EP0138196B1 - Method of erection of buildings consisting of casting materials in particular of concrete and device for carrying out the method - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a method for the erection of castable materials, in particular concrete structures, in particular of circumferentially closed structures with the features of the preamble of claim 1 and to a device system with the features of the preamble of claim 2 for practicing this method.

It is known to erect the outer or inner formwork for the time being and then to gradually build up the inner or outer formwork and to fill the formed cavities with concrete in accordance with this structure. This in connection with flat walls, but also with circumferentially closed or conical structures.

Furthermore, it is known to hang two circumferentially closed formwork rings on a supporting frame in connection with the erection of round buildings. The formwork cavity delimited by the formwork rings is filled with concrete, after the concrete has hardened or set, the formwork rings are loosened and raised with the supporting structure so that their lower part is still in the area of the upper edge of the cast wall ring. Then the rings are tightened again and fixed, concrete is poured in again and the above-mentioned interplay is repeated until the desired height is reached. In this way, one wall ring is placed on the other in such cylindrical structures.

In this context, the so-called climbing formwork should also be mentioned, as shown and described, for example, in US Pat. No. 1,478,653. The essence of such climbing formwork lies in the fact that here formwork anchors penetrating the masonry are to be provided, and with which the formwork elements are braced in their entirety, with the anchors concreted in concrete at the top of a lower formwork layer in the sequence as foot anchors for the following setting formwork layer is used. A new anchor is then installed in each formwork layer, it must be assumed that the formwork layer is sufficiently rigid over its height. The formwork layer is then raised when the previous concrete section of the wall has set, since it has to bear the entire weight of the formwork via the formwork anchors. The formwork itself or the formwork layer consists of the actual formwork panels and the framework stiffening the formwork panels. Formwork panel and scaffold form a unit, the formwork layer.

In the case of round buildings with very large diameters, the formwork rings mentioned can often no longer be used, so that it is necessary to use conventional formwork methods and formwork means which work with beams and formwork panels of conventional design. The aim of the invention is to propose a method which can be used with relatively little effort in terms of formwork, although essentially conventional formwork elements (girders, formwork panels) are used, and the structures to be manufactured are extremely large. According to the invention, this is achieved by means of those measures which are the content and subject of the characterizing part of patent claim 1. Thanks to this proposal, it is possible to erect penetration-free structures with large expanses and with a relatively modest amount of resources. In contrast to the known climbing formwork mentioned at the outset, in the present invention, formwork panels are held in a fixed formwork scaffold, which consists of vertically arranged longitudinal members and transverse tension and / or compression members, which are subsequently released from this scaffold and continuously in the amount to be implemented. The vertical beams can also be implemented, provided they are made in several parts in the case of large overall heights. Formwork panels and formwork scaffolding here form two separate structural units, the formwork panels being implemented here in relation to the formwork framework, and parts of the formwork framework can also be implemented in relation to the masonry to be erected. The method according to the invention not only does not require the anchors penetrating the masonry, here, in contrast to the usual climbing method, parts of the formwork are also offset from one another, thanks to the proposal according to the invention when the masonry is erected there is no need to wait until the concrete is fully load-bearing has reached. In the method according to the invention, it is sufficient if the concrete has set so far that it is stable. The formwork does not stress the concrete of the masonry to be erected. In contrast, the entire weight of the climbing formwork rests on the freshly erected masonry, this weight is transferred linearly to the fresh concrete via the aforementioned wall anchors, so the concrete or the newly erected masonry is subject to high stress levels. All of these disadvantages are advantageously avoided by the method according to the invention, apart from the fact that a faster construction progress can be achieved compared to climbing formwork.

To implement the method according to the invention, a device system is expedient with a reusable formwork, this formwork having an inner formwork and / or an outer formwork and both formworks being upright, spaced apart, having one-part or multi-part beams in the longitudinal direction and one above the other between the beams the formwork panels lie and are anchored to them, and the girders are supported by tension and / or compression members running transversely to their longitudinal extension, and the formwork panels can be inserted or removed at right angles to their plane between the girders, which is characterized in that the girders have projections on their flanges facing the structure to be manufactured, for example wedge-shaped noses. These noses engage directly in the concrete of the masonry to be erected and additionally secure the formwork construction against slipping when parts of the formwork are moved.

The drawing illustrates the invention. 1 shows a vertical section through a formwork for a round container with already introduced concrete; 2 shows the formwork according to FIG. 1, but already in a second step of the method; 3 shows a detailed top view of the formwork according to FIG. 1; 4 shows a formwork in plan view, the outer formwork and inner formwork having a different structure; 5 shows a detail from FIG. 3, but on an enlarged scale compared to this FIG. 6, 7 and 8 show in detail the expansion body in a side view for transmitting the forces from the upright support to the pressure or tension members; 9 shows a tool for moving the upright support; Figures 10 and 11 illustrate beam connections; 12 shows a variant of the support structure and formwork panels used for the formwork; and Fig. 13 shows a carrier in detail.

