EP0295175A1 - Hohlkonstruktion mit ebener Grundplatte - Google Patents

Hohlkonstruktion mit ebener Grundplatte Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0295175A1
EP0295175A1 EP88401361A EP88401361A EP0295175A1 EP 0295175 A1 EP0295175 A1 EP 0295175A1 EP 88401361 A EP88401361 A EP 88401361A EP 88401361 A EP88401361 A EP 88401361A EP 0295175 A1 EP0295175 A1 EP 0295175A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elements
hollow structure
structure according
raft
side elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88401361A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0295175B1 (de
EP0295175B2 (de
Inventor
Marcel Matière
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=22017626&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0295175(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from US07/058,567 external-priority patent/US4836714A/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT88401361T priority Critical patent/ATE61074T1/de
Publication of EP0295175A1 publication Critical patent/EP0295175A1/de
Publication of EP0295175B1 publication Critical patent/EP0295175B1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0295175B2 publication Critical patent/EP0295175B2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/045—Underground structures, e.g. tunnels or galleries, built in the open air or by methods involving disturbance of the ground surface all along the location line; Methods of making them
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F5/00—Draining the sub-base, i.e. subgrade or ground-work, e.g. embankment of roads or of the ballastway of railways or draining-off road surface or ballastway drainage by trenches, culverts, or conduits or other specially adapted means
    • E01F5/005—Culverts ; Head-structures for culverts, or for drainage-conduit outlets in slopes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hollow structure with a flat bottom resting on a flattened laying surface such as the bottom of a trench and made up of juxtaposed wall elements.
  • the hollow structure is formed of tubular sections placed end to end and each consisting of a certain number of juxtaposed elements respectively a substantially planar radiating element placed on the ground or else cast in place, two side elements placed on either side of the slab and a vault element resting on the upper ends of the side elements so as to close the duct.
  • Each side element has a curved wall of generally vertical orientation which connects tangentially upwards with the arch element and downwards, horizontally, with the radiant element so as to constitute a smooth wall whose the curvature varies continuously.
  • the longitudinal joints between the arch elements and the side elements on which they rest constitute articulations which make it possible in particular to allow the ele
  • the joints then being sealed.
  • the side elements are secured to the floor by longitudinal joints constituting a real keying. In this way, all of the loads applied to the roof are transmitted to the side elements and taken up by the slab, the flat shape of which allows the load to be distributed over a large area. A considerable improvement is thus obtained in the distribution of the stresses generated in the soil.
  • the raft with the base of the side elements are moved slightly apart from the raft so as to provide between the longitudinal edges vis-à-vis a space in which intersect reinforcements left waiting and which are then embedded in concrete.
  • the longitudinal edges must therefore be set back from the theoretical plane of the joint, which complicates production.
  • the presence of these reinforcements which can be subjected to shocks during transport and the installation of the elements weakens the longitudinal edges and can be the source of cracks.
  • the invention overcomes these drawbacks with improvements to facilitate and simplify the production and installation of elements for the construction of such hollow structures.
  • the two side elements and the raft element are provided respectively, along their longitudinal edges opposite, thinned ends in the form of short consoles having, respectively, inverted profiles providing longitudinal bearing faces inclined at the same angle, not zero, with respect to the vertical and, for the construction of a structural section, the side elements are positioned so that the distance between their internal edges is less than the width of the raft element and that the short consoles facing each other overlap each other, their inclined bearing faces applying in pairs one on the other, said consoles having a profile and mechanical characteristics determined to be capable of transmitting to the element to radiate at least part of the forces supported by the side elements or vice versa.
  • the short brackets formed along the internal edges of the side elements pass over the short brackets formed along the longitudinal edges of the raft element.
  • this arrangement can be reversed, the short brackets of the radiating elements passing over the short brackets formed along the internal edges of the side elements which surround it.
  • a seal is interposed between the inclined bearing faces applied one on the other of said short brackets.
  • each side element is connected to the corresponding raft element by a plurality of spaced tie rods distributed along the longitudinal edges of the elements and passing through the short consoles opposite, said tie rods being subjected to a tension and bearing on the faces of said brackets opposite to the inclined bearing faces so that the latter are applied under pressure to each other.
  • the stabilization members formed at the base of each side element are extended towards the outside of the structure by parts extending in console over a sufficient distance to oppose the risks of overturning the side element under the effect of the applied forces.
