EP0092406A2 - Langgestreckte elektrische Heizvorrichtung und Einrichtung mit solchen Vorrichtungen - Google Patents

Langgestreckte elektrische Heizvorrichtung und Einrichtung mit solchen Vorrichtungen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0092406A2
EP0092406A2 EP83302156A EP83302156A EP0092406A2 EP 0092406 A2 EP0092406 A2 EP 0092406A2 EP 83302156 A EP83302156 A EP 83302156A EP 83302156 A EP83302156 A EP 83302156A EP 0092406 A2 EP0092406 A2 EP 0092406A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
connection means
heater
power source
elongate
phase
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83302156A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0092406B1 (de
EP0092406A3 (en
Inventor
John Arthur Midgley
Richard Henry Hulett
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Raychem Corp
Original Assignee
Raychem Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Raychem Corp filed Critical Raychem Corp
Priority to DE3382581T priority Critical patent/DE3382581T4/de
Priority to AT83302156T priority patent/ATE77527T1/de
Publication of EP0092406A2 publication Critical patent/EP0092406A2/de
Publication of EP0092406A3 publication Critical patent/EP0092406A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0092406B1 publication Critical patent/EP0092406B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
    • H05B6/105—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications using a susceptor
    • H05B6/108—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications using a susceptor for heating a fluid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
    • H05B3/56—Heating cables

