EP0112216A1 - Geschoss für Feuerwaffen - Google Patents

Geschoss für Feuerwaffen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0112216A1
EP0112216A1 EP83402272A EP83402272A EP0112216A1 EP 0112216 A1 EP0112216 A1 EP 0112216A1 EP 83402272 A EP83402272 A EP 83402272A EP 83402272 A EP83402272 A EP 83402272A EP 0112216 A1 EP0112216 A1 EP 0112216A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bulge
conical
rear body
projectile according
curvature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83402272A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0112216B1 (de
Inventor
Serge Léon Arthur Ladriere
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR8219658A external-priority patent/FR2536527B1/fr
Priority claimed from FR8220907A external-priority patent/FR2537713B2/fr
Priority claimed from FR8309895A external-priority patent/FR2547652B1/fr
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0112216A1 publication Critical patent/EP0112216A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0112216B1 publication Critical patent/EP0112216B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B30/00—Projectiles or missiles, not otherwise provided for, characterised by the ammunition class or type, e.g. by the launching apparatus or weapon used
    • F42B30/02—Bullets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/02—Stabilising arrangements
    • F42B10/22—Projectiles of cannelured type

Definitions

  • the invention relates to projectiles intended to be fired by a firearm, comprising a central core, a rear body the diameter of which determines the caliber of the projectile, and means for securing between said central core and said rear body.
  • the securing means comprise, on the one hand, a conical fitting consisting of a conical housing and a conical finger of complementary shapes, and, on the other hand, an axial abutment surface, and the rear body comprises at least one bulge cooperating with the barrel of the weapon and at least one hollow, this bulge and this hollow connecting together in a progressive manner so as to define a profiled shape.
  • the projectile therefore behaves, when fired, like a monobloc projectile: this is particularly sensitive if the projectile is fired by a rifled barrel weapon, because, at the time of the rotation when the rear body engages in the stripes, the angular acceleration is transmitted, without any loss by sliding, between the rear body and the central core.
  • this projectile in two parts, which allows a choice of the material constituting the central core (hard, semi-hard, or soft material), and a choice of the material constituting the rear body (material suitable for cooperating with the barrel of the weapon in the best possible conditions), while retaining the advantages of a monobloc projectile from a ballistic point of view.
  • a projectile can be produced which has a high penetration force, thanks to its ballistic characteristics, and significant expansion effects, thanks to the possibilities of shape and choice of material offered by its constitution in two parts.
  • the external constitution of the rear body of the projectile makes it possible, on account of the shape of the bulge which it comprises, to obtain, on the one hand, an increase in the pressure after combustion of the powder charge, and this because , first of a better efficiency of the crimping of the case on the projectile, then of a better sealing between the projectile and the internal wall of the chamber of the weapon,
  • the aerodynamic characteristics of the projectile are improved compared to a conventional projectile due to the fact that the marking of the rear body by the barrel affects only the bulge of this rear body and generates a parasitic drag appreciably weaker than that observed on a conventional projectile.
  • the projectile in accordance with the invention has characteristics of precision and power, in particular as regards its initial speed and its speed at impact; these characteristics of precision and power are significantly superior to those of a conventional projectile.
  • the longevity of the barrel of the weapon firing projectiles in accordance with the invention is increased, in particular when it is a weapon with a rifled barrel, and this due to the progressiveness of the phenomenon of taking scratches which is due to the external constitution of the rear body of the projectile.
  • the conical finger is formed on the central core and the conical housing is formed in the rear body.
  • the conical fitting advantageously has an axial extent at least equal to its mean diameter, and preferably greater than twice its mean diameter.
  • the angle of this conical fitting is preferably between 3 ° and 25 °.
  • the bulge and the hollow formed on the rear body of the projectile further define a profiled shape with its central core.
  • the bulge and the hollow formed on the rear body of the projectile define a profiled shape with a front body fitted on a conical front part of the central core.
  • the rear body comprises a succession of bulges separated by hollows; the radii of curvature of the bulges and the troughs respectively may be equal to each other.
  • the conical housing formed in the rear body may open into the rear face of said rear body, the conical finger of the central body then extending to said rear face; said conical finger then comprises a conical bore for fixing a heel provided with a conical pin of shape complementary to the above conical bore.
  • the central core may have a conical shape ending in a rounded tip or a profiled shape ending in an acute tip.
  • the central core can have a conical front part of symmetrical shape with the conical finger, this conical front part then being capped by a front body in which is formed a conical housing suitable for fitting onto said conical front part, this front body having a shape substantially symmetrical to that of the rear body.
  • FIG. 1 of these drawings shows an axial section of a projectile established in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Figs. la and 1b respectively show, in section, the two constituent parts of the projectile of FIG. 1.
  • Fig. 2 shows an axial section of a projectile established in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figs. 2 a , 2 b , 2 c respectively show, in section, the three constituent parts of the projectile of FIG. 2.
