CA1207366A - Elongate electrical assemblies - Google Patents
Elongate electrical assembliesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1207366A CA1207366A CA000425959A CA425959A CA1207366A CA 1207366 A CA1207366 A CA 1207366A CA 000425959 A CA000425959 A CA 000425959A CA 425959 A CA425959 A CA 425959A CA 1207366 A CA1207366 A CA 1207366A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- connection means
- impedance
- heater
- electrical
- elongate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 title 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012777 electrically insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 5
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 poly(vinylidene fluoride) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/02—Induction heating
- H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
- H05B6/105—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications using a susceptor
- H05B6/108—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications using a susceptor for heating a fluid
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
- H05B3/56—Heating cables
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
- Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Multi-Conductor Connections (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
ABRIDGEMENT
Elongate electrical devices, comprising two conductors with electrical elements connected in parallel between them, have improved performance if the power supply is connected to one conductor at the near end and to the other conductor at the far end. Particu-larly useful devices are heaters, e.g. PTC conductive polymer heaters. The power supply is connected to the far end of the device through a connection means whose electrical properties can be correlated with those of the device in order to obtain a wide range of useful results. For example the connection means can have PTC, NTC or ZTC character and can be a simple conductor or another elongate device. The power supply can be DC
or single-phase, two-phase or three-phase AC. A circuit of the invention is shown in Figure 3.
ABRIDGEMENT
Elongate electrical devices, comprising two conductors with electrical elements connected in parallel between them, have improved performance if the power supply is connected to one conductor at the near end and to the other conductor at the far end. Particu-larly useful devices are heaters, e.g. PTC conductive polymer heaters. The power supply is connected to the far end of the device through a connection means whose electrical properties can be correlated with those of the device in order to obtain a wide range of useful results. For example the connection means can have PTC, NTC or ZTC character and can be a simple conductor or another elongate device. The power supply can be DC
or single-phase, two-phase or three-phase AC. A circuit of the invention is shown in Figure 3.
Description
~Z~73~6 ~P0812-USl
-2--This invention relates to elongate electrical devices, especially heaters, and to circuits containing them.
Many elongate electrical heaters, e.g. for heating pipes, tanks and other apparatus in the chemical process industry, comprise two (or more) relatively low resistance conductors which are connected at one end to the power source and run the length of the heater, with a plurality of heating elements connected in parallel with each other between the conductors. An advantage of such heaters is that they can, if neces-sary, - -be cut to length. In one class of such heaters, the heating elements are in the form of a continuous or segmented strip of conductive polymer wh;ch lies between the conductors. In a second class, the heating elements are in the form of one or more resistive heating wires which progress down the lengtn of the heater and are connected at intervals to alternate conductors; such heaters are usually referred to as zone heaters. Zone heaters, when cut to length, have a cold spot at the cut end, the length of the cold spot depending on where the cut is made. For many uses, elongate heaters are preferably self-regulating.
This can be achieved, for example, in the first class given above, by using a continuous strip of conductive polymer at least a part of which exhibits PTC behavior, and in the second class, by connecting the heating wire(s) to one or both of the conductors through a connecting element composed of a PTC material.
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1~7366 MP0812-USl
Many elongate electrical heaters, e.g. for heating pipes, tanks and other apparatus in the chemical process industry, comprise two (or more) relatively low resistance conductors which are connected at one end to the power source and run the length of the heater, with a plurality of heating elements connected in parallel with each other between the conductors. An advantage of such heaters is that they can, if neces-sary, - -be cut to length. In one class of such heaters, the heating elements are in the form of a continuous or segmented strip of conductive polymer wh;ch lies between the conductors. In a second class, the heating elements are in the form of one or more resistive heating wires which progress down the lengtn of the heater and are connected at intervals to alternate conductors; such heaters are usually referred to as zone heaters. Zone heaters, when cut to length, have a cold spot at the cut end, the length of the cold spot depending on where the cut is made. For many uses, elongate heaters are preferably self-regulating.
This can be achieved, for example, in the first class given above, by using a continuous strip of conductive polymer at least a part of which exhibits PTC behavior, and in the second class, by connecting the heating wire(s) to one or both of the conductors through a connecting element composed of a PTC material.
