been released by the erosion contact 7, the switching arc is blown by the insulating gas stored in the pressure chamber 10 when the current is approaching a zero crossing and is extinguished.
  • the high contact separation speed ensures that the insulation distance between the two erosion contacts 6 and 7 is large enough to withstand the recurring voltage.
  • the contact separation speed is the limiting variable, which can be increased significantly in a simple manner compared to a comparable switch according to the prior art by the measures described, without excessively increasing the drive energy and without changing the quenching geometry of the contact arrangement.
  • an increased contact separation speed is achieved without changing the quenching behavior of the contact arrangement, in that a rack and pinion gear is used as the traveling element instead of a locking mechanism.
  • the rack and pinion gear has two gear wheels 25, 26, each rotatably mounted on the switching piece 2 about an azimuthally guided axis, and four gear racks 27 to 30 aligned parallel to the axis 3, of which the toothed racks 27 and 30, respectively, are located at the downstream end of the insulating nozzle 8 are attached and each with radially inward teeth with radially outward teeth of the gear 25 and 26 are engaged.
  • the toothed racks 28 and 29 are embedded on diametrically opposite outer surfaces of the erosion contact 7 which can be moved in the direction of the axis 3.
  • the movable contact piece 1 and thus also the racks 27 and 30 are guided upwards.
  • This upward movement is converted via the gears 25 and 26 on the racks 28 and 29 into a movement of the erosion contact 7 which takes place at the same speed but is directed in the opposite direction.
  • the erosion contacts 6 and 7 are then separated from one another while maintaining the extinguishing geometry of the contact arrangement at twice the drive speed.

Landscapes

  • Circuit Breakers (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
EP88115522A 1987-10-27 1988-09-22 Interrupteur à gaz comprimé Expired - Lifetime EP0313813B2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH4211/87 1987-10-27
CH4211/87A CH675175A5 (fr) 1987-10-27 1987-10-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0313813A1 true EP0313813A1 (fr) 1989-05-03
EP0313813B1 EP0313813B1 (fr) 1993-09-01
EP0313813B2 EP0313813B2 (fr) 1997-04-02

Family

ID=4271870

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88115522A Expired - Lifetime EP0313813B2 (fr) 1987-10-27 1988-09-22 Interrupteur à gaz comprimé

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4973806A (fr)
EP (1) EP0313813B2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2769702B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN1016124B (fr)
CH (1) CH675175A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE3883699D1 (fr)
HU (1) HU198803B (fr)
SU (2) SU1729304A3 (fr)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0696040A1 (fr) * 1994-08-01 1996-02-07 ABB Management AG Interrupteur à gaz imprimé
EP0721197A1 (fr) * 1995-01-06 1996-07-10 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur à deux chambres de coupure par pÔles
FR2734399A1 (fr) * 1995-05-17 1996-11-22 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur a deux chambres de coupure par pole a condensateurs d'equilibrage
DE19631323C1 (de) * 1996-08-01 1997-10-16 Aeg Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
EP0779637A3 (fr) * 1995-12-16 1998-11-25 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Disjoncteur avec résistance de fermeture
EP0809269A3 (fr) * 1996-05-24 1998-11-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur haute tension avec deux pièces de contact entraínées
DE19738697C1 (de) * 1997-08-29 1998-11-26 Siemens Ag Hochspannungsleistungsschalter mit antreibbarem Gegenkontaktstück
EP0809268A3 (fr) * 1996-05-24 1998-12-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur haute tension dÔté d'une tuyère en matière isolante
WO1999000814A1 (fr) * 1997-06-26 1999-01-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Sectionneur de puissance haute tension a pieces de contact d'arc actionnables de maniere opposee
EP0820083A3 (fr) * 1996-07-15 1999-01-20 Asea Brown Boveri AG Disjoncteur
EP0896350A2 (fr) * 1997-06-26 1999-02-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur de puissance pour haute tension avec deux contacts d'arc mobiles en directions opposées
EP0907195A1 (fr) * 1997-10-02 1999-04-07 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Interrupteur à gaz comprimé avec un engrenage à crémaillères
EP0836209A3 (fr) * 1996-10-09 1999-04-07 Asea Brown Boveri AG Disjoncteur
EP0999569A2 (fr) * 1998-11-02 2000-05-10 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Interrupteur de puissance
DE19858793A1 (de) * 1998-12-18 2000-06-21 Alstom Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
DE19907838A1 (de) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-31 Alstom Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
FR2817389A1 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2002-05-31 Schneider Electric High Voltag Appareillage de coupure electrique haute tension a double mouvement
WO2007051778A1 (fr) 2005-11-03 2007-05-10 Areva T & D Sa Chambre de coupure de courant a double chambre de compression
EP1879207A1 (fr) * 2006-07-12 2008-01-16 ABB Technology AG Engrenage à pignon et crémaillère pour un interrupteur
US7507932B2 (en) 2004-08-23 2009-03-24 Abb Technology Ag Heavy-duty circuit breaker with movement reversal
US7699666B2 (en) 2005-03-15 2010-04-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrical contact arrangement having a first and a second contact piece
US8698033B2 (en) 2006-10-09 2014-04-15 Alstom Technology Ltd Interrupting chamber with a field distributor cylinder for high-voltage or medium-voltage circuit breakers

