Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7084—Transdermal patches having a drug layer or reservoir, and one or more separate drug-free skin-adhesive layers, e.g. between drug reservoir and skin, or surrounding the drug reservoir; Liquid-filled reservoir patches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L15/58—Adhesives
  • A61L15/585—Mixtures of macromolecular compounds

Definitions

• This invention relates to adhesives which provide suitable dermal adherence, such as to human skin.
• the invention relates more particularly to pressure sensitive adhesives for transdermal therapeutic devices.
• Pressure sensitive adhesives for skin are typically in the form of bandages or therapeutic devices which adhere for prescribed periods of time.
• Such structures typically include a plastic or cloth layer that is coated with pressure sensitive adhesive. The latter is protected by a release substrate which is peeled from the adhesive when the device is to be used.
• transdermal therapeutic devices must meet strict performance standards.
• the typical transdermal device is a pouch which contains a liquid medicine that is absorbed gradually into the skin.
• Such devices typically contain a semi-permeable membrane and are used with absorptive drugs such as nitroglycerine or agents for cardiac treatment. Consequently any pressure sensitive adhesive that is coated on the therapeutic device must not act as a barrier to the treatment fluid.
• therapuetic device since a therapuetic device remains in close adhesive contact with skin over an appreciable period of time, typically up to 24 hours, the adhesive must remain active over the entire period.
• the adhesive should also permit the therapeutic device to be peeld from the skin without causing discomfort or leaving an objectionable residue.
• a pressure sensitive adhesive is formed by the polymerization of a silicate resin and an organopolysiloxane fluid.
• the silicate resin is obtained by intercondensation of the cohydrolysis product of a trialkyl hydrolyzable silane and an alkyl silicate.
• the cohydrolysis product contains a number of silicone-bonded hydroxy groups.
• the formulation forms a pressure sensitive adhesive with a high degree of tack and cohesion over a wide temperature range. It is principally an adhesive coating for contacting polymeric materials such as glass and a wide range of plastics including polyethylene.
• the adhesive is also used in the manufacture of pressure sensitive tapes, but there is no suggestion that the adhesive could be applied to skin.
• the weight ratio of silicate resin to organopolysiloxane fluid is between about 0.5 and 6 to 1, more preferably between about 1 to 1 and 3 to 1. Such a range would not be suitable for transdermal therapeutic devices because of insufficient tack for human skin and too great a time lapse to achieve maximum bonding.
• U.S. Patent 4,039,707 discloses a siloxane pressure sensitive adhesive which is the intercondensation product of an organopolysiloxane resin and an alkylaryl polysiloxane gum.
• the organopolysiloxane resin has the formula (OH) q (OR 2 ) r R 2 SiO rqrr/2 .
• the organopolysiloxane gum contain aryl groups, such as phenyls, to obtain optimum pressure sensitive adhesion. If a mixture of phenyl and methyl groups is employed, the number of silicone-bonded phenyl groups should be in a range such that, for each 7 to 75 phenyl groups attached directly to the silicone by a carbon-silicone linkage, there are from 29 to 25 silicone-bonded methyl groups. A preferred range is from about 5 to 15 phenyl groups per 95 to 85 methyl groups. Also disclosed is a release substrate for the pressure sensitive adhesive.
• the release substrate typically is a paper or polymer film coated with a silanol-stopped dimethylpolysiloxane fluid.
• Another disclosed release coating is a dimethylvinyl-stopped dimethyl polysiloxane fluid.
• alkylaryl polysiloxane gum should have a viscosity from about 200,000 to 15-million centipoise at 25oC. and contan an average from about 1.85 to 2.01 siliconebonded alkyl and aryl radicals per silicone atom.
• U.S. Serial No. 451,625, filed December 20, 1982, discloses a transdermal adhesive formed by the polymerization product of an aryl polysiloxane, an alkyl polysiloxane and an MQ polysiloxane with multifunctional siloxane units.
• This product is suitably non-toxic and non-irritating. It also provides suitable adhesion. It does not, however, permit control over the rate of fluid passage. Consequently this adhesive is not suitable for many medicinal applications.
• a related object is to acheive a transdermal adhesive in which the rate of fluid transmission can be specified with precision.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid transmission controllable adhesive which can be used to retain a plastic film or therapeutic device in adhesive contact with human skin and is both non-toxic and easily removeable.
• An important object of the invention is to provide a fluid transmission controllable pressure sensitive adhesive for transdermal therapeutic devices.
• a related object is to provide a pressure sensitive adhesive which can retain a therapeutic device in adhesive contact with skin over a prolonged period of time and not interfere with precision control over the absorption of medicinal fluid.