  • each side element can moreover be constituted by a support sole extending over its entire length and comprising two wings extending transversely inwards and outwards.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown, in cross section, a closed conduit of the type described in European application 00 81 402.
  • a closed conduit which can be for example an underground passage for the circulation of vehicles or a circulation channel of liquid, is produced by combining tubular sections placed end to end and each consisting, in cross section of four prefabricated elements, respectively, a raft element 1, two side elements 2 and 2 ′, placed on either side of the radiate 1 and an arch element 3 resting, along its longitudinal edges 31, on the upper ends 21 of the side elements.
  • the side elements 2, 2 ′ and arch 3 are curved so as to give the duct the desired section.
  • the upper parts 21 of the side elements 2 and the arch element 3 have the same center of curvature 0. But other shapes are possible provided that the centers of curvature of the arch element 3 of the upper parts 21 of the side elements are centered in the plane of the joint PP ′ so as to maintain the continuity of the curvature.
  • the lower parts 22 of the two side elements 2 are oriented so as to connect tangentially, in a substantially horizontal direction, to the longitudinal edges 12 of the raft element 1.
  • a closed conduit is thus defined having a smooth internal wall of ovoid shape with a flattened base which can be laid on the flattened and packed bottom 61 of a trench 6.
  • the side elements 2 are provided at their base with stabilizing members 23 defining horizontal support faces zontales 24 allowing them to stand alone without scaffolding on the laying surface 61.
  • stabilizing members 23 defining horizontal support faces zontales 24 allowing them to stand alone without scaffolding on the laying surface 61.
  • the structure according to the present invention differs essentially from the previous embodiment by the fact that, when the elements are installed, the distance L between the internal longitudinal edges 40 of the two side elements 2 is less than the width L ′ of the slab element 1, that is to say the distance between the longitudinal edges 50 of the latter, so that the ends 4 of the side elements 2 partially cover the ends 5 of the slab 1.
  • each end 4 of a side element 2 is tapered at an angle to form a short console of substantially triangular section providing a longitudinal face 41 inclined at an angle A not zero with respect to the vertical, as is shown in detail in Figure 2.
  • Each end 5 of the raft 2 is thinned in the same way but in the opposite direction and therefore has a longitudinal face 51 inclined at the same angle A relative to the vertical.
  • the consoles 4 and 5 therefore have inverted profiles and can overlap each other when the elements are installed.
  • the inclined faces 41 of the brackets 4 are turned downwards and the inclined faces 51 of the brackets 5 are turned upwards.
  • the two consoles 4 of the side elements cover the two consoles 5 of the raft 1, the faces of support 41 and 51 applying to each other. It follows that the two side elements bear along their internal edge on the element of the raft 1. The load applied to the upper part of the structure and re taken by the side elements is thus transmitted to the raft element 1 and is distributed over the entire surface of the latter, a smaller part being transmitted directly to the ground by the stabilizing members 23.
  • brackets 4 and 5 as well as the characteristics of the reinforcements 42, 52 with which they are provided must be determined so as to give the brackets 4, 5 the resistance necessary to withstand without risk of cracking the significant stresses resulting from the transmission of the load to the raft 1.
  • reinforcements 42, 52 incorporated in the concrete are well protected and can be tighter than reinforcements simply protruding on standby.
  • the raft elements consisted of prefabricated panels, but it is possible to use a similar arrangement on a raft cast in place by simply providing faces along the longitudinal edges of the latter. tilt support corresponding to that of the side elements.
  • the raft When the raft is cast in place, it is possible to give it a monolithic structure by providing overlapping reinforcements between the parts cast successively. This produces continuous support on the ground to maintain the alignment of the different sections of the upper part and to resist variations in the applied forces or differential settlement.
  • the raft elements 1 consist of prefabricated panels laid flat on the ground, it is possible to offset the elements axially so that each transverse joint plane between the upper parts of two successive sections passes substantially to the center of a write-off element. In this way, the successive side elements are supported on the ground by means of the same raft element which is thus opposed to the possible effects of misalignment.
  • side elements 2 can also be used to maintain the raft 1 against an upward push under the effect of the water table in the case where the conduit is more or less submerged therein.
  • the side elements will thus simply be placed on the elements to be removed.
  • it may be necessary to keep a certain connection between the elements for example to resist misalignments caused by differential settlements or when the direction of application of the forces can vary. This is why, it can be advantageous, to avoid misalignments and guarantee sealing by maintaining the pressure of application of the consoles one on the other, to connect the side elements to the elements to be rafted by spaced tie rods 43 distributed along the longitudinal edges of the elements and passing through aligned orifices 44, 54, arranged vertically through the brackets 4 and 5 as shown in FIG. 2.
