Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
  • F02B77/04—Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
  • F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
  • F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
  • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

Definitions

• This invention is directed to an anti-­fouling fuel composition. More specifically, the present invention is directed at a fuel composition having particular applicability in minimizing and/or preventing injector fouling in gasoline engines equipped with electronically controlled multiport fuel injectors.
• sensors disposed in the exhaust are employed to maintain the air to fuel ratio within narrow limits.
• Electronically controlled fuel in­jection systems offer the same performance and fuel economy benefits that would be achieved with mechani­ cally controlled fuel injection systems and also serve to more closely regulate fuel-air mixtures to thereby enable the catalytic converter to oxidize carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and simultaneously to reduce nitrogen oxides and thus meet emissions control legislation.
• Such legislation imposing as it did strict control of exhaust pollutants utimately led to the development and widespread appli­cation of new technologies such as electronic fuel injection.
• the sensor then will attempt to correct this by decreasing the amount of fuel injected into each cylinder.
• This cyclical adjustment of the fuel to air ratio ranging between too lean a mixture and too rich a mixture can at times result in poor operating performance of the vehicle.
• close tolerances in this new type of injector and con­currently higher underhood temperature also tend to enhance deposit formation resulting in poor vehicle driveability and exhaust pollutant emission levels which exceed the maximum levels set by emisisons control legislation.
• a gasoline additive for reducing and/or preventing injector port fouling must be effective at low concentration, must not significantly affect the combustion characteristics of the fuel and must not foul the catalytic converter catalyst.
• the additive also should not promote excessive emulsification, and should not promote the formation of two organic phases.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,387,953 is directed at the use of organo-substituted nitrogen oxides, particularly amine oxides for rust inhibition and as anti-icing agents in gasoline.
• organo-substituted nitrogen oxides particularly amine oxides for rust inhibition and as anti-icing agents in gasoline.
• amine oxides are given including the following: where: R1 is C6-C24 alkyl, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl; and R2 and R3 are the same or different and are C1-C24 alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or aryl, cycloaliphatic or heterocylic.
• R2 and R3 preferably comprise hydroxy substituted alkyls.
• These compounds typically are added to gasoline in a concentration within the range of about 2.0 to about l00 pounds of amine oxide per l,000 barrels of gasoline (ptb).
• Among the most preferred additives
• U.S. Patent No. 3,594,l39 is directed at a rust-inhibitor concentrate that can be blended with gasoline year-round including amine oxides having the aforementioned formula, with a particularly preferred amine oxide comprising bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide.
• the concentrate also comprises a liquid aromatic C7-C10 hydrocarbon and an aliphatic monohydric or dihydric alcohol having from about 6 to about l3 carbon atoms.
• Preferred aromatic hydrocarbons comprise ortho, meta and mixed xylenes.
• Preferred aliphatic alcohols comprise C6-C13 oxo alcohols.
• the examples disclose the combination of xylene, bis(2 hydroxyethyl) cocoamine oxide, and C8 oxo alcohols.
• amine oxides described above have been typically used to inhibit rust and carburetor icing. While these compounds were used commercially during the late l960's and early l970's, their use in the United States was discontinued as more effective additives were found. The use of these compounds had been dis­continued in the United States well before the develop­ment of electronically controlled, fuel injected engines.
• the present invention is directed at a fuel composition for minimizing and/or preventing injector fouling in a multiport electronically controlled fuel injected engine.
• the composition comprises:
• R1 preferably is C6-C20 alkyl, or alkylated aryl, and R2 and R3 independently are C1-C12 hydroxy substituted alkyl.
• R1 comprises C8-C18 substituents derived from fatty acid.
• the additive preferably is selected from the group consisting of bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide, bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) tallow amine oxide, bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) stearyl-amine oxide, dimethylcocoamine oxide, dimethyl hydrogenated tallow amine oxide, dimethylhexadecylamine oxide and mixtures thereof.
• a particularly preferred additive is bis(2-­hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide.