  • Fig. 3 shows an axial section of a projectile established in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention.
  • Figs. 3 a , 3 b , 3 c respectively show, in section, the three constituent parts of the projectile of FIG. 3.
  • Fig. 4 shows an axial section of a projectile established in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • Figs. 4 a and 4 b show, respectively, in section, the two constituent parts of the projectile of FIG. 4.
  • the projectile comprises a central core 1, a rear body 2, the diameter of which determines the caliber of the projectile and means for securing between said central core 1 and said rear body 2.
  • the rear body 2 comprises at least one bulge A 2 , A 4 , A 6 , D 3 , B 2 , B4 cooperating with the barrel of the weapon and at least one hollow A 3 , A5, B 14 , B 3 , this bulge and this hollow connecting them progressively so as to define a profiled shape.
  • the conical finger-5 is formed on the central core 1 and the conical housing 6 is formed in the rear body 2.
  • the bulge A 2 , A 4 , A 6 , B 2 , B 4 and the recesses A 3 , A 5 , B3, formed on the rear body 2 further define a profiled shape with the core central 1.
  • the bulge D 3 and the hollow B 14 formed on the rear body 2 further define a profiled shape with a front body 4 fitted on a conical front part 14 of the central core 1.
  • the rear body 2 comprises a succession of bulges A 2 , A 4 , A 6 , separated by hollows A 3 , A 5 .
  • the radii of curvature R 2 , R 4 , R 6 of the bulges A 2 , A 4 , A 6 are equal to each other and equal to the radii of curvature R3, R 5 of the recesses A 3 , A 5 .
  • the first bulge A 2 of the rear body 2 is connected to the central core 1 by a connection portion A 1 having a radius of curvature R 1 equal to the radius of curvature R 2 of the bulge A 2 .
  • the last bulge A 6 of the rear body 2 is connected to the rear face 8 of said rear body 2 by a conical connection portion 7 tangent to the above bulge A 6 .
  • the diameter 9 of the rear face 8 of the rear body 2 is equal to twice the radius of curvature R 6 of the last bulge A 6 of the rear body 2.
  • the projectile can be intended to be crimped onto a case E; under these conditions, the crimping of the case E is carried out on the rear body 2, on a bulge A 4 intermediate between the first bulge A 2 and the last bulge A 6 .
  • the conical housing 6, formed in the rear body 2 opens into the rear face 8 of said rear body 2 and the conical finger 5 of the central body 1 extends to said rear face 8; said conical finger 5 then comprises a conical bore 23 for fixing a heel 25 provided with a conical pin 31 of a shape complementary to the conical bore 23.
  • the conical fitting 6, 5 can then have two different conicities as shown clearly in FIGS. 2, 2a, 2b as well as in figs. 4, 4 a , 4 b .
  • the central core 1 has a conical shape 3 ending in a rounded point 3.
  • the central core 1 has a profiled shape 13 ending in an acute point 13.
  • the central core. 1 has a conical front part 14 of symmetrical shape with the conical finger 5, this conical front part 14 then being capped by the front body 4 in which a conical housing is formed. 17 suitable for fitting onto this conical front part 14; this front body 4 has a shape substantially symmetrical to that of the rear body 2.
  • the front body 4 has a bulge D 1 of equal diameter ... or slightly less than the diameter of the bulge D 3 of the rear body 2.
  • the rear face 8 of the rear body 2 has a profiled shape with a radius of curvature R 13 connecting to the bulge D 3 and the front face 18 of the front body 4 has a profiled shape with a radius of curvature R 11 connecting to the bulge D 1 , these radii of curvature R 13 and R 11 being equal.
  • the rear body 2 has, towards the front, a thinned profiled shape constituted by a hollow B 14 with a radius of curvature R 14 connecting to the rear of the front body 4, and the front body 4 has a thinned profiled shape towards the rear, constituted by a hollow B 12 with a radius of curvature R 12 , connecting to the front of the rear body 2, the aforesaid radii of curvature R 14 and R 12 being equal.
  • the projectile can be intended to be crimped onto a case E; under these conditions, the crimping of the case E is carried out on the rear body 2 in the hollow B 14 located in front of the bulge D 3 .
  • a shallow groove G can then be provided at this location in the aforesaid rear body.
  • the front part 14 of the central core 1 cooperates with the front body 4 by an axial abutment surface 33.
  • the rear body 2 comprises a rear bulge B 4 located rearward bulging before B 2 located towards the front and having a diameter equal to or slightly smaller than the diameter of the rear swelling B4, and a thinned zone formed by the hollow B 3 connecting to these two bulges B 2 , B 4 .
  • the radius of curvature S 4 of the rear bulge B 4 is greater than or equal to the radius of curvature S 2 of the front bulge B 2
  • the radius of curvature S 3 of the thinned area B 3 is greater than or equal to the radius of curvature S 2 ' of the front bulge B 2 .
  • the projectile can be intended to be crimped onto a case E; under these conditions, the crimping of the case E is carried out on the rear body 2 in the hollow B 3 situated between the front bulge B 2 and the rear bulge B 4 .
  • the invention makes it possible to obtain a projectile whose advantages are clearly indicated in the introduction to the description which has just been made of it.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
  • Refuse Collection And Transfer (AREA)
  • Telescopes (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Mechanical Pencils And Projecting And Retracting Systems Therefor, And Multi-System Writing Instruments (AREA)
  • On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Dc Machiner (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
EP83402272A 1982-11-24 1983-11-24 Geschoss für Feuerwaffen Expired EP0112216B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8219658 1982-11-24
FR8219658A FR2536527B1 (fr) 1982-11-24 1982-11-24 Balle profilee a pointe interchangeable
FR8220907 1982-12-14
FR8220907A FR2537713B2 (fr) 1982-12-14 1982-12-14 Balle profilee a pointes interchangeables
FR8309895A FR2547652B1 (fr) 1983-06-15 1983-06-15 Balle profilee symetrique
FR8309895 1983-06-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0112216A1 true EP0112216A1 (de) 1984-06-27
EP0112216B1 EP0112216B1 (de) 1987-03-25