  • Each tie rod 43 is provided at its two ends with heads 47 bearing on the faces 46, 56 of the brackets 4, 5 opposite the inclined faces 41, 51 and is subjected to a prestressing tension determining the application under pressure one on the other of said inclined faces with crushing of the seal 45.
  • the keying of the lower joints made it possible to oppose the spacing outwards of the side elements 2, 2 ′ during the installation of the arch element 3 and of the embankment and the tie rods 43 may be insufficient, in certain cases, to fulfill this function.
  • the latter will be extended towards the outside by parts 25 extending in consoles for a distance a sufficient.
  • each side element 2 comprises a curved upper part 21 and a substantially vertical lower part 26 which rests on an enlarged base in the form of sole 7 comprising two wings 71, 72 extending respectively on each side and perpendicular to the vertical wall 26.
  • the latter can also be widened at the base to increase the rigidity of the element 2.
  • the wing internal 71 ends, as before, by a thinned end in the form of a console 4 which rests on the corresponding console 5 of the raft element 1.
  • the external wing 72 makes it possible on the one hand to increase the resistance to overturning and on the other hand to increase the overall bearing surface of the conduit on the bottom 61 of the trench.
  • the longitudinal joints 8 between the arch element 3 and the side elements 2 can also be the subject of a variant shown in detail in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the joint 8 between the upper part of the side element 2 and the arch element 3 is produced in a mixed manner and comprises two articulated supports 81 spaced apart from one other and preferably placed at the two ends of the elements 2 and 3.
  • These articulated supports 81 are produced in the manner described in the previous patent application and therefore comprise rounded protruding parts 82, preferably formed at the lower ends of the arch element 3 and which rest on hollow parts 83 formed at the upper ends of the side element 2 axially.
  • a seal 85 is interposed between said support parts 82 and 83.
  • the articulated joints 81 extend over lengths (e) provided simply so that, overall, the load applied by the arch element (3) on each side element (2) is temporarily collected by said supports 81 without risk of 'crushing or cracking.
  • the concrete walls of the side element 2 and of the arch element 3 terminate in end faces 28 , 33 spaced from each other by a certain distance from and from the surface of the joint plane P (FIG. 5) so as to provide a free space 84 in which the waiting reinforcements 27 extend transversely, 34, protruding from the ends of the two elements 2 and 3.
  • the vault elements 3 are first placed on the side elements 2 and 2 ′, providing the necessary seals between the faces of support 82, 83 and, according to one of the characteristics of patent 00 81 402, the elements are left to position, the articulated supports allowing them to move relatively slightly. We then proceed to keying the joint by passing through the waiting frames 27, 34, longitudinal anchoring irons 35 and pouring a sealing concrete in the space 84 closed, on the opposite side, by a temporary formwork.
  • the end faces 28 and 33 are advantageously inclined symmetrically with respect to the plane P so as to open in V towards the outside to facilitate concreting.
  • FIG. 6 shows a particular application of the invention to the production of liquid circulation channels and in particular of irrigation channels which may have a very large cross section.
  • such a channel can be made up of sections placed end to end and each comprising a raft element 1 with a flat bottom interposed between two side elements 2 which can advantageously be produced according to the embodiment described above, each element side 2 being provided at its base with an enlarged sole 7 comprising two wings 71, 72 extending on either side of the vertical side wall 26.
  • the channel thus formed which can be used for the circulation of water or other liquid 14 can either be open upwards or be covered with a curved element 36 which, not having to support backfill, can be made in a light manner, for example in a corrugated plastic material giving it a certain stiffness.
  • a cover 36 protects the transported water against pollution and reduces the risk of evaporation, in particular if the plastic material used is opaque.
  • the side elements 2 exert on the ground a push corresponding simply to their own weight and which is distributed over the entire lower surface of the sole 7.
  • the conduit is normally not placed in a trench but in a simple recess to reach the right soil. The risk of vertical thrust on the raft 1 under the effect of the water table is therefore reduced and the raft is subjected essentially to the load of the water 14 transported.
  • the inwardly curved shape of the side elements 2 also promotes stability by reducing the value of the horizontal force of thrust of the liquids.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Level Indicators Using A Float (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
  • Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
EP88401361A 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Hohlkonstruktion mit ebener Grundplatte Expired - Lifetime EP0295175B2 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88401361T ATE61074T1 (de) 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Hohlkonstruktion mit ebener grundplatte.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/058,567 US4836714A (en) 1981-11-17 1987-06-05 Enclosed structures of very large cross-section, such as conduits, silos or shelters
US58567 2002-01-28

