EP0283799A1 - Palette - Google Patents

Palette Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0283799A1
EP0283799A1 EP88103383A EP88103383A EP0283799A1 EP 0283799 A1 EP0283799 A1 EP 0283799A1 EP 88103383 A EP88103383 A EP 88103383A EP 88103383 A EP88103383 A EP 88103383A EP 0283799 A1 EP0283799 A1 EP 0283799A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
block
pallet
corrugated cardboard
base plate
shaped
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88103383A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0283799B1 (de
Inventor
Bengt Johansson
Jan Helgesson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Inter Ikea AS
Original Assignee
Inter Ikea AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Inter Ikea AS filed Critical Inter Ikea AS
Priority to AT88103383T priority Critical patent/ATE69778T1/de
Publication of EP0283799A1 publication Critical patent/EP0283799A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0283799B1 publication Critical patent/EP0283799B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D19/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D19/0004—Rigid pallets without side walls
    • B65D19/0006—Rigid pallets without side walls the load supporting surface being made of a single element
    • B65D19/0008—Rigid pallets without side walls the load supporting surface being made of a single element forming a continuous plane contact surface
    • B65D19/002—Rigid pallets without side walls the load supporting surface being made of a single element forming a continuous plane contact surface the base surface being made of more than one element
    • B65D19/0024—Rigid pallets without side walls the load supporting surface being made of a single element forming a continuous plane contact surface the base surface being made of more than one element forming discontinuous or non-planar contact surfaces
    • B65D19/0028—Rigid pallets without side walls the load supporting surface being made of a single element forming a continuous plane contact surface the base surface being made of more than one element forming discontinuous or non-planar contact surfaces and each contact surface having a discrete foot-like shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00014—Materials for the load supporting surface
    • B65D2519/00019—Paper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00049—Materials for the base surface
    • B65D2519/00054—Paper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00049—Materials for the base surface
    • B65D2519/00069—Plastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00009—Materials
    • B65D2519/00049—Materials for the base surface
    • B65D2519/00079—Combination, e.g. different elements made of different materials, laminates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00263—Overall construction of the pallet
    • B65D2519/00273—Overall construction of the pallet made of more than one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00283—Overall construction of the load supporting surface
    • B65D2519/00288—Overall construction of the load supporting surface made of one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00313—Overall construction of the base surface
    • B65D2519/00323—Overall construction of the base surface made of more than one piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00258—Overall construction
    • B65D2519/00313—Overall construction of the base surface
    • B65D2519/00328—Overall construction of the base surface shape of the contact surface of the base
    • B65D2519/00338—Overall construction of the base surface shape of the contact surface of the base contact surface having a discrete foot-like shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00547—Connections
    • B65D2519/00552—Structures connecting the constitutive elements of the pallet to each other, i.e. load supporting surface, base surface and/or separate spacer
    • B65D2519/00557—Structures connecting the constitutive elements of the pallet to each other, i.e. load supporting surface, base surface and/or separate spacer without separate auxiliary elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2519/00—Pallets or like platforms, with or without side walls, for supporting loads to be lifted or lowered
    • B65D2519/00004—Details relating to pallets
    • B65D2519/00547—Connections
    • B65D2519/00552—Structures connecting the constitutive elements of the pallet to each other, i.e. load supporting surface, base surface and/or separate spacer
    • B65D2519/00557—Structures connecting the constitutive elements of the pallet to each other, i.e. load supporting surface, base surface and/or separate spacer without separate auxiliary elements
    • B65D2519/00562—Structures connecting the constitutive elements of the pallet to each other, i.e. load supporting surface, base surface and/or separate spacer without separate auxiliary elements chemical connection, e.g. glued, welded, sealed