Definitions

  • Many elongate electrical heaters e.g. for heating pipes, tanks and other apparatus in the chemical process industry, comprise two (or more) relatively low resistance conductors which are connected at one end to the power source and run the length of the heater, with a plurality of heating elements connected in parallel with each other between the conductors.
  • An advantage of such heaters is that they can, if necessary, be cut to length.
  • the heating elements are in the form of a continuous or segmented strip of conductive polymer which lies between the conductors.
  • the heating elements are in the form of one or more resistive heating wires which progress down the length of the heater and are connected at intervals to alternate conductors; such heaters are usually referred to as zone heaters.
  • Zone heaters when cut to length, have a cold spot at the cut end, the length of the cold spot depending on where the cut is made.
  • elongate heaters are preferably self-regulating. This can be achieved, for example, in the first class given above, by using a continuous strip of conductive polymer at least a part of which exhibits PTC behavior, and in the second class, by connecting the heating wire(s) to one or both of the conductors through a connecting element composed of a PTC material.
  • the voltage dropped over each of the elements (c) is less than the voltage dropped over the elements (c) nearest the power source when the device is connected in the conventional way.
  • the reduction in the voltage dropped over the elements (c) is particularly marked when the third connection means has substantial impedance.
  • the power supply is connected to the second connection means (at the other end of the device) through a third connection means, which can be of any kind, very valuable results can be obtained by correlation of the properties of the third connection means with the remainder of the circuit, in particular their relative impedances and their variation with temperature.
  • suitable third electrical connection means include
  • the devices used in the present invention are usually physically located so that one end of the device is nearer to the power supply than the other. Accordingly, for ease and clarity in describing and claiming the invention, the terms “near end” and “far end” are used in this specification to identify the ends of the elongate connection means and the devices containing them. It is to be understood, however, that the invention includes devices which have been arranged, e.g. in a loop, so that the "far end” is closer to the power supply than the "near end” or so that the near and far ends are equidistant from the power supply.
  • elongate parallel device is used in this specification to denote an elongate electrical device which comprises
  • the electrical circuits of the present invention comprise
  • third electrical connection means can be used to connect the power source to the far end of the second connection means.
  • the third connection means can be physically separate from, or physically secured to (but electrically insulated from) the elongate parallel device.
  • many of the resulting composite devices are novel per se, i.e. whether or not the far ends of the second and third connection means are connected to each other and whether or not the device is connected to a power source.
  • Such novel devices form part of the present invention.
  • the composite devices of the present invention comprise
  • the various electrical connection means will often be simple conductors, which can be composed of the same or different materials, e.g. round metal wires (which may be solid or stranded) or flat metal strips, and are sometimes simply referred to herein as conductors. It is to be understood, however, that any form of electrical connection means can be used.
  • the first and second conductors are substantially the same as each other; (b) each of the conductors has substantially the same cross-section throughout the length of the device; (c) the resistance of the conductors is as low as is consistent with other factors such as weight, flexibility and cost; and (d) the conductors are at a constant distance from each other (they may be for example, straight or spiralled).
  • a characteristic feature of the present invention is that when the first and second connection means are the same, the potential drop between them is similar at the near end of the device as it is at the far end of the device. Theoretically the potential drop can be the same at Lhe near end and the far end, but in practice, variations in electrical and/or thermal characteristics along the length of the device can result in substantial deviations from theory. Nevertheless the balancing of the potential drop along the length of the device is much better than when the near ends of the first and second connection means are connected to the power source. This improved balancing produces particularly valuable results when the device is a heater; in particular the improved power distribution enables longer circuit lengths to be used. The invention will, therefore, chiefly be described by reference to heaters. It is to be under stood, however, that the invention also includes other devices, e.g sensors and fault detection systems, especially those in which benefits are derived from this balancing of the potential drop between the conductors at different points along the length of the device.
  • the electrical elements (c), which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second connection means, will usually be the same as each other, but this is not necessary.
  • at least some of the elements (c) comprise a PTC element, which can be composed of a conductive polymer or a ceramic.
  • the PTC element can itself be the sole heating element; alternatively it can have a ZTC resistive heating element in series with it.
  • the elements (c) can be in the form of at least one element composed of a conductive polymer, for example a continuous strip or web of conductive polymer or a plurality of segments of conductive polymer.
  • the composition of the conductive polymer element may be the same throughout, or can vary; thus the conductive polymer element can comprise two or more longitudinally extending components which have different electrical characteristics.
  • Suitable conductive polymer elements include
  • the elements(c) are in the form of one or more heating wires which are connected at intervals to the two conductors, e.g. as in a conventional zone heater.
  • the third connection means is a simple conductor, and the electrical character of the circuit depends very much on the relative resistances of third connection means and the components (a), (b) and (c) of the elongate parallel device and any change thereof with temperature.
  • the impedance of the third connection means can be purely resistive or part or all of the impedance can be inductive or capacitative; for example the third connection means can be a SECT (skin effect current tracing) heater,
  • the impedance of the third connection means is substantially less than, preferably less than 0.5 times, particularly less than 0.2 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200°C, and preferably at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
  • the impedance of the third connection means is substantially the same as e.g. 0.9 to 1.1 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200°C, and preferably also at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