Family

ID=27251129

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83402272A Expired EP0112216B1 (de) 1982-11-24 1983-11-24 Geschoss für Feuerwaffen

Country Status (26)

Country Link
US (1) US4708063A (de)
EP (1) EP0112216B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS59502116A (de)
AT (1) ATE26177T1 (de)
AU (1) AU570662B2 (de)
BR (1) BR8307620A (de)
CS (1) CS242889B2 (de)
DD (1) DD215626A5 (de)
DE (1) DE3370536D1 (de)
DK (1) DK153250C (de)
EG (1) EG16960A (de)
ES (1) ES285902Y (de)
FI (1) FI81199C (de)
GR (1) GR78714B (de)
HK (1) HK8588A (de)
HU (1) HU189807B (de)
MC (1) MC1608A1 (de)
MY (1) MY100688A (de)
NO (1) NO157154C (de)
OA (1) OA07753A (de)
PL (1) PL141612B1 (de)
PT (1) PT77697B (de)
RO (1) RO90783A (de)
SG (1) SG66087G (de)
WO (1) WO1984002183A1 (de)
YU (1) YU46724B (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2774162A1 (fr) * 1998-01-28 1999-07-30 Anthena Soc Projectile a guide conique polygonal pour arme a feu a canon raye, et munition comportant un tel projectile
FR2802296A1 (fr) 1999-12-10 2001-06-15 Groupe Serge Ladriere G S L Amelioration des projectiles composes
WO2002063233A1 (fr) 2001-02-02 2002-08-15 Anthena Projectile pour munitions a portee reduite