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2683383B1 (fr) * 1991-11-04 1993-12-31 Gec Alsthom Sa Disjoncteur a haute ou moyenne tension a triple mouvement.
US5478980A (en) * 1994-04-05 1995-12-26 Abb Power T&D Company, Inc. Compact low force dead tank circuit breaker interrupter
DE59406834D1 (de) * 1994-04-19 1998-10-08 Asea Brown Boveri Metallgekapselte gasisolierte Schaltanlage
ATE227047T1 (de) * 1996-06-04 2002-11-15 Alstom Ag Druckgasschalter mit einer ausschalt- bremsvorrichtung
DE29706202U1 (de) * 1997-03-27 1997-06-05 Siemens Ag Druckgasleistungsschalter
FR2774503B1 (fr) * 1998-02-02 2000-04-07 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur de moyenne ou de haute tension comportant une courroie de transmission refermee autour de deux pignons
JP2000152445A (ja) * 1998-11-09 2000-05-30 Hitachi Ltd ガス絶縁電気機器
KR100978646B1 (ko) * 2005-10-17 2010-08-27 위에 장 리튬 브로마이드 기계의 무진공 펌프 자동 배기장치 및방법
CN104299841B (zh) * 2014-04-25 2016-11-23 国家电网公司 灭弧室及使用该机构的断路器
JP2019075194A (ja) * 2017-10-12 2019-05-16 株式会社日立製作所 ガス遮断器

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1448854A (fr) * 1965-05-22 1966-08-12 Merlin Gerin Sectionneur à haute tension à coupure sous charge
CH524887A (de) * 1970-12-14 1972-06-30 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Elektrischer Kompressionsschalter
DE2946929A1 (de) * 1979-11-21 1981-05-27 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Autopneumatischer druckgasschalter
US4489226A (en) * 1982-09-03 1984-12-18 Mcgraw-Edison Company Distribution class puffer interrupter

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2055312A (en) * 1933-08-19 1936-09-22 Ruppel Sigwart Switch
BE435718A (fr) * 1938-07-30
DE1029449B (de) * 1957-01-17 1958-05-08 Licentia Gmbh Hochspannungsschalter mit zwei innerhalb einer Loeschkammer hintereinander-geschalteten Kontaktstellen
US3896282A (en) * 1973-05-25 1975-07-22 S & C Electric Co High voltage circuit interrupting device
SE430446B (sv) * 1979-07-11 1983-11-14 Asea Ab Elektrisk brytare med gasformigt sleckmedel
JPS5624726A (en) * 1979-08-01 1981-03-09 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Buffer type gas breaker
JPS56149732A (en) * 1980-04-21 1981-11-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Gas breaker

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1448854A (fr) * 1965-05-22 1966-08-12 Merlin Gerin Sectionneur à haute tension à coupure sous charge
CH524887A (de) * 1970-12-14 1972-06-30 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Elektrischer Kompressionsschalter
DE2946929A1 (de) * 1979-11-21 1981-05-27 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Autopneumatischer druckgasschalter
US4489226A (en) * 1982-09-03 1984-12-18 Mcgraw-Edison Company Distribution class puffer interrupter

Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0696040A1 (fr) * 1994-08-01 1996-02-07 ABB Management AG Interrupteur à gaz imprimé
EP0721197A1 (fr) * 1995-01-06 1996-07-10 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur à deux chambres de coupure par pÔles
FR2734399A1 (fr) * 1995-05-17 1996-11-22 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Disjoncteur a deux chambres de coupure par pole a condensateurs d'equilibrage
EP0779637A3 (fr) * 1995-12-16 1998-11-25 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Disjoncteur avec résistance de fermeture
EP0809269A3 (fr) * 1996-05-24 1998-11-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur haute tension avec deux pièces de contact entraínées
EP0809268A3 (fr) * 1996-05-24 1998-12-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur haute tension dÔté d'une tuyère en matière isolante
EP0820083A3 (fr) * 1996-07-15 1999-01-20 Asea Brown Boveri AG Disjoncteur
EP0822565A3 (fr) * 1996-08-01 1999-03-17 AEG Energietechnik GmbH Disjoncteur électrique à gaz comprimé
DE19631323C1 (de) * 1996-08-01 1997-10-16 Aeg Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
US5905243A (en) * 1996-10-09 1999-05-18 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Power breaker
EP0836209A3 (fr) * 1996-10-09 1999-04-07 Asea Brown Boveri AG Disjoncteur
WO1999000814A1 (fr) * 1997-06-26 1999-01-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Sectionneur de puissance haute tension a pieces de contact d'arc actionnables de maniere opposee
EP0896350A3 (fr) * 1997-06-26 1999-03-17 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur de puissance pour haute tension avec deux contacts d'arc mobiles en directions opposées
EP0896350A2 (fr) * 1997-06-26 1999-02-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Disjoncteur de puissance pour haute tension avec deux contacts d'arc mobiles en directions opposées
DE19738697C1 (de) * 1997-08-29 1998-11-26 Siemens Ag Hochspannungsleistungsschalter mit antreibbarem Gegenkontaktstück
WO1999012176A3 (fr) * 1997-08-29 1999-05-27 Siemens Ag Sectionneur de puissance haute tension a plot de contre-contact actionnable
EP0907195A1 (fr) * 1997-10-02 1999-04-07 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Interrupteur à gaz comprimé avec un engrenage à crémaillères
FR2769403A1 (fr) * 1997-10-02 1999-04-09 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Interrupteur a gaz comprime avec un engrenage a cremailleres
US6015960A (en) * 1997-10-02 2000-01-18 Gec Alsthom T&D Sa Compressed gas interrupter with a rack mechanism
US6229109B1 (en) 1998-11-02 2001-05-08 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Power circuit breaker with rack-pinion operating mechanism for movable contact
EP0999569A3 (fr) * 1998-11-02 2002-09-18 ABB Schweiz AG Interrupteur de puissance
EP0999569A2 (fr) * 1998-11-02 2000-05-10 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Interrupteur de puissance
KR100615869B1 (ko) * 1998-11-02 2006-08-25 에이비비 슈바이쯔 아게 전력 차단기
DE19858793A1 (de) * 1998-12-18 2000-06-21 Alstom Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
DE19907838A1 (de) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-31 Alstom Energietechnik Gmbh Druckgasschalter
FR2817389A1 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2002-05-31 Schneider Electric High Voltag Appareillage de coupure electrique haute tension a double mouvement
EP1211706A1 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2002-06-05 Schneider Electric High Voltage SA Appareillage de coupure électrique haute tension à double mouvement
US7507932B2 (en) 2004-08-23 2009-03-24 Abb Technology Ag Heavy-duty circuit breaker with movement reversal
US7699666B2 (en) 2005-03-15 2010-04-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrical contact arrangement having a first and a second contact piece
WO2007051778A1 (fr) 2005-11-03 2007-05-10 Areva T & D Sa Chambre de coupure de courant a double chambre de compression
EP1879207A1 (fr) * 2006-07-12 2008-01-16 ABB Technology AG Engrenage à pignon et crémaillère pour un interrupteur
US7994442B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2011-08-09 Abb Technology Ag Rack gear for electrical circuit breaker
US8698033B2 (en) 2006-10-09 2014-04-15 Alstom Technology Ltd Interrupting chamber with a field distributor cylinder for high-voltage or medium-voltage circuit breakers

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2769702B2 (ja) 1998-06-25
HUT48408A (en) 1989-05-29
JPH01159922A (ja) 1989-06-22
SU1741620A3 (ru) 1992-06-15
EP0313813B1 (fr) 1993-09-01
EP0313813B2 (fr) 1997-04-02
HU198803B (en) 1989-11-28
US4973806A (en) 1990-11-27
CN1016124B (zh) 1992-04-01
SU1729304A3 (ru) 1992-04-23
CN1032882A (zh) 1989-05-10
DE3883699D1 (de) 1993-10-07
CH675175A5 (fr) 1990-08-31

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