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1~7366 MP0812-USl
-3--Although the conductors in such elongate heaters are of relatively low resistance, there is still a finite loss of potential between them as the distance from the power source increases, and this limits the length of heater which can be employed, since the power generated by the heating elements depends in part upon the potential difference between the conductors. The maximum length of such a heater can be increased by increasing the size of the conductors, but this is expensive and results in a heater which is heavier and has reduced flexibility. Another limitation of self-regulating heaters is that their resistance, when cold, is often much less than their resistance at steady state operation; consequently they draw a much larger current when they are first switched on, and therefore suffer from the problem of current inrush.
Another limitation of many heaters is that they can only be powered by supply voltages within a partic~lar range.
Elongate heaters of various kinds, and conductive polymers for use in such heaters, are disclosed in U. S. Patents Nos. 2,952,761, 2,978,665, 3,243,753, 3,351,882,- 3,571,777, 3,757,086, 3,7939716, 3,823,217, 3,858,144, 3,861,029, 4,017,715, 4,072,848, 4,085,286,
Another limitation of many heaters is that they can only be powered by supply voltages within a partic~lar range.
Elongate heaters of various kinds, and conductive polymers for use in such heaters, are disclosed in U. S. Patents Nos. 2,952,761, 2,978,665, 3,243,753, 3,351,882,- 3,571,777, 3,757,086, 3,7939716, 3,823,217, 3,858,144, 3,861,029, 4,017,715, 4,072,848, 4,085,286,
4,117,~72, 4,177,376, 4,177,446, 4,188,~76, 4,237,441, 4,242,5i3, 4,246,468, 4,250,400, 4,255,698, 4,272,471, 4,314,230, 4,315,237, 4,318,881, 4,330,7~4, 4,~34,351 and 4,361,799, J. Applied Polymer Science 19, 813-815 (1975), Klason and Kubat; Polymer Engineering and Science 18, 649-653 (1978), Narkis et al; and German OLS 2,634,999; 2,755,077; 2,746,602; 2,755,076; and 2,821,799; and published European Patent Applications Nos. 0038713, 0038714, 0038715, 0038718, 0063440 and 0067679. The disclosure of each of the patents, publications and applications referred to above is incorporated herein by reference.
~ 7 3 6 ~ MPO~l2-USl We have now discovered that substantial improvements can be made in the performance of elongate electrical devices comprising two elongate electrical connection means and a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel between them, by connecting the power supply to one of the electrical connection means at one end of the device and to the second electrical connection means at the other end of the device. When the device is connected in this way and the two connection means have the same impedance (as is usually the case), the po-cential drop between the two connection means is similar (and, i-n theory at least, can be the same) at the near end of the device as at the far end. This balancing of the potential drop over the len~th of the device leads to substantially improved performance. In addition, the voltage dropped over each of the elements (c) is less than the voltage dropped over the elements (c) nearest the power source when the device is connected in the conventional way. The reduction in the voltage dropped over the elements (c) is particularly marked when the third connection means has substantial impedance.
Furthermore, by connecting a PTC heater in this way, any problem of current inrush can be substantially reduced. In addition, since the power supply is connected to the second connection means (at the other end of the device) through a third connection means, which can be of any kind, very valuable results can be obtained by correlation of the properties of the third connection means with the remainder of the circuit, in particular their relative impedances and their variation with temperature. Examples of suitable third electrical connection means include .
(l) a simple conductor, e.g a wire or metal strip, which . ~ .
- MP0812-USl
~ 7 3 6 ~ MPO~l2-USl We have now discovered that substantial improvements can be made in the performance of elongate electrical devices comprising two elongate electrical connection means and a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel between them, by connecting the power supply to one of the electrical connection means at one end of the device and to the second electrical connection means at the other end of the device. When the device is connected in this way and the two connection means have the same impedance (as is usually the case), the po-cential drop between the two connection means is similar (and, i-n theory at least, can be the same) at the near end of the device as at the far end. This balancing of the potential drop over the len~th of the device leads to substantially improved performance. In addition, the voltage dropped over each of the elements (c) is less than the voltage dropped over the elements (c) nearest the power source when the device is connected in the conventional way. The reduction in the voltage dropped over the elements (c) is particularly marked when the third connection means has substantial impedance.