  • the impedance of the third connection means is substantially greater than, preferably more than 1.2 times, especially more than 2 times, e.g. 2 to 20 times, particularly more than 3 times, e.g. 3 to 15 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200°C, and preferably at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
  • the third connection means functions as a series heater, thus contributing to the power output of the heater. Under normal (i.e.
  • the ratio of the impedance of (and usually but not necessarily the heat generated by) the third connection means to the impedance (and usually but not necessarily the heat generated by) the parallel heater may be, for example, from 0.05 to 20, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, particularly 0.1 to 0.5. If the parallel heater is a PTC heater, there may be some loss of the local self-regulating characteristic of a conventional PTC heater, because the third connection means continues to generate heat until the whole of the PTC heater has been converted to the high impedance state. Under the expected operating conditions of the heater, therefore, the heat output of the PTC heater is preferably 2 to 15 times the heat output of the third connection means.
  • the use of a relatively high impedance third connection means also results in a substantially lower proportion of the applied voltage being dropped over the elements (c) of the elongate parallel device.
  • the third connection means has an impedance which increases with temperature.
  • the increase can be small, as in a conventional resistance wire heater, e.g. the impedance at 300°C can be 1.2 to 2 times the impedance at 25°C.
  • the increase can be relatively large, as in an elongate parallel device as defined in which the components (c) are provided by a PTC conductive polymer strip, for example the impedance at a temperature below 300°C can be at least 10 times its impedance at 25°C. .
  • the third connection means has an impedance which decreases with temperature, e.g. which at 150°C is less than 0.8 times, preferably less than 0.2 times, its impedance at 25°C.
  • Such a third connection means can control current inrush without having substantial impedance under normal operating conditions.
  • a fixed resistance is connected between the near ends of the first and second connection means of the elongate parallel device, which is preferably a self-regulating heater.
  • the resistance is preferably selected so that it is substantially higher than the impedance of the heater at 25°C and comparable with it (e.g. 0.5 to 5 times) at normal operating temperatures; in this way, the voltage dropped over the parallel-connected elements at normal operating conditions is reduced.
  • a voltage-limiting device e.g. a Zener diode
  • the parallel device which is preferably a heater.
  • a circuit of this kind is illustrated in Figure 12. The voltage-limiting device ensures that the voltage dropped over the parallel-connected elements cannot exceed a predetermined value.
  • the third elongate connection means can itself be an elongate parallel device as defined, and the invention includes a number of particularly useful circuits which comprise a two or three phase power supply and two or three elongate parallel devices as defined; these devices are preferably the same, but can be different. Many, but not all, of these circuits comprise a neutral, and when they do, the neutral is preferably provided by an elongate electrical connection means. However, it is also possible to use a floating neutral.
  • An eighth class of circuits of the invention comprises
  • a ninth class of circuits of the invention comprises
  • circuits of the eighth and ninth classes comprise an elongate connection means which carries the circuit current, as in Figures 14 to 17, 20, 21 and 31, then the impedances of the connection means and of the elongate devices (and their variation, if any, with temperature) can be correlated in order to obtain desired results, as generally discussed above.
  • the elongate parallel devices in the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes, are physically located side-by-side, they can be separate from each other or physically secured to each other.
  • the various elongate connection means needed to complete the different circuits can likewise be separate from the other circuit components or physically secured to one or more of them.
  • Composite devices which can be used in the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes include those defined in paragraphs (1) and (2) below. Cross-sections of particular Examples of such devices are shown in Figures 22 to 28, in each of which a tube 41 of insulating polymeric material physically connects at least one PTC conductive polymer heater (101, 102 and 103) having an insulating polymeric jacket ana at least one wire conductor (111, 112, 113 and 114) having an insulating polymeric jacket.
  • Example 1 is a Comparative Example.
  • the power source was 120 volts AC and the heater was a self-regulating conductive polymer strip heater available from Raychem Corporation under the trade designation 10PTV1.
  • the heater comprised a pair of 18 AWG tin-coated copper stranded wire electrodes embedded in a strip of PTC conductive polymer comprising carbon black dispersed in radiation cross-linked poly(vinylidene fluoride).
  • the heater had a passive power of about 9 watts/foot.
  • the heater was cut into sections which were, successively, 10, 150, 10, 150 and 10 feet long. Resistors of small but precisely known resistance were used to connect the wire electrodes of the different sections.
  • Example 1 which is a comparative Example not in accordance with the invention, the first 170 feet of the heater was connected to the power supply in the conventional way (as shown in Figure 1).
  • Example 2 and 3 the heater was connected to the power supply in accordance with the invention (as shown in Figure 3), using a third connection means which was an insulated 18 AWG tin-coated copper stranded wire and which was secured to the heater as shown in Figure 6.
  • Example 3 the heater and the third connection means were secured by adhesive tape to a 2 inch diameter steel pipe having water at about 9°C circulating through it, and were then covered with 1 inch thick thermal insulation.
  • the assembly used in Example 3 is shown diagrammatically in Figure 29, from which it will be noted that the 10 foot heater section nearest the power source is designated Section 1, that the 10 foot heater section 160 feet from Section 1 is designated Section 2, and that the 10 foot heater section furthest from the power source is designated Section 3.
  • the assembly used in Example 2 was as shown in Figure 29 except that the third wire was connected to the end of Section 2.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Multi-Conductor Connections (AREA)
EP83302156A 1982-04-16 1983-04-15 Langgestreckte elektrische Heizvorrichtung und Einrichtung mit solchen Vorrichtungen Expired - Lifetime EP0092406B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3382581T DE3382581T4 (de) 1982-04-16 1983-04-15 Langgestreckte elektrische Heizvorrichtung und Einrichtung mit solchen Vorrichtungen.
AT83302156T ATE77527T1 (de) 1982-04-16 1983-04-15 Langgestreckte elektrische heizvorrichtung und einrichtung mit solchen vorrichtungen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US36930982A 1982-04-16 1982-04-16
US369309 1982-04-16