• the invention provides a fluid permeable adhesive in which a pressure sensitive polymer is blended with a cross linked polysiloxane. Vapor or fluid transmission through thee adhesive is controlled by the extent to which the cr ⁇ sslinked polysiloxane is blended with the polymer. The vapor transmission increases and decreases in sawtooth fashion as the ratio of polysiloxane to polymer changes.
• the amount of crosslinked polysiloxane ranges from more than 0 to less than 100% of the total adhesive composition.
• a desirable adhesive includes a crosslinked polysiloxane ranging up to 10%, up to 30% or up to 70%, depending upon the polymer.
• the polymer is selected from the class of acrylics, urethanes, elastomers and blends.
• the final polysiloxane is formed by the crosslinking of a plurality of subordinate siloxanes which can be aryl and/or alkyl.
• a fluid permeable adhesive is prepared by blending a crosslinked polysiloxane with an adhesive polymer which can be acrylic, urethanic, elastomeric or a blend.
• fluids can be administered to an epidermal layer through a contacting blend of a crosslinked polysiloxane and a nonsilicone polymer. Fluid is then applied to the blend to permit passage through the adhesive at a prescribed rate.
• a medical device can be provided by being partially coated with a blend of a pressure sensitive non-silicone polymer and a crosslinked polysiloxane.
• a suitable catalyst for the crosslinking of polysiloxane is a diaryl peroxide which advantageously is included to initiate the polymerization, for example of a siloxane gum and an MQ resin. When the catalyst is omitted the polymerization can be initiated in other ways.
• the weight ratio of gum to resin is preferably in the range between 1 to 3 and 3 to 1.
• a catalyst it may be between 0.1 and 2% by weight of the final adhesive.
• a preferred catalyst is 2,4 dichlobenzoyl oxide which contains a phlegmatic agent such as dibutylphtalate.
• the formulation may also include polybutene resin in the amount up to a 15% by weight of the final product.
• the polymerized product is preferably prepared by forming a raw adhesive solution of reactants and solvents such as toluene, naphtha xylene and acetate.
• the final adhesive can be prepared by mixing the constituents until a homogeneous blend is formed.
• the blend is then coated on a release substrate which is typically a paper sheet overcoated with a silicone.
• a release substrate typically a paper sheet overcoated with a silicone.
• the laminate is dried to vaporize the solivents, after which the laminate is heated to temperatures necessary to initiate a polymerization reaction between the siloxane constituents.
• the siloxane crosslinking may precede the blending operation.
• the final adhesive laminate may be applied to a surface of a transdermal device with the adhesive coating in direct contact with the device.
• the adhesive is in contact with a semipermeable membrane of the defice.
• the release is peeled away to expose the adhesive, which is applied to the skin.
• the final pressure sensitive adhesive formulation exhibits unique liquid permeability and a high degree of adhesion to skin, with negligible irritation. It also has excellent release properties, permitting easy removal of the release substrate from the adhesive.
• FIGURE 1 is a graph of vapor transmission for one set of transdermal adhesives in accordance with the invention.
• FIGURE 2 is a graph of vapor transmission for another set of transdermal adhesives in accordance with the invention.
• the pressure sensitive adhesive of the invention is a blend of a polymer and a cross-linked polysiloxane.
• the polysiloxane may be formed from siloxane gums, or one or more siloxana gums and one or more siloxane resins.
• Suitable siloxane gums are dimethyl siloxane and dimethyldiphenyl siloxane.
• the term "gum” denotes a relatively high viscosity material, e.g. greater than about 20,000 centipoise.
• Such gums include linear alkyl/aryl polysiloxanes or polydiorganosiloxane ⁇ that can be converted from a highly viscous plastic state into a predominantly elastic state by cross-linking. W. Noll, "Chemistry and Technology of Silicones", Academic Press. New York (1958), page 387.
• Siloxane gums are also known as "organosiloxane elastomers".
• the term"resin refers to a siloxane polymer.
• the pressure sensitive adhesive resulting from the blend of a cross-linked polysiloxane and a polymer is useful for attaching transdermal therapeutic devices to human skin for periods up to about 24-hours.
• the adhesive exhibits a favorable peel release and a high degree of adhesion over a long period.
• the adhesive is particularly suited to medical applications by being easily removable and non-irritating.
• the adhesive permits the medication in the transdermal device to pass through the adhesive into the skin.
• Transdermal devices known in the art are formed by a semipermeable, microporous membrane, or membranes, for storing liquid medication and releasing the medication at a prescribed rate over a prolonged period.
• the transdermal device containing liquid medication is applied directly to the skin as a bandage.
• the semipermeable membrane in contact with the skin is provided with an adhering pressure sensitive layer.
