EP0239793A1 - Disposition de circuit pour la mise en oeuvre de lampes à décharge basse pression - Google Patents

Disposition de circuit pour la mise en oeuvre de lampes à décharge basse pression Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0239793A1
EP0239793A1 EP87102736A EP87102736A EP0239793A1 EP 0239793 A1 EP0239793 A1 EP 0239793A1 EP 87102736 A EP87102736 A EP 87102736A EP 87102736 A EP87102736 A EP 87102736A EP 0239793 A1 EP0239793 A1 EP 0239793A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistor
circuit
capacitor
pressure discharge
mains rectifier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87102736A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0239793B1 (fr
Inventor
Anton Zuchtriegel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH filed Critical Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority to AT87102736T priority Critical patent/ATE65009T1/de
Publication of EP0239793A1 publication Critical patent/EP0239793A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0239793B1 publication Critical patent/EP0239793B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/26Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
    • H05B41/28Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
    • H05B41/295Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps with preheating electrodes, e.g. for fluorescent lamps
    • H05B41/298Arrangements for protecting lamps or circuits against abnormal operating conditions
    • H05B41/2981Arrangements for protecting lamps or circuits against abnormal operating conditions for protecting the circuit against abnormal operating conditions
    • H05B41/2985Arrangements for protecting lamps or circuits against abnormal operating conditions for protecting the circuit against abnormal operating conditions against abnormal lamp operating conditions
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S315/00Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
    • Y10S315/07Starting and control circuits for gas discharge lamp using transistors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit arrangement for high-frequency operation of one or more low-pressure discharge lamps connected in parallel with one another, the circuit having the following features: - a line rectifier - A push-pull frequency generator connected to the direct current output of the mains rectifier with two alternating switching transistors and a control circuit, a center tap being provided between the two transistors - A series resonance circuit associated with each low-pressure discharge lamp, consisting of resonance inductance, coupling capacitor and resonance capacitance - Connection lines for the low-pressure discharge lamps, one line connecting the first electrodes of the lamps via the coupling capacitors and resonance inductors to the center tap between the two transistors and a further line connecting the second electrodes of the lamps to the negative pole of the mains rectifier - A shutdown device consisting of a series connection of a diode of a resistor and a thyristor with a trigger circuit that connects the base of the transistor connected to the positive pole of the mains rectifier with the negative pole of the mains rectifier and a resist
  • the low-pressure discharge lamp or lamps can be connected both between the positive pole of the mains rectifier and the center tap between the two transistors or between the latter and the negative pole of the mains rectifier.
  • the low-pressure discharge lamp is connected in parallel with the center tap between the two transistors and the negative pole of the mains rectifier, as will be explained in more detail below.
  • DE-OS 32 20 301 also lists a converter with a switch-off device, in particular for operating discharge lamps with heatable electrodes.
  • a thyristor is also provided as the switching element for the switch-off device, but here it connects the heating circuit of the lamp with the negative pole of the mains rectifier.
  • the thyristor receives its holding current via the electrode of the lamp adjacent to the charging capacitor, a shutdown winding of the saturation transformer via diodes and the starting capacitor being connected in parallel via a resistor.
  • this switch-off device it is not necessary to switch off the mains AC voltage after replacing the lamp in order to start the converter again.
  • the holding current is also withdrawn from the thyristor, whereupon it returns to the blocking state.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a reclosing device for a circuit arrangement with a push-pull frequency generator and a shutdown device, as set out in the preamble of the main claim. After the defective low-pressure discharge lamp has been replaced, the reclosing device should enable the generator to start up immediately and thus allow the lamp to ignite quickly and operate accordingly without the AC mains voltage having to be briefly interrupted for this purpose.