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pallet, preferably a disposable pallet of the type comprising a base plate of corrugated cardboard and a plurality of block-shaped feet also of corrugated cardboard and situated on the bottom side of the base plate.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a pallet of the above type which is simpler and stronger than the previously known pallets, and which in addition is very compact.
  • each block-shaped foot is made of a strong corrugated cardboard and is substantially solid, each foot comprising a substantially planar laminate including at least ten layers of corrugated cardboard situated substantially perpendicular to the base plate, and that the block-shaped foot is of a relatively small height of between 1,5 and 3,5 per cent of the main dimension of the base plate.
  • a typical range of values for the foot height is 15-35 mm.
  • the block-shaped feet are very low on account of the large number of layers of corrugated cardboard and furthermore very broad, no risk exists of said feet working loose from the base plate at a lateral effect on the pallet when said pallet is being loaded with articles.
  • the pallet is very suited for transporting articles in containers or truck compartments where the compartments must be utilized to a maximum, and where a loading and unloading of the pallets by means of a fork truck is simultaneously desired.
  • the very simple structure of the pallet ensures a particularly inexpensive manufacturing price, which allows a discarding of the pallet, said pallet thereby being a disposable pallet.
  • An embodiment of the pallet according to the inven­tion is characterised in that the corrugated card­board used for the laminate of the block-shaped feet is of a type of a weight in the range 140-180 g/m2, preferably 160 g/m2. As a result the pallet is provided with a suitable strength.
  • At least part of the pallet preferably the block-shaped feet, is coated and/or impregnated with a water-­repellent agent such as wax or plastics.
  • a water-­repellent agent such as wax or plastics.
  • One or more very thin layers of plastic foam, pre­ferably polyvinyl chloride may according to the invention form part of the laminate of the block-­shaped feet, whereby each block-shaped foot is strengthened considerably.
  • the laminated block-­shaped feet may be glued onto the base plate by means of a single-component latex glue, which short­ ens the production time of the pallet.
  • the small grooves of each layer of corrugated cardboard in each block-­shaped foot may extend perpendicular to the base plate, whereby the carrying capacity of the foot is increased.
  • the bottom side of the block-shaped feet may be covered by a cover fase of for instance cardboard or corrugated cardboard, whereby it is ensured that water cannot by a capillary effect penetrate the small grooves in the vertical layers of corrugated cardboard.
  • the maximum sectional dimension of these small grooves is about 4-5 mm.
  • one or more thin metal wires may extend around each block-shaped foot so as to hold together the layers of corrugated cardboard when said layers are loaded.
  • the layers of corrugated cardboard of each block-­shaped foot are prevented from being pressed aside at great vertical loads. Consequently the block-­shaped feet are considerably strengthened.
  • each block-shaped foot may be crossed, the small grooves of each layer of corrugated cardboard being situated substantially perpendicular to the small grooves of the neighbor­ing layer of corrugated cardboard.
  • the pallet of Figure 1 is preferably a disposable pallet and comprises a base plate 1 of corrugated cardboard and a plurality of block-shaped feet 2 situated on the bottom side of the base plate. These feet are also made of corrugated cardboard.
  • the base plate 1 comprises preferably a horizontal layer of corrugated cardboard, but may also comprise two or three such layers.
  • Each block-shaped foot 2 comprises a substantially planar laminate, cf. Figure 2, which includes at least ten layers of corrugated cardboard 3 a , 3 b , 3 c .... situated sub­stantially perpendicular to the base plate 1.
  • the block-shaped foot is substantially solid because no large cavities exist in the interior thereof.
  • the corrugated cardboard used is of a strong type.
  • each block-shaped foot is relatively small compared to the main dimension H of the pallet and is typically in the range 1,5 - 1,5 per cent of the di­mension H. Typical values for the dimensions H and h are 1 meter and 15-35 mm respectively.
  • the block-shaped foot is very low which is an extremenely important feature because the pallet and the articles piled thereon must take up as little space as possible when stored in for instance a container or a truck compartment.
  • the block-shaped feet must be just so high that the forks of a fork truck can slip beneath the pallet so as to lift and handle said pallet.
  • the corrugated cardboard used is of the type "one-sided well" of a weight in the range 140-­180 g/m2, preferably 160 g/m2.
  • a water-repellant agent such as wax or plastics, preferably polyvinyl chloride.
  • the corrugated cardboard laminate of each block-shaped foot 2 may include one or more very thin layers of plastic foam as indicated for instance at 4 a , 4 b , and 4 c . These layers have a blocking effect and increase the resistance to compression of the block-shaped foot.
  • Each block-shaped foot 2 is preferably glued onto the base plate 1 by means of a single-component latex glue.
  • Figure 2 is, as mentioned, an inclined bottom view of a block-shaped foot. It is noted that the small grooves 5 a , 5 b , 5 c of each layer of corrugated cardboard preferably extend perpendicular to the base plate 1.
  • each block-shaped foot 2 may be covered by a cover face 6 of for instance cardboard or corrugated cardboard, whereby moisture to a certain degree is prevented from seeping upwards into the small grooves 5 a , 5 b , 5 c , cf. Figure 2, of the foot.
  • one or more thin metal wires 8 ⁇ , 8 ⁇ may extend around each block-shaped foot 2 so as to increase the resistance to compres­sion of the foot.
  • the metal wires may optionally also extend between two succeeding layers of corru­gated cardboard in the interior of the block-shaped foot.
  • the invention may be varied in many ways without deviating from the scope thereof.
  • the layers of corrugated cardboard of each block-shaped foot 2 may be crossed, cf.
  • Figure 6 whereby the small grooves 10 a , 10 b , 10 c of the layer 10 are situated substantially perpendicular to the small grooves 11 a , 11 b of the layer 11.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pallets (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • General Details Of Gearings (AREA)
  • Dicing (AREA)
  • Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
EP88103383A 1987-03-17 1988-03-04 Palette Expired - Lifetime EP0283799B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88103383T ATE69778T1 (de) 1987-03-17 1988-03-04 Palette.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK137087A DK166768B1 (da) 1987-03-17 1987-03-17 Lastpalle
DK1370/87 1987-03-17

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0283799A1 true EP0283799A1 (de) 1988-09-28
EP0283799B1 EP0283799B1 (de) 1991-11-27