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0092406A2 true EP0092406A2 (de) 1983-10-26
EP0092406A3 EP0092406A3 (en) 1984-02-29
EP0092406B1 EP0092406B1 (de) 1992-06-17

Family

ID=23454938

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83302156A Expired - Lifetime EP0092406B1 (de) 1982-04-16 1983-04-15 Langgestreckte elektrische Heizvorrichtung und Einrichtung mit solchen Vorrichtungen

Country Status (10)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0092406B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS5963690A (de)
KR (1) KR910004275B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE77527T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1207366A (de)
DE (1) DE3382581T4 (de)
GB (2) GB2118810B (de)
HK (2) HK39588A (de)
IN (1) IN159153B (de)
MY (1) MY102388A (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0227405A2 (de) * 1985-12-16 1987-07-01 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) Selbstregelndes Heizelement mit reaktiven Bestandteilen
WO1990003091A1 (de) * 1988-09-02 1990-03-22 Monette Kabel- Und Elektrowerk Gmbh Parallel-heizband
EP0793399A2 (de) * 1996-02-29 1997-09-03 BERU Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG Selbstregelndes Heizelement
EP1457367A1 (de) * 2003-03-13 2004-09-15 Behr GmbH & Co. Elektrische Heizeinrichtung, insbesondere für ein Kraftfahrzeug
EP3481144A1 (de) * 2017-11-03 2019-05-08 Pentair Thermal Management LLC Vorwärmende doppelte heizung mit verbessertem in-rush-verhalten

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8417547D0 (en) * 1984-07-10 1984-08-15 Dreamland Electrical Apliances Electric blankets
GB2202419A (en) * 1987-03-16 1988-09-21 Raychem Gmbh Interconnection of electric heating elements
GB2228396A (en) * 1989-02-20 1990-08-22 Emaco Electric hotplate
DE19948534A1 (de) * 1999-10-08 2001-04-19 Messer Ags Gmbh Zusatzheizung zum Abtauen von Eis für Druckaufbauverdampfer
GB0817082D0 (en) 2008-09-18 2008-10-29 Heat Trace Ltd Heating cable

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3757086A (en) * 1972-10-05 1973-09-04 W Indoe Electrical heating cable
US3947799A (en) * 1975-01-15 1976-03-30 Epaneshnikova Valentina Evgeni Printed resistor
DE2641894A1 (de) * 1975-09-23 1977-03-24 Philips Nv Selbstregelndes heizelement
DE2715878A1 (de) * 1976-04-15 1977-11-03 Philips Nv Elektrische heizvorrichtung mit einem widerstandskoerper aus ptc-material
US4072848A (en) * 1976-07-22 1978-02-07 Thermon Manufacturing Company Electrical heating cable with temperature self-limiting heating elements
GB1566151A (en) * 1978-03-13 1980-04-30 Rosemount Eng Co Ltd Printed resistance path devices
US4246468A (en) * 1978-01-30 1981-01-20 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices containing PTC elements
US4334351A (en) * 1980-05-19 1982-06-15 Raychem Corporation Novel PTC devices and their preparation