  • the circuit arrangement for high-frequency operation of one or more parallel-connected low-pressure discharge lamps with the features mentioned in the preamble of the main claim is characterized in that the reclosing device consists of a capacitor and a resistor, the capacitor being the connection of the electrodes on the heating circuit side, the other connection is led directly to the negative pole of the mains rectifier, connects to the center tap between the diode and the resistor of the switch-off device and the resistor connects the center tap between the capacitor and the connection of the electrodes on the heating circuit side to the positive pole of the mains rectifier.
  • the trigger circuit of the thyristor switches the thyristor through. This removes the control power from the base of the transistor to which the anode of the thyristor is connected. The transistor is blocked and the oscillation of the push-pull frequency generator ends.
  • the diode in the anode circuit is used to block the AC voltage and the resistor to limit the current.
  • the one at the center tap between the diode and the resistor of the thyristor anode circuit connected capacitor charged via the associated resistor, which connects the center tap between the capacitor and the electrode connection to the positive pole of the mains rectifier, the capacitor voltage reaching the device DC voltage after a short time.
  • the electrode filament connects the respective capacitor with its positively charged surface to the thyristor cathode, which is connected to the negative pole of the mains rectifier. This initiates a charge reversal of the capacitor, which removes the holding current from the connected thyristor. As a result, the thyristor goes into the blocking state and thus enables the oscillation circuit to start the oscillation of the frequency generator again.
  • the reclosing device It is essential for the reclosing device to function that, in the circuit arrangement, the lamp or lamps are electrically connected to the arrangement in such a way that an electrode of the lamps is connected directly to the negative pole of the mains rectifier and not to the positive pole, as was previously usually the case. Only then is it possible to charge the capacitor with the holding current interrupted at the thyristor.
  • a further resistor can be connected between the center tap between the diode and the resistance of the shutdown device and the respective electrode connection located on the heating circuit side. This extends the recharging process on the capacitor and the interruption of the holding current at the thyristor. The certainty that the thyristor at everyone Holding current interruption in the blocking state is increased where further.
  • a single resistor is sufficient, provided that it lies before the individual leads are disconnected from the respective electrode connections. Otherwise, a separate resistor must be installed in each supply line.
  • the block diagram in FIG. 1 shows the basic structure of the circuit arrangement according to the invention for a low-pressure discharge lamp.
  • the circuit arrangement includes a harmonic filter 1, a line rectifier 2 and a push-pull frequency generator with a control circuit 3, the series-connected polarized switching transistors bridge the DC output of the line rectifier 2 over. Between the center tap of the switching oil sistors and the negative pole of the mains rectifier 2, the low-pressure discharge lamp LP1 is connected via a series resonant circuit 4.
  • the shutdown device consists of a series connection of a diode D10, a resistor R11 and a thyristor TH with a trigger circuit 5, this series connection connecting the base input of the switching transistor connected to the positive pole of the rectifier 2 to the negative pole of the rectifier 2.
  • the center tap M2 is connected between the diode D10 and the resistor R11 via a resistor R1 to the positive pole of the mains rectifier 2.
  • the reclosing device is composed of a capacitor C9 and a resistor R12.
  • the capacitor C9 connects the center tap M2 between the diode D10 and the resistor R11 to the connection of the electrode on the heating circuit side, the other connection of which leads to the negative pole of the mains rectifier 2.
  • the resistor R12 connects the positive pole of the mains rectifier 2 to the center tap M3 between the capacitor C9 and the electrode connection on the heating circuit side.
  • a further resistor R14 can be provided between the center tap M2 and the capacitor C9.
  • FIG. 2 shows the exact circuit diagram of a circuit arrangement according to the invention with a switch-off and switch-on device for a low-pressure discharge lamp.
  • An iron choke L1 is connected in series as a harmonic filter as well as a capacitor C1 in parallel to the rectifier input.
  • the harmonic filter is followed by the same network rectifier with diodes D1 to D4 and a smoothing capacitor C2 parallel to the DC output.