• the adhesive of the invention is applicable to all transdermal devices which must be placed in adhesive contact with skin.
• Adhesives for transdermal therapeutic devices should satisfy a number of requirements.
• the adhesive should allow uninterrupted liquid flow over a prolonged period, up to six hours and preferably 24 to 36 hours and longer.
• the flow is desirably at a constant rate through the semipermeable membrane into the skin. Therefore, the adhesive cannot form a barrier between the membrane and the skin-during use, and should not measurably retard the flow of medicine.
• the adhesive of the invention satisfies the foregoing requirements and is to be contrasted with conventional pressure sensitive adhesives which significantly retard the throughflow of liquids, particularly over prolonged periods. Additionally the adhesive should not cause undue skin irritation, including swelling, redness or itching on prolonged contact.
• the adhesive should also allow relatively easy removal without discomfort. Nor should the adhesive detoriate or peel or loosen over the period of application. Moreover, there should be little or no adhesive residue remaining on the skin after the transdermal device is removed.
• Formulation A is composed of raw adhesive solutions which are dried to evaporate the solvents and then cured to form the polymerized adhesive product of Table I.
• the acrylic resin of Table I is a self cross-linking product sold under the designation "80-1054" (JDM-808)" from
• the cross-linkable polysiloxane is formed from a mixture of MQ resihs.
• An MQ resin is formed from monofunctional and quadrifunctional siloxane units and has the generic chemical formula (1):
• R preferably a methyl group.
• R may also include other alkyl groups, particularly C 1 to C 4 , i.e. methyl to butyl.
• siloxane gum plus MQ resin of Table I e.g. SR6574 is a mixture of dimethyl-diphenyl siloxane gum and an MQ resin that is separately available under the trade name CR542 from the General Electric Company.
• MQ resin or other organopolysiloxane resin is mixed with a methyl/phenyl siloxane gum which typically has a viscosity between 20,000 and 10,000,000 centipoise at 25oC, preferably between 20,000 and 1,000,000 centipoise.
• the molar ratio of phenyl groups to methyl groups in dimethyl/diphenyl siloxane gum is at least about 0.1 to 1 and preferably in the range up to 0.2 to 1.
• Another suitable MQ resin is sold under the name C42 -2109 of the Dow Corning Company of Midland, Michigan. This resin mixed with dimethyl siloxane gum is available under the designation 280A from the Dow Corning Company.
• the preferred catalyst is a diary1 peroxide type such as that containing 2,4 dichloro benroyl peroxide, which contains a phlegmatic agent such as dibutyl phthalate.
• a diary1 peroxide type such as that containing 2,4 dichloro benroyl peroxide, which contains a phlegmatic agent such as dibutyl phthalate.
• Such a catalyst is available under the tradename CADOX TOP from the Noury Chemical Company of Burt, New York.
• Suitable solvents of Table I are toluene, naptha, xylene and butyl acetate. Other solvents may be used Including ester ethyl acetate.
• the catalyst of Table I is preferably a dichloro peroxide
• other catalysts may be employed,such as dlacyl peroxide, aminosalines, secondary or tertiary amines; or an organic tetanate, such as terrabutyl tltanates available under the tradename TYZOR TBT from the DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware.
• the catalyst may be omitted and polymerization Initiated in other ways, such as by radiation or electron beams.
• the raw adhesive constituents such as those in Table I are mixed in a suitable vat until a homogenous solution is achieved. Although the components may be added in any order, it is advantageous to pre-mix the catalysts and solvents followed by the addition of the remaining constituents.
• the homogenous raw solution is then coated on a release substrate typically a paper sheet with a release coating, such as a conventional sillcone release fluid.
• a release coating such as a conventional sillcone release fluid.
• An appropriate silicone release fluid is polydlmethylvinyl silicone with appropriate catalysts, including a noble metal complex.
• the overcoated release substrate forms an adhesive laminate which is dried, typically in conventional convectlve driers operating between about 100°F and 200°F. The solvents are evaporated from the raw adhesive. The dried adhesive laminate is then cured in an oven at a temperature between 200°F and 350°F, where crossljjiking occurs.
• the adhesive lcur ⁇ nate contmning the cured product may be transferred directly to a surface of transdermal therapeutic device, such as the semipermeable membrane.
• the transfer may be accomplished by passing the laminate and semipermeable membrane of the therapeutic device through a conventional laminate.
• the adhesively coated membrane is then shaped to match the associated transdermal.
• the patient peels the release substrate from the laminate to expose the adhesive membrane so that direct contact can be made between the adhesive and skin.