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0295175A1 true EP0295175A1 (de) 1988-12-14
EP0295175B1 EP0295175B1 (de) 1991-02-27
EP0295175B2 EP0295175B2 (de) 1996-10-16

Family

ID=22017626

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88401360A Expired - Lifetime EP0296013B2 (de) 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Rohrförmiges Gebilde
EP88401361A Expired - Lifetime EP0295175B2 (de) 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Hohlkonstruktion mit ebener Grundplatte

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88401360A Expired - Lifetime EP0296013B2 (de) 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Rohrförmiges Gebilde

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0296013B2 (de)
AT (2) ATE61075T1 (de)
DE (2) DE3861826D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2021150T5 (de)
GR (2) GR3001817T3 (de)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000036225A1 (en) * 1998-12-12 2000-06-22 Peter Benedict Myers Glover A liquid retaining structure
ES2145641A1 (es) * 1995-03-17 2000-07-01 Armengoa Orus Jaime Estructura perfeccionada para la formacion de tuneles o galerias.
ITPC20090003A1 (it) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-24 Paver Costruzioni S P A Modulo strutturale per la costruzione di gallerie ad arco prefabbricate
CN102561219A (zh) * 2012-02-07 2012-07-11 孔民 一种组合式明洞涵洞
WO2012123593A1 (es) * 2011-03-14 2012-09-20 Armatek Global Sl Procedimiento de fabricación de falsos túneles
CN103243664A (zh) * 2013-05-22 2013-08-14 安徽水利开发股份有限公司 大孔径装配式钢筋混凝土涵洞构件
AT14917U1 (de) * 2014-08-26 2016-08-15 Ge Projekterrichtungsgmbh Bogenhaus
US20180050467A1 (en) * 2016-08-22 2018-02-22 LowSpan LLC Pre-Stressed Box Culvert and Methods for Assembly Thereof
US11059201B2 (en) 2016-08-22 2021-07-13 LowSpan LLC Pre-stressed box culvert and methods for assembly thereof
CN115354592A (zh) * 2022-08-16 2022-11-18 中铁上海工程局集团有限公司 一种装配式涵洞

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2642110B1 (fr) * 1989-01-20 1991-05-03 Matiere Marcel Procede de realisation d'un conduit enterre
FR2642109B1 (fr) * 1989-01-20 1991-05-03 Matiere Marcel Structure creuse allongee et son procede de fabrication
FR2684401B1 (fr) * 1991-11-29 1998-10-02 Sogea Procede pour realiser un ouvrage d'art tubulaire et ouvrage s'y rapportant.
FR2706498B1 (fr) * 1993-06-17 1995-09-08 Prefac Procédé de réalisation d'un ouvrage d'art voûté sous remblai, aménageant un passage.
IT1281032B1 (it) 1995-11-17 1998-02-11 Carlo Chiaves Struttura di un'opera interrata, particolarmente per la reliazzazione di gallerie, sottopassaggi, autorimesse o simili, suo procedimento di
FR2775704B1 (fr) * 1998-03-09 2000-05-19 Matiere Soc Civ De Brevets Ouvrage de passage sous remblai
CN105926473B (zh) * 2016-04-27 2017-12-29 苏交科集团股份有限公司 预制涵洞的自调节施工工法