Family

ID=8104112

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88103383A Expired - Lifetime EP0283799B1 (de) 1987-03-17 1988-03-04 Palette

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0283799B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE69778T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1304016C (de)
DE (1) DE3866389D1 (de)
DK (1) DK166768B1 (de)
FI (1) FI91233C (de)
NO (1) NO180332C (de)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2691699A1 (fr) * 1992-05-29 1993-12-03 Tillmann Verpackungen Gmbh Système de construction de palette et son procédé de fabrication.
EP0535094A4 (en) * 1990-06-22 1994-05-18 Stephen C Adams Jr Portable shipping platform for use with slipsheet handling equipment and fork lifts
FR2703327A1 (fr) * 1993-03-29 1994-10-07 Laduranty Philippe Palette de manutention en carton ondulé.
EP0853047A1 (de) * 1997-01-13 1998-07-15 Franco Prato System zum Erstellen von Paletten aus Wellpappelagen
KR101411350B1 (ko) 2013-03-08 2014-06-25 김주화 공작기계 부품용 포장박스
WO2017056070A1 (en) 2015-10-02 2017-04-06 Ginter Ryszard Method of storing and transporting of cardboard and other goods and apparatus for gluing cardboard feet

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5042397A (en) * 1987-07-31 1991-08-27 Fiedler Leslie C Pallet construction
JP3303298B2 (ja) * 1992-02-27 2002-07-15 ノイエ スワップ ホールディング アクチェンゲゼルシャフト 厚紙で作成されたパレット
SE510634C2 (sv) * 1997-06-18 1999-06-07 Karl Johan Back Förfarande för framställning av en lastpall, samt system för dess hantering
SE515044C2 (sv) 1999-10-15 2001-06-05 Olv Pallen Ab Lastpall, förfarande och anordning för framställning av lastpallen, ämne till lastpallen samt lastpallsaggregat av flera ämnen

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB697232A (en) * 1950-04-27 1953-09-16 Thompson And Norris Mfg Compan Improvements in or relating to platforms made of corrugated cardboard, pasteboard orthe like material
GB988428A (en) * 1963-01-07 1965-04-07 Reed Paper Group Ltd Improvements in or relating to load carrying pallets
US3477395A (en) * 1968-02-28 1969-11-11 Inland Container Corp Pallet leg structure
US3519190A (en) * 1968-02-13 1970-07-07 Achermann W Collapsible palette box made of corrugated cardboard and the like
US3763791A (en) * 1972-03-31 1973-10-09 T Wilcox Disposable pallet
CH558741A (de) * 1974-02-21 1975-02-14 Vecere Philip J Einwegpalette.

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB697232A (en) * 1950-04-27 1953-09-16 Thompson And Norris Mfg Compan Improvements in or relating to platforms made of corrugated cardboard, pasteboard orthe like material
GB988428A (en) * 1963-01-07 1965-04-07 Reed Paper Group Ltd Improvements in or relating to load carrying pallets
US3519190A (en) * 1968-02-13 1970-07-07 Achermann W Collapsible palette box made of corrugated cardboard and the like
US3477395A (en) * 1968-02-28 1969-11-11 Inland Container Corp Pallet leg structure
US3763791A (en) * 1972-03-31 1973-10-09 T Wilcox Disposable pallet
CH558741A (de) * 1974-02-21 1975-02-14 Vecere Philip J Einwegpalette.

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0535094A4 (en) * 1990-06-22 1994-05-18 Stephen C Adams Jr Portable shipping platform for use with slipsheet handling equipment and fork lifts
FR2691699A1 (fr) * 1992-05-29 1993-12-03 Tillmann Verpackungen Gmbh Système de construction de palette et son procédé de fabrication.
FR2703327A1 (fr) * 1993-03-29 1994-10-07 Laduranty Philippe Palette de manutention en carton ondulé.
EP0853047A1 (de) * 1997-01-13 1998-07-15 Franco Prato System zum Erstellen von Paletten aus Wellpappelagen
KR101411350B1 (ko) 2013-03-08 2014-06-25 김주화 공작기계 부품용 포장박스
WO2017056070A1 (en) 2015-10-02 2017-04-06 Ginter Ryszard Method of storing and transporting of cardboard and other goods and apparatus for gluing cardboard feet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI881047A0 (fi) 1988-03-07
EP0283799B1 (de) 1991-11-27
DK137087D0 (da) 1987-03-17
DK166768B1 (da) 1993-07-12
DK137087A (da) 1987-09-18
NO881136L (no) 1988-09-19
NO180332C (no) 1997-04-09
DE3866389D1 (en) 1992-01-09
ATE69778T1 (de) 1991-12-15
NO180332B (no) 1996-12-23
FI91233C (fi) 1994-06-10
CA1304016C (en) 1992-06-23
NO881136D0 (no) 1988-03-15
FI881047A (fi) 1988-09-18
FI91233B (fi) 1994-02-28

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