• the anti-fouling agent concentration in the fuel typically may range between about 0.5 and about 50 ptb (i.e. about 2 to about 200 ppm, by weight), preferably between about 5 and about l5 ptb (i.e. about 20 to about 60 ppm).
• the oxyalkylated compounds preferably comprise ethylene oxide and propylene oxide copolymers.
• the active concentration of the demulsifying agent may range between about 0.025 and about l0 ptb (about 0.l and about 40 ppm), preferably between about 0.25 and about 2.0 ptb (about l.0 and 8.0 ppm).
• a fuel composition may comprise:
• a preferred composition comprises:
• a preferred fuel composition includes an additive package comprising:
• the present invention also is directed at a fuel additive concentrate for internal combustion engines, said additive concentrate comprising:
• the solvent preferably comprises xylene and a C4+ alcohol, preferably a C4-C12 alcohol, more preferably a C8 alcohol and most preferably a C8 oxo alcohol.
• a highly water and hydrocarbon soluble alcohol preferably isopropanol, also should be added.
• the present invention is directed at a fuel composition and a gasoline additive package which has been found to be particularly effective in reducing and/or eliminating injector fouling.
• the present in­vention is directed at a fuel comprising:
• Preferred anti-fouling agents include compounds wherein: R1 is C6-C20 alkyl, or alkylated aryl; and R2 and R3 independently are hydroxy substituted C1-C12 alkyl. Particularly preferred compounds are compounds wherein R1 comprises a C8-C18 substituent.
• the additive preferably is selected from the group consisting of bis (2-hydroxy ethyl) coco­amine oxide, bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) stearylamine oxide dimethylcocoamine oxide, dimethyl hydrogenated tallow amine oxide, dimethylhexadecylamine oxide and mixtures thereof. These additives are prepared in accordance with known techniques, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,387,953, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a particularly preferred anti-­fouling agent is bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide.
• Comparative Examples and Examples demonstrate the utility of the anti-fouling agent in reducing and/or eliminating fuel injector fouling.
• the octane rating of the fuel utilized is the posted octane rating which is defined as:
• the data in Table I below show that there was still a marked reduction in fuel flow indicating that a high level of deposit was unaffected by the detergent even at the high treat rate.
• the percent fuel flow reduction was determined by measuring the volume of a mineral spirit that flowed through the injector under predetermined standardized conditions, including fuel pressure, pulse width and duty cycle. The percent reduction is calculated using the formula: where V clean and V dirty are the measured volumes of mineral spirit passed through the clean and dirty fuel injectors.
• a l985 Chrysler LeBaron equipped with a 2.2 liter turbocharged engine having electronically con­trolled fuel injection was driven for l300 miles on a mileage accumulation dynamometer using a typical regular grade, 87 octane, unleaded, detergent-free gasoline.
• the driving was based on repetition of the following cycle: 30 minutes city driving, 30 minutes engine off, 30 minutes highway driving, 30 minutes engine off.
• the driveability became very poor as typified by rough idle and severe hesitation.
• the hydrocarbon emissions measured before the catalytic converter were 32l ppm at engine idle.
• the injector fouling was measured using a pressure differential test. In this test the fuel rail is pressurized to 49 psig and an injector is pulsed for 0.5 seconds.
• the pressure drop, or leakdown P is indicative of how readily the fuel flows, i.e., the higher the number, the less the injector is obstructed.
• the pressure differential for a clean injector under these conditions is l9-22 psig. This data is set forth below in Table II.
• the vehicle was refueled with the same fuel except that the fuel also contained l0 ptb of bis(2-­hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide (HECO).
• HECO bis(2-­hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide
• the vehicle then was driven on the following cycle: l5 minutes city driving, 30 minutes highway driving, l5 minutes city driving, 2 hours engine off. This test continued until 270 miles were accumulated on the vehicle. At the end of this test period the driveability was very good.
• the hydrocarbon emissions at idle before the catalytic converter were reduced to 200 ppm.
• the percent in­jector flow reduction and the pressure differential were significantly improved as set forth in Table II.
• a vehicle similar to that utilized in Comparative Example IV was utilized in this Example under the same operating conditions.
• the fuel utilized was similar but with the replacement of the conven­tional carburetor detergent by l0 ptb of bis(2-hydroxyl ethyl) cocoamine oxide.
• the vehicle was driven for 9,600 miles under the same sequence set forth in Comparative Example IV.
• the bis(2-hydroxy ethyl) cocoamine oxide was able to prevent any significant flow reduction in the fuel injectors as shown by data presented in Table IV.