Furthermore, by connecting a PTC heater in this way, any problem of current inrush can be substantially reduced. In addition, since the power supply is connected to the second connection means (at the other end of the device) through a third connection means, which can be of any kind, very valuable results can be obtained by correlation of the properties of the third connection means with the remainder of the circuit, in particular their relative impedances and their variation with temperature. Examples of suitable third electrical connection means include .
(l) a simple conductor, e.g a wire or metal strip, which . ~ .
- MP0812-USl
-5- ~2~736~
(a) has an impedance which does not vary substantially in the temperature range of operation and which is subs-tantially the same as, or substantially less than, or substantially greater than, the impedance of each of the first and second electrical connection means; or (b) has an impedance which decreases sub--stantially as the temperature increases;
or (c) has an impedance which increases sub-stantially as the temperature increases;~
(2) another electrical device comprising two elongate electrical connection means and a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel between them; and (3) when a ~C power supply is used, a ground connection.
The devices used in the present invention are usually physically located so that one end of the device is nearer to the p~wer supply than the other.
Accordingly, for ease and clarity in describing and claiming the invention, the terms "near end" and "far end" are used in this speci~ication to identify the ~25 ends of the elongate connection means and the devices ~containing them. It is to be understood, however, that the invention includes devices which have been arranged, e.g. in a loop, so that the "far end" is closer to the power supply than the "near end" or so that the near ~ 30 and far ends are equidistant from the power supply.
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~P0812-USl ~2~73~
The invention is illustrated by the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a conventional conductive polymer strip ~eater which comprises conductors 1 and 2 embedded in a conductive polymer strip 11 and which is conventionally connected to a power supply 8;
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view of a conventional ~one heater which comprises heating wires 15 connected to conductors 1 and 2 a-nd which is conventionally connected to a power supply ~;
Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view of a conductive polymer strip heater as in Figure 1 which is connected to a power supply through a third connection means 3 to provide a circuit of the invention;
Figures ~ and 5 are equivalent circuits of Figure 3 when the conductive polymer exhibits PTC
behavior and ZTC behavior respectively;
Figure 6 is a cross-section through a composite - device which comprises a heater and a third connection means as shown diagrammatically in : Figure 3, the heater and the connecting means being provided with insulating polymeric jackets 12 and 34 respectively, and also comprising polymeric insulating body 41 which connects the heater and the connection means;
7 ~ 2 ~ 7 3~ 6 MP0812-USl Figure 7 is a diagrammatic view of a ~onP heater in which heating wires 32 are connected to conductors 1 and 2 and which is connected to a power source to provide a circuit of the invention (Figure 5 is also the equivalent circuit of Figure 7);
Figure 8 is a diagrarnmatic view of a zone heater in which heating wires 32 are connected to conductors 1 and 2 through PTC components 31 and which is connected to a power source to provide a circuit of the invention;
Figure 9 shows the current in the circuit of Figure 1 and in the circuit of Figure 4 as a function of time immediately after the circuit has been completed;
Figure 1~ shows how power is generated, during steady state operation of the circuits of Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5, between the two ends of the heater;
Figure 11 is the same as Figure 3, except that the near ends of the first and second conductors are connected to each other through a resistor 35;
Figure 12 is the same as Figure 3 except that the near ends of the conductors 1 and 2 are connected to each other through a Yoltage-limiting device 36, e.g. a Zener diode.
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:. . :''' ~7~ MP08l2-USl Figures l3 to l7 are circuits in which two conductive polymer PTC heaters are connected to a two phase power source to form circuits of the invention;
Figures l8 to 2l, 30 and 3l are circuits in which three conductive polymer PTC heaters are connected to a three phase power source to form circuits of the invention;
Figures 22 to '~8 are cross-sections through composite devices suitable for use in Figures l3 to 21; and.
Figure 29 is a diagrammatic view of a test circuit used in the Examples.
For brevity and clarity in descriDing the present I5 invention, the term "elongate parallel device" is used in this specification to denote an elongate electrical device which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means 9 (b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical ele~ents which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second connection means.
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lZg~3~6 MP0812-USl _9_ The electrical circuits of the present invention comprise (1) an elongate parallel device; and (~) a power source which is connected to the near end of the first connection means of the device (1) and to the far end of the second connection means of the device (1).