  • the self-regulating push-pull frequency generator consists of the two transistors T1, T2 with the reverse current diodes D6, D7, the series resistors R3 to R6, the control transformer, the starting generator with the resistors R2, R7, the start capacitor C3 and the diac DK1 and the capacitor C13 for regulating the Slope.
  • the control transformer consists of the primary winding L2.1 and the two secondary windings L2.2 and L2.3.
  • the lamp LP1 is connected to a terminal A2 of the electrode E1 with the center tap M1 between the two transistors T1, T2 and to the terminal A4 of the other electrode E2 with the negative pole of the mains rectifier.
  • a series resonance circuit of resonance inductor L3.1, resonance capacitor C5 and coupling capacitor C4 is provided, the resonance inductor L3.1 and the coupling capacitor C4 between the primary winding L2.1 of the control transformer and the connection A2 of the electrode E1 and the resonance capacitor C5 between those on the Connections A1 and A3 of electrodes E1 and E2 on the heating circuit side are connected.
  • the circuit arrangement has a switch-off device which consists of a series scarf device of a diode D10 of a resistor R11 and a thyristor TH with a trigger circuit.
  • the series circuit connects the base of the transistor T1 of the push-pull frequency generator connected to the positive pole of the mains rectifier with the minus pole of the mains rectifier.
  • the center tap M2 is connected between the diode D10 and the resistor R11 via a resistor R1 to the positive pole of the mains rectifier.
  • the trigger circuit for the thyristor consists of the secondary winding L3.2, the diac DK2, the capacitors C6 to C8 and the resistors R8 to R10. The structure and mode of operation of such a trigger circuit is described in more detail in DE-OS 29 41 822 and is not to be explained here any longer since it is not important for the inventive concept.
  • the reclosing device consists of a further capacitor C9 and a resistor R12.
  • the capacitor C9 connects the center tap M2 between the diode D10 and the resistor R11 to the connection A3 on the heating circuit side of the electrode E2.
  • the resistor R12 leads the DC voltage of the mains rectifier to the center tap M3 between the capacitor C9 and the electrode connection A3.
  • the low pressure discharge lamp LP1 fails, e.g. by pulling the air or due to used emitter material, a voltage increase occurs in the resonance inductance L3.1 due to the free resonance case.
  • the breakdown voltage is reached on the diac DK2 after a time specified by the RC element R9, C7 and the thyristor TH is thus switched through. This switching process removes the control energy from the base of the transistor T1 by dissipation to the negative pole of the mains rectifier and ends the oscillation of the push-pull frequency generator.
  • the thyristor TH is supplied with the necessary direct current via the resistor R1 so that it remains in the conductive state.
  • the capacitor C9 After removing the defective low-pressure discharge lamp LP1, the capacitor C9 is charged to the device DC voltage via the resistor R12 within a few seconds. After using a new low-pressure discharge lamp, the positively charged area of the capacitor C9 is connected to the negative pole via the electrode E2. This results in a charge reversal of the capacitor C9, the thyristor TH changing to the blocking state within less than 0.1 ms, depending on the time constant defined by the capacitor C9 and the resistor R11. By adding the resistor R14, the recharging time can be lengthened and the security for the transition of the thyristor TH into the blocking state can be further increased.
  • FIG. 3 shows the exact circuit diagram of a circuit arrangement according to the invention with shutdown and Reactivation device for the parallel connection of two low-pressure discharge lamps.
  • the circuit diagram essentially corresponds to the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 2 for a low-pressure discharge lamp.
  • a second lamp LP2 with electrodes E3 and E4 is connected in parallel to the first low-pressure discharge lamp LP1.
  • a second series resonance circuit of resonance inductor L4.1, coupling capacitor C10 and resonance capacitor C11 is provided, the series circuit comprising coupling capacitor C10 and resonance inductor L4.1 between electrode connection A6 and primary control winding L2.1 and resonance capacitor C11 between the two on the Connections A5, A7 of electrodes E3 and E4 are connected on the heating circuit side.
  • the connection A8 is led directly to the negative pole of the mains rectifier.
  • the trigger circuit has a second secondary winding L4.2 in series with a diode D9, both parallel to the first secondary winding L3.2 with diode D8.
  • a further reclosure device consisting of capacitor C12 and resistor R13 is provided, the capacitor C12 being connected between the center tap M2 of the shutdown device and the connection A7 on the heating circuit side of the electrode E4 and the resistor R13 being the positive pole of the mains rectifier with the Center tap M4 connects between the capacitor C12 and the electrode terminal A7.