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS579196B2 (de) * 1972-12-19 1982-02-19
US4177376A (en) * 1974-09-27 1979-12-04 Raychem Corporation Layered self-regulating heating article
GB1562086A (en) * 1975-08-04 1980-03-05 Raychem Corp Article with fabric electrodes
JPS6231995Y2 (de) * 1980-06-16 1987-08-15

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3757086A (en) * 1972-10-05 1973-09-04 W Indoe Electrical heating cable
US3947799A (en) * 1975-01-15 1976-03-30 Epaneshnikova Valentina Evgeni Printed resistor
DE2641894A1 (de) * 1975-09-23 1977-03-24 Philips Nv Selbstregelndes heizelement
DE2715878A1 (de) * 1976-04-15 1977-11-03 Philips Nv Elektrische heizvorrichtung mit einem widerstandskoerper aus ptc-material
US4072848A (en) * 1976-07-22 1978-02-07 Thermon Manufacturing Company Electrical heating cable with temperature self-limiting heating elements
US4117312A (en) * 1976-07-22 1978-09-26 Thermon Manufacturing Company Self-limiting temperature electrical heating cable
US4246468A (en) * 1978-01-30 1981-01-20 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices containing PTC elements
GB1566151A (en) * 1978-03-13 1980-04-30 Rosemount Eng Co Ltd Printed resistance path devices
US4334351A (en) * 1980-05-19 1982-06-15 Raychem Corporation Novel PTC devices and their preparation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineering, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc 1967, pages 15-86, 15-87 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0227405A2 (de) * 1985-12-16 1987-07-01 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) Selbstregelndes Heizelement mit reaktiven Bestandteilen
EP0227405A3 (de) * 1985-12-16 1988-04-06 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) Selbstregelndes Heizelement mit reaktiven Bestandteilen
US4849611A (en) * 1985-12-16 1989-07-18 Raychem Corporation Self-regulating heater employing reactive components
WO1990003091A1 (de) * 1988-09-02 1990-03-22 Monette Kabel- Und Elektrowerk Gmbh Parallel-heizband
EP0793399A2 (de) * 1996-02-29 1997-09-03 BERU Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG Selbstregelndes Heizelement
EP0793399A3 (de) * 1996-02-29 1998-04-29 BERU Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG Selbstregelndes Heizelement
EP1457367A1 (de) * 2003-03-13 2004-09-15 Behr GmbH & Co. Elektrische Heizeinrichtung, insbesondere für ein Kraftfahrzeug
WO2004080738A1 (de) * 2003-03-13 2004-09-23 Behr Gmbh & Co. Elektrische heizeinrichtung, insbesondere für kraftfahrzeuge
US7361868B2 (en) 2003-03-13 2008-04-22 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Electrical heating device, especially for motor vehicles
EP3481144A1 (de) * 2017-11-03 2019-05-08 Pentair Thermal Management LLC Vorwärmende doppelte heizung mit verbessertem in-rush-verhalten

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1207366A (en) 1986-07-08
GB2163330B (en) 1987-02-18
DE3382581T2 (de) 1995-03-02
GB8310334D0 (en) 1983-05-18
DE3382581T4 (de) 1995-10-12
EP0092406B1 (de) 1992-06-17
GB2163330A (en) 1986-02-19
HK39588A (en) 1988-06-03
GB2118810A (en) 1983-11-02
HK39388A (en) 1988-06-03
GB2118810B (en) 1987-02-25
EP0092406A3 (en) 1984-02-29
GB8525177D0 (en) 1985-11-13
JPH0526316B2 (de) 1993-04-15
MY102388A (en) 1992-06-17
ATE77527T1 (de) 1992-07-15
IN159153B (de) 1987-04-04
KR910004275B1 (en) 1991-06-25
KR840004656A (ko) 1984-10-22
JPS5963690A (ja) 1984-04-11

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