• the resulting product has a vapor transmission of 9.42 grams per 24 hour period. This result is indicated in the graph of Fig. 1 for a 10% silicone blend with 90% acrylic resin. Other vapor transmission results for other blends and other constituants are also summarized in Fig. 2. It is to be noted that for both Figs. 1 and 2 that the invention permits control over vapor transmission by controlling the ratio of the constituants in the blend.
• the vapor transmission data of the Examples and Figures 1 and 2 were obtained by testing adhesive, with a thickness of 1.5 mils, placed in a standard testing cup on a urethane film with a thickness of one mil. As a result the data include the influence of the film, which has an average weight loss of 14 grams per 24 hours for a cup with a surface area of about 7 square inches.
• the testing is conducted in accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) E96-80, for which "E96” is the fixed designation and "80" is either the year of adoption or the year of last revision.
• ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
• E96-80 the Water Method is used with a cup that contains distilled water.
• Water Vapor transmission rate is the steady water vapor flow in unit time through unit area of a body, normal to specific parallel surfaces under specified conditions of temperature and humidity.
• the test cup is of noncorroding material, impermeable to water or water vapor.
• the mouth of the cup is at least 4.65 in. (3000 mm 2 ).
• An external flange or ledge around the mouth is used to attach the specimen. Since the specimen is an adhesive it is supported by a membrane which is masked so that the mouth area defines the test area.
• the cabinet where the test cup is placed has a controlled temperature and relative humidity.
• the temperature is between 70 and 90°F(21 and 32°C), and maintained constant within 1°F (0.6°C). A temperature of 90°F (32°C) is recommended.
• the relative humidity is maintained at 50 ⁇ 2%. Air is continuously circulated throughout the chamber, with a sufficient velocity to maintain uniform conditions.
• Distilled water is used in the test cup.
• the sealant used for attaching the specimen is resistant to the passage of water vapor.
• Molten asphalt or wax is used.
• the sample is of uniform thickness.
• the specimen is attached to the cup by sealing so that the cup mouth defines the area of the specimen exposed to the vapor pressure in the dish.
• the test cup is filled with distilled water to a level 3/4 ⁇ 1/4 in. (19 ⁇ 6 mm) from the specimen.
• the resulting air space has a small vapor resistance.
• WVT equivalent water vapor transmission
• WVT is in grams per square meter per hour.
• inch-pound units are employed the result is in grains per square foot per hour.
• the characteristics of the support member can be compensated in standard fashion when it is desired to know the water vapor transmission characteristics of the adhesive alone.
• Determination of the water vapor transmission can be determined from equation (2).
• V t total vapor transmission for membrane and adhesive sample
• V m vapor transmission of the membrane alone
• V a transmission of the sample
• equation (3) (3)
• Va 25.2 grams for the vapor transmission of the sample. Since the sample has a thickness of 1.5 mils, the transmission per mil is given by equation (4).
• Va/mil V a x t a (4)
• Equation (5) is for a surface area of about 7.0 square inches (and 24 hours). To convert to equation (1) equation (5) is divided by 24 (the number of hours) and multiplied by 221.43 (the reciprocal of the area in square meters).
• Example V was repeated except that the acrylic resin was reduced to 50% of the final composition and siloxane Increased to 50%. 54.55 grams of wet adhesives were used with 53.00 grams of wet siloxane. The peroxide was 0.532 grams. The vapor transmission as noted In Fig.1 was 9.83 grams.
• Example VII Example VII was repeated except that the acrylic resin was reduced to 25% and the siloxane correspondingly Increased to 75%. 29.3 grams of wet acrylic were used; 56.77 grams of wet siloxane, and peroxide was 0.569 grams. As noted In Fig.1, the vapor transmission after 24 hours was 5.78 grams.
• Example VII was repeated except acrylic resin was Increased to 90% and siloxane was a gum sold under the designated C-154 of the SWS Silicone Corp.'s (lot P3404).
• the percent solids of the siloxane gum was 54.14%, 80.8 grams of wet acrylic, 8.24 grams of wet gum.
• the catalyst was 0.437 grams of peroxide. The vapor transmission after 24 hours amounted to 7.77 grams
• the rubber base adhesive had the designation V-88 and 72-9494 (8320) from National Starch.
• Kith 70 rubber-base adhesive and 30% siloxane the vapor loss was 2.56 grams, corresponding to 812.67 grams per sq. meter per 24 hours.
• the vapor loss was 4.36 grams while for 25% rubberbase adhesive and 75% siloxane, the vapor loss was 9.16 grams or 2898.7 grams per sq. meter per 24 hours.

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• 1985
  • 1985-12-12 JP JP50069586A patent/JPS63502986A/ja active Pending
  • 1985-12-12 WO PCT/US1985/002425 patent/WO1987003477A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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