As indicated ~bove, a wide variety of third electrical connection means can be used to connect the power source to the far end of the second connection means.
The third connection means can be physically separate from, or physically secured to (but electrically insulated from) the elongate parallel device. When it is physically secured to the elongate parallel device, many of the resultin~ composite devices are novel per se, i.e. whether or not the far ends of the second and third connection means are connected to each other and whether or not the device is connected to a power source. Such novel devices form part of the present invention. Thus, the composite devices of the present invention comprise (1) an elongate parallel device; and (2) a third elongate electrical connection means which is physically secured to, but electric-ally insulated from, the device (1);
subject to the provisos that (A) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (1) are wire condactors and the component (c) of the device (1) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in which the conductors . .
:, ~Z~ ~73~6 MP0812-USl are embedded, (ii) the third electrical connection means is also a wire conductor, and ~iii) the composite device comprises no other elongate electrical connection means;
then the third connection means has a resistance at 25C, R253 which is (a) less than 0.2 x R251 or less than 0.2 x R225, or (b) more than 1.2 x R251 or more than 1.2 x R225, or - -(c) more than 1.2 x R153;
where R215 is.the resistance of the flrst connection means at 25C, R225 is the resistance of the second connection means at 25C, and R1503 is the resistance of the third connection means at lSO~C; and (B) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (1) are wire conductors and the component tc) of the device tl) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in ~hich the conductors 20: are embedded and tii) the third elongate .electrical connection means is a second : elongate electrical device comprising two elongate wire conductors embedded in a PTC
conductive polymer strip, then the first and second devices are physically secured to each other by a connecting body of electrically insulating material.
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~Z~736~ MP0812-U51 The various electrical connection means will often be simple conductors, which can be composed of the same or different materials, e.g. round metal wires (which may be solid or stranded) or flat metal strips, and are sometimes simply referred to herein as conductors. It is to be understood, however, that any form of electrical connection means can be used. Generally it is desirable that in the (or each) elongate parallel device, (a) the first and second conductors are substantially the same as each other; (b) each of the conductors has substant-ially the same cross-section throughout the length of the device; (c) the resistance of the conductors is as low as is consistent with other factors such as weight, flexibility and cost; and (d) the conductors are at a constant distance from each other (they may be for example, straight or spiralled).
As previously noted, a characteristic feature of the present invention is tha~ when the first and second connection means are the same, the potential drop between them is similar at the near end of the device as it is at the far end of the device. Theoretically the potential drop can be the same at the near end and the far end, but in practice, variations in electrical and/or thermal characteristics along the length of the device can result in substantial deviations from theory. Nevertheless the balancing of the potential drop along the length of the device is much better than when the near ends of the first and second connection means are connected to the power source. This improved balancing produces particularly valuable results when the device is a heater; in particular the improved power distribution enables longer circuit lengths to be used. The invention will, therefore, chiefly be . .
12~736~ MP0812-USl described by reference to heaters. It is to be under stood, however, that the invention also includes other devices, e.g sensors and fault detection systems, especially those in which benefits are derived from this balancing of the potential drop between the conductors at different points along the length of the device.
The electrical elements (c), which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second connection means, will usually be- the same as each other, but this is not necessary. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, at least some of the elements (c) comprise a PTC element, which can be composed of a conductive polymer or a ceramic. The PTC
element can itself be the sole heating element; alterna-tively it can have a ZTC resistive heating element in series with it. The elements (c) can be in the form of at least one element composed of a conductive polymer, for example a continuous strip or web of conductive polymer or a plurality of se~3ments of conductive polymer. The composition of the conductive polymer element may be the same throughout, or can vary; thus tha conductive polymer element can comprise two or more longitudinally extending components which have different electrical characteristics. Suitable conductive polymer elements include :
(a) elements which consist essentially of a conductive polymer which exhibits ZTC
behavior; and .
~2~736~ MP oa 12-USl (b) elements which comprise a PTC conductive polymer element such that the device is a self-regulating heater, e.g. an element which consists essentially of a PTC conductive polymer or an element which comprises a ZTC component element and at least one PTC component element, for example at least one PTC component element which surrounds one of the elongate conductors.