Families Citing this family (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2536528B1 (fr) * 1982-11-24 1987-01-16 Ladriere Serge Balle profilee a effets de chocs
FR2609793B1 (fr) * 1987-01-19 1989-05-05 Ladriere Serge Perfectionnements apportes aux armes a feu destinees a tirer une munition sans etui, et aux munitions de ce type adaptees pour de telles armes
FR2610715A1 (fr) * 1987-02-11 1988-08-12 Munitions Ste Fse Projectile perforant a noyau dur et guide ductile
FR2615937B1 (fr) * 1987-05-27 1989-09-08 Ladriere Serge Perfectionnements apportes aux projectiles perforants
CA1333543C (fr) * 1987-10-05 1994-12-20 Jean-Pierre Denis Projectile destine a etre tire par une arme a feu
EP0310723A1 (de) * 1987-10-05 1989-04-12 Jean-Pierre Denis Kugel für ein Gewehr
FR2627854B1 (fr) * 1988-02-29 1990-08-10 Denis Jean Pierre Munition pour armes a feu, notamment munition de chasse
DE19604061C2 (de) * 1996-02-05 1998-07-23 Heckler & Koch Gmbh Geschoß
US6305293B1 (en) * 1998-04-14 2001-10-23 Laser Ii, Llc Multiple-component projectile with non-discarding sabot sleeve
DE19930473A1 (de) * 1999-07-01 2001-01-04 Dynamit Nobel Ag Deformationsgeschoß
EP1186851A1 (de) * 2000-09-06 2002-03-13 Laser II, LLC Mehrkomponentengeschoss
FR2817337B1 (fr) * 2000-11-24 2004-06-18 Jean Pierre Denis Munition comportant un projectile forme d'une fleche, d'une masse-marteau et d'une enveloppe recevant cet ensemble
US7096791B2 (en) * 2002-07-12 2006-08-29 Arthur Vanmoor Projectile with improved dynamic shape
US8267015B2 (en) * 2005-10-21 2012-09-18 Liberty Ammunition, Inc. Multi-component projectile rotational interlock
US7748325B2 (en) * 2005-10-21 2010-07-06 Liberty Ammunition, Llc Firearms projectile
CH700584B1 (de) * 2006-12-11 2010-09-30 Saltech Ag Schusswaffengeschoss.
KR100843573B1 (ko) * 2008-03-13 2008-07-03 (주)한국원자력 엔지니어링 탄약
SE533168C2 (sv) * 2008-06-11 2010-07-13 Norma Prec Ab Projektil för skjutvapen
KR101054859B1 (ko) * 2011-02-01 2011-08-05 (주)한국원자력 엔지니어링 탄약
PL220109B1 (pl) * 2012-05-07 2015-08-31 Jan Olszewski Pocisk kulowy do broni o lufie gwintowanej
CH708412A2 (de) * 2013-07-31 2015-02-13 Alpha Velorum Ag Projektil mit verbesserter Reichweite.
JP6057346B2 (ja) * 2014-03-10 2017-01-11 旭精機工業株式会社 弾丸及び弾薬
CA3152856A1 (en) 2014-04-30 2016-01-14 G9 Holdings, Llc Projectile with enhanced ballistics
US10739118B2 (en) 2014-06-24 2020-08-11 Peregrine Bullets (Pty) Ltd Long range bullet
US9719762B2 (en) * 2015-04-01 2017-08-01 Keith A. Langenbeck Cartridges and bullets
US10082376B1 (en) * 2016-04-08 2018-09-25 Lockheed Martin Corporation Penetrating and fragmenting projectile
US20190120603A1 (en) * 2017-10-19 2019-04-25 Richard C. Cole Projectile with radial grooves
DE102019126604A1 (de) * 2019-10-02 2021-04-08 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Penetrator, Verwendung eines Penetrators und Geschoss
DE102022115219A1 (de) * 2022-06-20 2023-12-21 Ruag Ammotec Ag Geschoss mit Umfangs- und/oder Längsrille

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR393079A (fr) * 1908-07-11 1908-12-12 Albert Roux Balle pour armes à feu, à corps cylindrique, partie avant conique, partie arrière tronconique
GB191106785A (en) * 1911-03-18 1912-04-18 Henry Stanbridge Improvements in & relating to Projectiles for Small Arms.
FR445864A (fr) * 1911-07-14 1912-11-21 Terje Aanensen Fidjeland Projectile pour armes à feu
DE370908C (de) * 1923-03-08 Gewehr Und Geschossfabrik Jagdgeschoss mit in weichem Blei keilfoermig eingebetteter harter Spitze
DE609594C (de) * 1933-06-24 1935-02-18 Friedrich Stendebach Geschoss fuer Flintenlaeufe
FR2425621A1 (fr) * 1978-05-12 1979-12-07 Piegay Marcel Cartouche a balle pour un fusil de chasse a canon lisse