1 for the erection of a cylindrical round container consists of an outer formwork 1 and an inner formwork 2. The outer formwork 1 has upright I-beams 3, for example profiled roller beams or wooden beams, to whose outwardly facing flange 4 support brackets 5 are fastened. These upright beams 3 can extend in one piece over the entire height of the building to be erected, but they can also be divided over this height and consist of one-time beams of the same or different lengths, which are firmly connected to one another and aligned.

The brackets or supports 5 are designed to be pivotable upward (FIG. 13). They consist of a right-angled triangle, the pivot axis 31 being in the corner of the right angle. A raised edge 32 prevents the pressure or. Tension member. The support surface of the support can be enlarged by a bar 30 welded on the edge. Stops 34, which encompass the pedestal 35 laterally, ensure the correct position when the support is pivoted in (dashed line in FIG. 13).

The formwork panels 7 are attached to the inner flanges 6 of the beams 3. These expediently consist of glued wooden panels and are rebate-like at the edges, the formwork panels 7 with their rebated edges resting against the back of the inner flange 6 of the girder 3, the depth of the paragraph-like fold being dimensioned such that those facing the structure to be manufactured Surfaces of the formwork panel 7 and the flange 6 are approximately flush with each other. In this position, the formwork panel 7 is held by a wedge or an expansion spar 8, which is clamped between the outer flange 4 and the formwork panel 7. As a rule, several such spars 8 are inserted over the height H of a formwork panel 7, but at least one spar (FIG. 5).

Another assignment of formwork panel 7 and support 3 is shown in FIG. 4 in connection with the outer formwork 1. The formwork panels 7 lie here with their edges on the flanges of the support 3. On the back, in their edge area, these panels have holding members 36 which are hooked onto the flanges of the supports 3 and which can possibly also be braced additionally with wedges 37.

The outer formwork 1 (Fig. 1) can be created up to the height of the building to be manufactured. On the outside, the flanges 4 of the supports 3 have brackets 5, on which ring-shaped tension members 9 rest, which have the task of absorbing the forces acting on the formwork when filling with concrete, for example in the manner of a barrel tire. In the exemplary embodiment shown, these tension members 9 consist of I-beams which are joined to form a ring. This ring can be assembled from individual straight partial carriers or from partial carriers that are already curved in themselves.

The inner diameter of this circumferentially closed ring is larger than the diameter of the enveloping circle of the outer flanges of the carriers 3. To bridge this distance D, expansion members are used, which are shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 in a side view. 6 is a type of toggle lever 38 which is pivotally mounted on a pair of tabs 39. Since the one tab 39 'has several rows of holes, the length L of the expansion member can be adapted to the particular formwork conditions. Fig. 6 shows the expansion member in the released position. To tension the expansion member, the lever 38 is pivoted counterclockwise, so that the cam rigidly connected to this lever rests on the pressure or tension member. 7, the expansion member is designed as a threaded spindle 4 with a left-hand and a right-hand thread and with two jaws 46 and 47, which bear against the components to be supported against one another. This spreader is infinitely adjustable. In the embodiment according to FIG. 8, instead of a toggle lever 38 according to FIG. 6, a wedge 41 has entered, which in this case interacts with an expansion body 42 from a plate assembly. With such spreading members, the formwork can also be pre-stressed. Instead of the spreading members explained above in connection with FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 can also be used in simple cases, spreader bars, as described for example in connection with FIG. 5.

If the outer formwork 1 is created in the manner described, the upright supports 10 of the inner formwork are then set up, which are designed in the same way as the above-described beams 3 of the outer formwork. These supports 10 can also extend in one piece over the height of the structure to be manufactured or can be formed in several parts over this height.

Once these supports 10 have been created, as can be seen in FIG. 1, two rows of formwork panels 7 and 7 ', for example, are used for the time being, and also here in the manner in which this is done in conjunction with the external formwork and in particular in connection with 5 has been explained. Now, at least in the area of these two rows of formwork panels 7 and 7 ', 10 pressure members 12 are inserted onto the brackets 5 of the carrier. These pressure members form circumferentially closed rings and can also consist of individual straight pieces or of curved individual pieces which together form a closed ring.