Landscapes

  • Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
EP87102736A 1986-03-14 1987-02-26 Disposition de circuit pour la mise en oeuvre de lampes à décharge basse pression Expired - Lifetime EP0239793B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87102736T ATE65009T1 (de) 1986-03-14 1987-02-26 Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb von niederdruckentladungslampen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3608615 1986-03-14
DE19863608615 DE3608615A1 (de) 1986-03-14 1986-03-14 Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb von niederdruckentladungslampen

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0239793A1 true EP0239793A1 (fr) 1987-10-07
EP0239793B1 EP0239793B1 (fr) 1991-07-03

Family

ID=6296402

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87102736A Expired - Lifetime EP0239793B1 (fr) 1986-03-14 1987-02-26 Disposition de circuit pour la mise en oeuvre de lampes à décharge basse pression

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4710682A (fr)
EP (1) EP0239793B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE65009T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3608615A1 (fr)
FI (1) FI870901A (fr)
SU (1) SU1574187A3 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA871394B (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2211038A (en) * 1987-10-14 1989-06-21 Sum Wing Lau Protective electronic ballast circuit for fluorescent lamps
EP0330118A2 (fr) * 1988-02-22 1989-08-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Circuit pour alimenter une lampe à décharge à basse pression
EP0372661A1 (fr) * 1988-12-08 1990-06-13 Maars Produktie B.V. Circuit d'alimentation pour une lampe à décharge dans un gaz
WO1990009087A1 (fr) * 1989-01-30 1990-08-09 Flotronic Technology Pte Ltd Ballast electronique a semi-conducteurs
EP0395159A1 (fr) * 1989-04-28 1990-10-31 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Convertisseur courant continu-courant alternatif pour l'alimentation de deux lampes à décharge dans la vapeur et / ou le gaz
EP0466245A2 (fr) * 1990-07-09 1992-01-15 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Circuit
EP0659037A2 (fr) * 1993-12-15 1995-06-21 General Electric Company Ballast avec indicateur de son fonctionnement pour lampe à décharge
US6011358A (en) * 1997-04-12 2000-01-04 Vossloh-Schwabe Gmbh Ballast for independent parallel operation of low-pressure gas discharge lamps
US6043612A (en) * 1997-04-12 2000-03-28 Vossloh-Schwabe Gmbh Electronic ballast with automatic restarting

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3623749A1 (de) * 1986-07-14 1988-01-21 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb von niederdruckentladungslampen
DE3743422A1 (de) * 1987-12-21 1989-06-29 Zumtobel Ag Schaltungsanordnung zum betreiben einer oder mehrerer niederdruckentladungslampen
US4945278A (en) * 1988-09-20 1990-07-31 Loong-Tun Chang Fluorescent tube power supply
DE3841227A1 (de) * 1988-12-07 1990-06-13 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb einer niederdruckentladungslampe
US5170099A (en) * 1989-03-28 1992-12-08 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Discharge lamp lighting device
JPH0521182A (ja) * 1990-12-30 1993-01-29 Toshiba Lighting & Technol Corp 放電灯点灯装置および照明器具
US5130611A (en) * 1991-01-16 1992-07-14 Intent Patents A.G. Universal electronic ballast system
US5111114A (en) * 1991-06-18 1992-05-05 L.P.S. Technology Co., Ltd. Fluorescent lamp light ballast system
DE4120269C2 (de) * 1991-06-19 1995-12-07 Siemens Ag Wechselrichter zum Zünden und Betreiben einer Entladungslampe mit heizbaren Elektroden
DE4129430A1 (de) * 1991-09-04 1993-03-11 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb einer lampe
DE4136486A1 (de) * 1991-11-06 1993-05-13 Hella Kg Hueck & Co Vorschaltgeraet zum starten und betreiben von wechselstrom-hochdruck-gasentladungslampen
DE59207186D1 (de) * 1992-03-02 1996-10-24 Siemens Ag Schaltungsanordnung zum Betreiben mehrerer Leuchtstofflampen mit einem Vorschaltgerät
DE4210367A1 (de) * 1992-03-30 1993-10-07 Abb Patent Gmbh Elektronisches Vorschaltgerät
DE4210373A1 (de) * 1992-03-30 1993-10-07 Abb Patent Gmbh Elektronisches Vorschaltgerät
US5436529A (en) * 1993-02-01 1995-07-25 Bobel; Andrzej A. Control and protection circuit for electronic ballast
ATE150226T1 (de) * 1993-07-27 1997-03-15 Knobel Lichttech Schaltungsanordnung zur begrenzung des einschaltstromes und der ueberspannung eines elektronischen vorschaltgerätes
DE9318071U1 (de) * 1993-11-25 1995-03-23 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum Betrieb einer Niederdruckentladungslampe an einer Niedervolt-Spannungsquelle
DE4410492A1 (de) * 1994-03-25 1995-09-28 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum Betrieb von Niederdruckentladungslampen
US5777867A (en) * 1995-09-14 1998-07-07 Suitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Electric discharge method and apparatus
US6366032B1 (en) 2000-01-28 2002-04-02 Robertson Worldwide, Inc. Fluorescent lamp ballast with integrated circuit
DE10046443A1 (de) * 2000-09-18 2002-03-28 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Elektronische Schaltung zur Detektion des Wandelbruchs bei Gasentladungslampen
US8018173B2 (en) * 2006-09-03 2011-09-13 Fulham Company Ltd. Ballasts for fluorescent lamps