In another preferred''embod-iment of the--invention-,- --~-the elements(c) are in the form of one or more heating wires which are connected at intervals to the two conductors, e.g as in a conventional zone heater.
A wide variety of different effects can be obtained - by correlating the electrical characteristics of the elongate parallel device and of the electrical connection ' means which connects the power source and the far end of the second electrical connection means of the elongate psrallel device. For example, in the simplest circuits of the invention, as illustrated for example ' in Figures 3-5 and 7-8, the third connection means is a simple conductor, and the electrical character of the circuit depends very much on the relative resistances of third connection means and the components (a), (b) and (c) of the elongate parallel device and any change thereof with temperature. The impedance of the third connection means can be purely resistive or part or all of the impedance can be inductive or capacitativej for 3U example the third connection means can be a SECT (skin effect current tracing) heatar.' ::
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' lZ~366 MP0~ 12-llSl In one class of circuits, the impedance of the third connection means is substantially less than, preferably less than 0.5 times, particularly less than 0.2 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200~C, and preferably at all tempPratures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
In a second class of circuits, the impedance of the third connection means is substantially the same as e.g. 0.9 to 1.1 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. through-out the range 25 to 200C, and preferably also at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
In a third class of circuits, the impedance of the third connection means is sl~bstantially greater than, preferably more than 1.2 times, especially more than 2 times, e.g. 2 to 20 times, particularly more than 3 times, e.g. 3 to 15 times7 the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200C, and preferably at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device. In such circuits7 the third connection means functions as a series heater, thus contributing to the power output of the heater. Under normal (i.e.
steady state) operating conditions, the ratio of the impedance of (and usually but not necessarily the heat generated by) the third connection means to the impedance (and usually but not necessarily the heat generated by) ~`
~Z~736~ MP0812-USl the parallel heater may be, for example, from 0.05 to 20, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, particularly 0.1 to 0.5. If the parallel heater is a PTC heater, there may be some loss of the local self-regulating characteristic of a conventional PTC heater, because the third connection means continues to generate heat until the whole of the PTC heater has been converted to the high impedance state. Under the expected operatiny conditions of the heater, therefore, the heat output of the PTC heater is preferably 2 to 15 times the heat output of the third connection means. The use of a relatively high impedance third connection means also results in a substantially lower proportion of the applied voltage being dropped over the elements (c) of the elongate parallel device.
In a fourth class of circuits, the third connec-tion means has an impedance which increases with temperature. The increase can be small, as in a conventional resistance wire he~ater, e.g. the impedance at 300C can be 1.2 to 2 times the impedance at 25~C.
Alternatively, the increase can be relatively large, as in an elongate parallel device as defined in which the components (c) are provided by a PTC conductive polym~r - strip, for example the impedance at a temperature below 300C can be at lea~t lû times its impedance at 25C.
In a fifth class of circuits, the third connection means has an impedance which decreases with temperature, ; e.g. which at 15ûDC is less than 0.8 times, preferably less than 0.2 times, its impedance at 25C. Such a third connection means can control current inrush without having substantial impedance under normal operating conditions.
12~73~6 MP0812-USl In a sixth class of circuits, a fixed resistance is connected between the near ends of the first and second connection means of the elongate parallel device, which is-preferably a self-regulating heater.
Such a circuit is illustrated in Figure 11. The resistance is preferably selected so that it is substan-tially higher than the impedance of the heater at 25C
and comparable with it (e.g. û.5 to 5 times) at normal operating temperatures; in this way, the voltage dropped over the parallel-connected elements at normal operating conditions is reduced.
In a seventh class of circuits, a voltage-limiting device, e.g. a Zaner diode, is connected between the near ends of the first and second connection means of the parallel device, which is preferably a heater. A
circuit of this kind is illustrated in Figure 12. The voltage-limlting device ensures that the voltage dropped over the parallel-connected elements cannot exceed a predetermined value.
As indicated above, the third elongate connection means can itself be an elongate parallel device as defined, and the invention includes a number of particu-larly useful circuits which cnmrise a two or three phase power supply and two or three elongate parallel devices as defined; these devices are preferably the same, but can be different. Many, but not all, of these circuits comprise a neutral, and when they do, the neutral is preferably provided by an elongate electrical connection means. However, it is also possible to use a floa~ing neutral.