Once the formwork has been built up so far, the concrete is poured in up to the area of the upper edge 13 of the top row of formwork 7 '. If the filled-in concrete has set and has reached sufficient strength, the expansion members 41-42 of the lowest pressure ring 12 are then released and the pressure ring 12 is lifted out. Then the formwork panels 7 of the lower row are loosened, removed and then placed on the upper edge 13 of the originally uppermost row of formwork panels 7 'and connected to the supports 10 in the manner described above and fastened to them. A second ring of formwork panels 7 "is inserted. The lower pressure element 12 is set up, namely on the brackets 5 (FIG. 2) that follow the originally top pressure element 12, so that a formwork state is subsequently achieved, as shown in FIG. 2 The cavity which is now delimited by the implemented formwork panels 7'-7-7 "is filled with concrete and after the binding of this now cast section 15, the described conversion process is repeated anew, with the formwork panels 7 'now on the bottom row the formwork panels 7 "of the top row now and so on. In accordance with this progressive turnover of the formwork panels, the pressure members 12 are also taken upwards.

If the annular pressure members 12 are implemented without being disassembled, this is done in such a way that the uppermost ring is raised and the subsequent rings are retightened, so that the original order of the rings is preserved as such. After loosening the expansion links. 41-42 a hoist is attached to the uppermost pressure ring 12 and simply raised. In the process, the raising ring pivots the supports 5 crossing its path, which then automatically fall back into their receiving position as soon as the annular pressure member 12 has passed the support. These supports only have to absorb the weight of the pressure element 12, but not the forces acting on the formwork, which are transmitted from the vertical supports via the expansion elements according to FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 to the pressure element 12 or the outer circumferential ring 9.

If the beams 10 of the inner formwork 2 are formed in one piece, they remain in their original position, as can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, only the pressure or tension members 12 and the formwork panels 7, 7 'and 7 "of the inner formwork However, if the girders are made up of several parts, that is, made up of several individual girders in the longitudinal direction, the bottom sub-girders can be removed when the formwork panels are moved and the tension and pressure elements or formwork panels can be implemented , which are under tension after the concrete has been poured in, hold the formwork panels firmly against the floor 16 even without further vertical support, in which case, in order to increase safety, expediently wedges 17 on the inside flanges 6 '(FIG. 13) are provided, which jump directly into the concrete and prevent the formwork construction from slipping The individual short supports 10 'are firmly connected to one another via tabs 18 and screws 19. In the case of these short carriers 10 ', at least one end face 20 is expediently slightly beveled, which facilitates the removal of the carrier when the individual elements are moved. It is within the scope of the claimed method to implement only a few of the upright supports which follow one another in the circumferential direction with the formwork panels.

The connection point of two short beams 10 'can be designed so that successive beams can be arranged at an angle to one another (FIG. 11), the corresponding flange 18' being adapted to this angular shape. This enables the formwork to be set down in its height and thus to form angled sections, so that masonry is or can be erected that has surface sections that deviate from the vertical.

An auxiliary device, as shown in FIG. 9, can be used to move the short beams 10 ′ during the gradual and gradual lifting of the formwork. This is a kind of pendulum 43 with an upper hook 44, which is attached to the pressure member 12. At the lower end of the pendulum is a gripping tab 45 which can be attached to the support to be moved. The released beam hangs on this pendulum 43 (dashed lines in FIG. 9) and can then be pulled up and used in the sense of the progressive formwork construction described above.

The invention was explained above in connection with I-beams and formwork panels which are offset on the edge (FIG. 5). However, the method according to the invention can also be carried out with other formwork elements, for example with cross-sectionally U-shaped beams 21 and with formwork panels 22 which have a flanged side edge 23 (see FIG. 12). When erecting the formwork, the side cheeks 21 'of the cross-sectionally U-shaped beams 21 bear in pairs on the flanged edges 23 of the formwork panels 22, with bolts 24 fixing and securing this connection. Even with such a formwork construction, it is possible to remove the formwork panels in the direction of arrow 30 between the supports after loosening the screw connections 24, so that the formwork panels 22 can be implemented progressively in the sense of the above statements even with such a construction. Here, too, it is possible to subdivide the carriers 21 in their longitudinal course.

The invention has been explained above with the aid of formwork which has a supporting structure with vertically arranged beams, an outer formwork and an inner formwork having been shown. It is conceivable that masonry is erected, which can only be shuttered on one side, whereas the other side is formed by a wall of an excavated excavation pit. In this case too, in which one formwork wall is formed by the aforementioned pit wall, the transfer method described in more detail above can be used successfully.

When erecting the formwork, as explained in connection with the preceding figures, for example, the outer formwork can be erected up to the planned height of the structure to be manufactured, and the inner formwork is then gradually implemented and raised in accordance with the construction progress. However, it is also possible to implement both internal and external formwork gradually and in accordance with the construction progress up to the planned height of the building to be manufactured.

Furthermore, it is possible and to consider here that the supports arranged upright in the exemplary embodiment shown are to be arranged obliquely inclined in the case of a conical structure, the supports then lying parallel to the generatrix of the conical jacket. Because of this inclined arrangement to form a formwork for a conical structure, the distance between two adjacent beams changes depending on their longitudinal course. With such formwork, it is therefore not readily possible to use the conversion method described above, since the formwork panels of adjacent rows of formwork panels must have different widths.