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0146683B1 (fr) * 1981-07-31 1987-11-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Onduleur

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2941822A1 (de) * 1979-10-16 1981-04-30 Patra Patent Treuhand Vorschaltanordnung zum betreiben von niederdruckentladungslampen
US4346332A (en) * 1980-08-14 1982-08-24 General Electric Company Frequency shift inverter for variable power control
US4477748A (en) * 1980-10-07 1984-10-16 Thomas Industries, Inc. Solid state ballast
US4481460A (en) * 1982-02-08 1984-11-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Inverter with charging regulator having a variable keying ratio

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0146683B1 (fr) * 1981-07-31 1987-11-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Onduleur

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2211038A (en) * 1987-10-14 1989-06-21 Sum Wing Lau Protective electronic ballast circuit for fluorescent lamps
EP0330118A2 (fr) * 1988-02-22 1989-08-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Circuit pour alimenter une lampe à décharge à basse pression
EP0330118A3 (fr) * 1988-02-22 1991-02-27 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Circuit pour alimenter une lampe à décharge à basse pression
EP0372661A1 (fr) * 1988-12-08 1990-06-13 Maars Produktie B.V. Circuit d'alimentation pour une lampe à décharge dans un gaz
WO1990009087A1 (fr) * 1989-01-30 1990-08-09 Flotronic Technology Pte Ltd Ballast electronique a semi-conducteurs
EP0395159A1 (fr) * 1989-04-28 1990-10-31 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Convertisseur courant continu-courant alternatif pour l'alimentation de deux lampes à décharge dans la vapeur et / ou le gaz
EP0466245A2 (fr) * 1990-07-09 1992-01-15 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Circuit
EP0466245A3 (en) * 1990-07-09 1992-08-05 N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken Circuit arrangement
EP0659037A2 (fr) * 1993-12-15 1995-06-21 General Electric Company Ballast avec indicateur de son fonctionnement pour lampe à décharge
EP0659037A3 (fr) * 1993-12-15 1997-03-26 Gen Electric Ballast avec indicateur de son fonctionnement pour lampe à décharge.
US6011358A (en) * 1997-04-12 2000-01-04 Vossloh-Schwabe Gmbh Ballast for independent parallel operation of low-pressure gas discharge lamps
US6043612A (en) * 1997-04-12 2000-03-28 Vossloh-Schwabe Gmbh Electronic ballast with automatic restarting

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE65009T1 (de) 1991-07-15
US4710682A (en) 1987-12-01
DE3771099D1 (de) 1991-08-08
EP0239793B1 (fr) 1991-07-03
ZA871394B (en) 1987-09-30
DE3608615A1 (de) 1987-09-17
FI870901A0 (fi) 1987-03-02
SU1574187A3 (ru) 1990-06-23
FI870901A (fi) 1987-09-15

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