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1021685A (en) * 1912-03-26 B Knaebel Artillery cartridge.
US1322662A (en) * 1919-11-25 Eibeaktt-pbojectile
US388496A (en) * 1888-08-28 Francis p
FR571348A (fr) * 1924-03-18 1924-05-15 Concentrateur de plombs pour cartouches de fusils de chasse permettant un tir serréà grande distance
US1556160A (en) * 1924-06-20 1925-10-06 Western Cartridge Co Game bullet
US2123981A (en) * 1935-09-28 1938-07-19 Remington Arms Co Inc Ammunition
US4251079A (en) * 1978-07-03 1981-02-17 Earl Hugh E Pellet for an air, gas or spring gun
FR2536528B1 (fr) * 1982-11-24 1987-01-16 Ladriere Serge Balle profilee a effets de chocs

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE370908C (de) * 1923-03-08 Gewehr Und Geschossfabrik Jagdgeschoss mit in weichem Blei keilfoermig eingebetteter harter Spitze
FR393079A (fr) * 1908-07-11 1908-12-12 Albert Roux Balle pour armes à feu, à corps cylindrique, partie avant conique, partie arrière tronconique
GB191106785A (en) * 1911-03-18 1912-04-18 Henry Stanbridge Improvements in & relating to Projectiles for Small Arms.
FR445864A (fr) * 1911-07-14 1912-11-21 Terje Aanensen Fidjeland Projectile pour armes à feu
DE609594C (de) * 1933-06-24 1935-02-18 Friedrich Stendebach Geschoss fuer Flintenlaeufe
FR2425621A1 (fr) * 1978-05-12 1979-12-07 Piegay Marcel Cartouche a balle pour un fusil de chasse a canon lisse

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2774162A1 (fr) * 1998-01-28 1999-07-30 Anthena Soc Projectile a guide conique polygonal pour arme a feu a canon raye, et munition comportant un tel projectile
FR2802296A1 (fr) 1999-12-10 2001-06-15 Groupe Serge Ladriere G S L Amelioration des projectiles composes
WO2002063233A1 (fr) 2001-02-02 2002-08-15 Anthena Projectile pour munitions a portee reduite

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PL141612B1 (en) 1987-08-31
GR78714B (de) 1984-09-27
PL244745A1 (en) 1984-07-30
DD215626A5 (de) 1984-11-14
YU232183A (en) 1988-04-30
FI81199B (fi) 1990-05-31
WO1984002183A1 (fr) 1984-06-07
JPS6228396B2 (de) 1987-06-19
PT77697B (fr) 1986-02-12
DK345484A (da) 1984-07-13
BR8307620A (pt) 1984-11-27
MY100688A (en) 1991-01-17
CS242889B2 (en) 1986-05-15
ATE26177T1 (de) 1987-04-15
ES285902Y (es) 1986-10-16
EG16960A (en) 1990-10-30
FI842856A (fi) 1984-07-16
JPS59502116A (ja) 1984-12-20
NO157154B (no) 1987-10-19
OA07753A (fr) 1985-08-30
EP0112216B1 (de) 1987-03-25
NO157154C (no) 1988-01-27
DK153250C (da) 1988-12-27
NO842891L (no) 1984-07-13
ES285902U (es) 1986-03-01
SG66087G (en) 1988-09-30
RO90783A (ro) 1987-01-30
HU189807B (en) 1986-08-28
DE3370536D1 (en) 1987-04-30
PT77697A (fr) 1983-12-01
AU570662B2 (en) 1988-03-24
US4708063A (en) 1987-11-24
FI81199C (fi) 1990-09-10
DK153250B (da) 1988-06-27
YU46724B (sh) 1994-04-05
HUT36587A (en) 1985-09-30
FI842856A0 (fi) 1984-07-16
HK8588A (en) 1988-02-05
DK345484D0 (da) 1984-07-13
MC1608A1 (fr) 1985-05-09
AU2261683A (en) 1984-06-18

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