• the anti-fouling agent also may be of utility in other fuels, such as diesel fuel.
• the presently described anti-fouling agent may be used alone, it also may be desirable to utilize the present invention in combination with a demulsifier to facilitate the separation of the gasoline from any foreign substances which may be present in the distribution system, such as water and sediment.
• the water typically has a pH ranging from about 7 to about l2.
• a demulsifier for use with the anti-fouling agent preferably should be effective over this pH range.
• the following Comparative Examples and Examples demonstrate the utility of a demulsifying agent selected from the group consisting of:
• the mixture then was rated considering the gasoline layer, the water layer and the interface using the rating scale set forth in Table V below. After the ratings were completed, the gasoline level was sucked down to a level about l/4 inch above the emulsion layer without disturbing the interface or water layer. The withdrawn fuel was discarded and l00 ml of fresh gasoline was added to each bottle. The mixture was then shaken and the test repeated for a total of ten times (i.e. a total of about l0 days) or until it became apparent that the emulsion forming tendencies had exceeded acceptable levels of 3 or lower.
• the trade names of the commercially available additive utilized, the worst ratings of each mixture and the time period before each test was terminated are set forth in Table VI below.
• Demulsifier Additive A was thus found to be more effective than Additive B with neutral water, while Additive B was much more effective than Additive A when the water was basic.
• the combination of these additives is particularly preferred, since it was highly effective in both neutral and basic conditions.
• the additive package may be added to the gasoline at any point after the gasoline has been refined, i.e., the additive package can be added at the refinery or in the distribution system.
• diluent solvents typically are combined with the additive package to produce an additive con­centrate which is metered into the fuel.
• the amine oxide typically has water present from the manufacturing process. While it is possible to remove most of the water, removal of the water to relatively low levels, i.e. a ratio of about 0.02 to about 0.04 of water to amine oxide, adds complexity to the manufacturing process. Therefore, the amine oxide is commercially available as a solution which has the following composition:
• the concentrate preferably should have a cloud point below about -20°F and a pour point of less than -40°F.
• the additive package is diluted in the range of about l:l to about l0:l with diluent solvent, preferably about 5:l to facilitate metering and to provide a concentrate having the desired cloud and pour points.
• the additive package was diluted about 4.9:l with a diluent which comprised about 90 wt.% xylene and l0 wt.% isopropanol.
• the resulting concentrate had the following composition:
• the tube was placed in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature and subjected to ultrasonic fre­quencies for about five minutes to cause intimate mixing. After removal from the ultrasonic bath and centrifugation to facilitate separation, it was noted that three phases had formed, two organic phases and a water phase. Formation of two organic phases is not desirable, since this was found to result in uneven distribution of the HECO between the layers. In addi­tion, the second organic layer which has a much higher HECO concentration, tends to adhere to the surfaces, resulting in additive loss and potential contamination of subsequent hydrocarbon products that might contact these surfaces.
• oxo alcohol refers to one or more branched chain aliphatic alcohols prepared by the reaction of carbon monoxide and olefins followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aldehydes.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
• Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)

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Cited By (7)

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Citations (10)

• 1987
  • 1987-01-27 NZ NZ219070A patent/NZ219070A/xx unknown
  • 1987-01-27 CA CA000528270A patent/CA1299871C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1987-01-28 ES ES87300738T patent/ES2011796B3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1987-01-28 EP EP87300738A patent/EP0234753B1/fr not_active Expired
  • 1987-01-28 DE DE8787300738T patent/DE3760997D1/de not_active Expired
  • 1987-01-29 BR BR8700393A patent/BR8700393A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1987-01-29 CN CN198787101763A patent/CN87101763A/zh active Pending
  • 1987-01-29 AU AU68098/87A patent/AU585122B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1987-01-29 AR AR87306624A patent/AR246759A1/es active
  • 1987-02-10 MY MYPI87000120A patent/MY100061A/en unknown
  • 1987-02-20 KR KR1019870001433A patent/KR950001709B1/ko active IP Right Grant

Patent Citations (10)

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