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1441466A (en) * 1920-09-21 1923-01-09 Moses Henry Lane Culvert
FR935451A (fr) * 1946-10-30 1948-06-18 Système de construction d'égouts
FR2223513A1 (en) * 1973-03-30 1974-10-25 Socea Tunnel made from prefabricated sections - has roof slab supported on shoulders extending from upper face of walls
FR2286273A1 (fr) * 1974-09-26 1976-04-23 Fairclough Ltd Leonard Anneau pour garnitures de tunnels et garniture ainsi obtenue
US4314775A (en) * 1979-09-10 1982-02-09 Johnson Delp W Method of site casting tunnels, culverts, pressure pipes with minimum forming
US4497590A (en) * 1982-03-08 1985-02-05 Crs Group, Inc. Tunnel lining
WO1986002967A1 (fr) * 1984-11-05 1986-05-22 Marcel Matiere Systeme de construction modulaire d'une structure couverte

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT323074B (de) * 1969-10-25 1975-06-25 Hoesch Ag Tragende auskleidung für insbesondere kurvenförmig verlaufende durchlässe oder kanäle
DE2715127A1 (de) * 1977-04-05 1978-10-19 Lorenz Kesting Stahlbetonfertigteil fuer rohrtunnel, insbesondere der fernwaermeversorgung

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1441466A (en) * 1920-09-21 1923-01-09 Moses Henry Lane Culvert
FR935451A (fr) * 1946-10-30 1948-06-18 Système de construction d'égouts
FR2223513A1 (en) * 1973-03-30 1974-10-25 Socea Tunnel made from prefabricated sections - has roof slab supported on shoulders extending from upper face of walls
FR2286273A1 (fr) * 1974-09-26 1976-04-23 Fairclough Ltd Leonard Anneau pour garnitures de tunnels et garniture ainsi obtenue
US4314775A (en) * 1979-09-10 1982-02-09 Johnson Delp W Method of site casting tunnels, culverts, pressure pipes with minimum forming
US4497590A (en) * 1982-03-08 1985-02-05 Crs Group, Inc. Tunnel lining
WO1986002967A1 (fr) * 1984-11-05 1986-05-22 Marcel Matiere Systeme de construction modulaire d'une structure couverte

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2145641A1 (es) * 1995-03-17 2000-07-01 Armengoa Orus Jaime Estructura perfeccionada para la formacion de tuneles o galerias.
WO2000036225A1 (en) * 1998-12-12 2000-06-22 Peter Benedict Myers Glover A liquid retaining structure
ITPC20090003A1 (it) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-24 Paver Costruzioni S P A Modulo strutturale per la costruzione di gallerie ad arco prefabbricate
EP2221451A1 (de) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-25 Paver Costruzioni S.p.A. Strukturmodul zur Konstruktion eines Tunnels mit vorgefertigten Bögen
WO2012123593A1 (es) * 2011-03-14 2012-09-20 Armatek Global Sl Procedimiento de fabricación de falsos túneles
CN102561219A (zh) * 2012-02-07 2012-07-11 孔民 一种组合式明洞涵洞
CN103243664A (zh) * 2013-05-22 2013-08-14 安徽水利开发股份有限公司 大孔径装配式钢筋混凝土涵洞构件
CN103243664B (zh) * 2013-05-22 2015-12-16 安徽水利开发股份有限公司 大孔径装配式钢筋混凝土涵洞构件
AT14917U1 (de) * 2014-08-26 2016-08-15 Ge Projekterrichtungsgmbh Bogenhaus
US20180050467A1 (en) * 2016-08-22 2018-02-22 LowSpan LLC Pre-Stressed Box Culvert and Methods for Assembly Thereof
US10518440B2 (en) * 2016-08-22 2019-12-31 LowSpan LLC Pre-stressed box culvert and methods for assembly thereof
US11059201B2 (en) 2016-08-22 2021-07-13 LowSpan LLC Pre-stressed box culvert and methods for assembly thereof
CN115354592A (zh) * 2022-08-16 2022-11-18 中铁上海工程局集团有限公司 一种装配式涵洞

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0296013A1 (de) 1988-12-21
EP0296013B2 (de) 1998-04-01
EP0295175B1 (de) 1991-02-27
DE3861828D1 (de) 1991-04-04
DE3861826D1 (de) 1991-04-04
ES2021150T5 (es) 1998-07-16
EP0295175B2 (de) 1996-10-16
EP0296013B1 (de) 1991-02-27
GR3001813T3 (en) 1992-11-23
ES2021150B3 (es) 1991-10-16
ATE61074T1 (de) 1991-03-15
GR3001817T3 (en) 1992-11-23
ATE61075T1 (de) 1991-03-15

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