From the above explanations it can be seen that, despite the gradual implementation of the formwork, it is possible to erect structures which are penetration-free. For the construction of the formwork, for its handling and loading, scaffolding and support platforms can be used, as have become known several times in connection with the construction of circumferentially enclosed buildings. These scaffolding structures and platforms are raised in accordance with the respective construction progress.

In the drawings, the brackets 5 have always been shown so that their support surface for the annular pressure or tension members 9 and 12 are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the carrier 3 and 10 or take this position by themselves if they are lifted and in the Sequence are released (Fig. 13). It is expedient to design these brackets in such a way that they can be brought into any angular position with respect to the longitudinal axis of the supports 3 and 10 and can be fixed in this position. This can easily be achieved using, for example, curved elongated holes in conjunction with clamping screws. Thanks to this configuration of the brackets, it is possible to align the brackets in the case of inclined supports 3 and 10 such that they form horizontal support surfaces for the tension or compression members despite the inclined position of the supports mentioned.

Furthermore, it is expedient to provide the respective outer flanges of the supports 3 and 10 with rows of holes and to screw the brackets 5 to the flanges of these supports via mounting plates. Thanks to the rows of holes running along the length of the beams, these brackets 5 can then be installed at any point, which increases the adaptability of the formwork elements.

The formwork panels 7, which are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 as flat panels, can also run curved.

Claims (9)

1. A method of erecting structures made of casting materials, more particularly concrete, more particularly circumferentially closed structures having a reusable shuttering, wherein the said shuttering comprises an inner shuttering (2) and/or an outer shuttering (1) and both shutter- ings comprise upright supports (3, 10), which are arranged spaced apart and are integrally formed or divided into sections in the longitudinal direction, and superimposed shuttering panels (7, 7', 7") are arranged between the supports and are secured thereto, and the supports (3, 10) are supported by tensioning and/or pressure elements (9, 12) extending transversely to the longitudinal extension of the supports and the shuttering panels (7, 7', 7") can be inserted and removed at right angles to their plane between the supports (3, 10), characterised in that the supports (3, 10) of the inner shuttering (2) and/or the outer shuttering (1) are erected and then shuttering panels (7, 7', 7") are inserted up to a height which corresponds to only a portion of the height of the structure which is to be constructed, the shuttering cavity formed in this manner then being filled and after the poured-in material has set the shuttering panels (7) lying beneath the top row of shuttering panels are released and removed and then placed on top of the remaining shuttering panels (7') and secured to the supports (10), the shuttering cavity thereby formed then being filled and the above procedure (rearrangement of the shuttering panels) being repeated once the poured-in material has set until the desired height of the structure is attained.

2. An arrangement for carrying out the method with a reusable shuttering, wherein the said shuttering comprises an inner shuttering (2) and/or an outer shuttering (1) and both shutter- ings comprise uptright supports (3, 10), which are arranged spaced apart and are integrally formed or divided into sections in the longitudinal direction, and superimposed shuttering panels (7, 7', 7") are arranged between the supports and are secured thereto, and the supports (3, 10) are supported by tensioning and/or pressure elements (9, 12) extending transversely to the longitudinal extension of the supports and the shuttering panels (7, 7', 7") can be inserted and removed at right angles to their plane between the supports (3, 10), according to claim 1, characterised in that on their flanges (6) facing the structure to be constructed the supports (3, 10) comprise projections, for example wedge-shaped noses (17) (Fig. 13).

3. An arrangement according to claim 2, characterised in that the end faces (20) of the supports (10') are bevelled (Fig. 10).

4. An arrangement according to claim 3, characterised in that successive supports (10') are joined at angles to one another in the axial direction (Fig. 11).

5. An arrangement according to claim 2, characterised in that brackets (18, 18') are used for connecting successive supports (10'), which plates can be screwed to the webs of the supports (Figs. 10 and 11).

6. An arrangement according to claim 2, characterised in that on their flanges facing away from the structure to be constructed the supports (3, 10) comprise upwardly pivotable abutments (5) for supporting the pressure or tensioning elements (9, 12) designed as circumferentially closed rings.

7. An arrangement according to claim 6, characterised in that expanders (39, 40, 42) are arranged between the upright support (3, 10) and the pressure or tensioning element (9, 12) designed as a circumferentially closed ring.

8. An arrangement according to claim 6, characterised in that in the receiving position the bearing surfaces of the abutments (5) are at right angles to the longitudinal extension of the supports (3, 10) and are secured in this position by a stop (34, 35) limiting the pivoting path (Fig. 13).

9. An arrangement according to claim 8, characterised in that the abutments (5) are designed as right-angled triangles and the pivoting axis (31) lies in the comer of triangle forming the right angle (Fig. 13).

Images