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1~73~6 ~lP oa 12-USl ~17-An eighth class of circuits of the invention comprises (1) a two phase power source;
(2) a first elongate parallel device as defined; and (3) a second elongate parallel device as defined, one end of one of the connection means of the first device being connected to the first phase of the power source; the opposite end of the other connection means of the first device being connected to one end of one of the connection means of the second ~evice; and the~
opposite end of the other connection means of the second device being connected to the second phase of the power source. Preferably the circuit also includes a further electrical connection means which connects the neutral of the power source to the connection between the two devices. Various circuits of this kind are shown in Figures 13 to 17, in which the neutral connection which is preferably present is shown as a broken line. Preferred circuits (because they are balanced) are those in which the near ends of the first connectlon means of the two elongate parallel devices are connected to the first and seccnd phases respectively of the power supply and the far ends of the second connection means of the two devices are connected to ~5 each other and to the neutral of the power supply, as shown in Figure 13 for devices which are physically located side-by-side and in Figure 16 for devices which are physically located end-to-end.
A ninth class of circuits of the invention comprises , (1) a three phase power source;
(2) a first elongate parallel device as defined;
,, ~Z1~7366 MP 08 12 - U 51 (3) a second elongate parallel device as defined;
and (4) a third elongate parallel device as defined;
one end of one of the connection means of each of the first, second and third devices being connected to tha first, second or third phase of the power source, and the other ends of the other connection means of each of the devices being connected to a different phase (delta connection) or to each other (star connection).
When the other ends are connected to each other, there is a neutral point in the circuit and the circuit preferably includes a further electrical connection means which connects the neutral point and the neutral of the power source. However, a floating neutral can also be used. Various circuits of this kind are shown in Figures 18 to 21, 30 and 31, in which the pref~rred neutrsl connection is shown as a broken line. Figure 30 is a particularly preferred, balanced circuit.
When the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes 2û comprise an elongata connection means which carries the circuit current, as in Figures l~ to 17, 20, 21 and 31, then the impedances of the connection means and of the elongate devices (and their variation, if any, with temperature) can be correlated in order to obtain desired results9 as generally discussed above.
In Figures 13 to 21, 30 and 31 the various heaters are shown as conductive polymer heaters, but the same circuits are very suitable for use with zone heaters and other elongate parallel heaters.
~' 736~
MPOB12-USl When the elongate parallel devices, in the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes, are physically located side-by-side, they ran be separate from each other or physically secured to each other. The various elongate connection means needed to complete the different circuits can likewise be separate from the other circuit components or physically secured to one or more of them.
Composite devices which can be used in the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes-include those defined~
in paragraphs (1) and (2) below. Cross-sections of particular Examples of such devices are shown in Figures 22 to 28, in each of which a tube 41 of insul-ating polymeric material physically connects at least one PTC conductive polymer heater (101, 102 and 103) having an insulating polymeric jacket and at least one wire conductor (111, 112, 113 and 114) having an insulating polymeric jacket.
(1) Composite devices which comprise at least two elongate parallel devices as defined, and which can also include one or more elongate connection means. Figures 22, 23 and 24 show devices of this type. The device of Figure 22 is suitable for use in the circuit of Figure 13; it is to be noted that the neutral connection means-lll in Figure 22 (and likewise in Figures 24, 25~ 26 and 27) can be smaller than the conductors in the heaters themselves. The device of Figure 23 is suitable for use in the circuit of Figures 14 and 15. The device of Figure 24 is suitable for use in the circuit of Figure 19.
~z~66 MP 0812-USl (2) Composite devices which comprise at least one elongate parallel device as defined and at least two elongate connection means.
Figures 25, 26, 27 and 2~ show devices of this type. The device of Figure 25 is suitable for use in Figure 16, and also in Figure 17, with the smaller conductor not being used in the part of the circuit furthest -from the power source. The devices of Figures 26 and 27 are suitable for use in Figure 30, and also in Figure 2û, with one of the large conductors not being used in the part furthest form the power source, and also in Figure 31~ with the small conductor not being used in the mid-section and with the small conductor and one of the large conductors not being used in the section furthest from the power source. The device of Figure 28 is suitable for use as the middle portion of the circuit of Figure 21.
EXAMPLES
The invention is illustrated in the following Examples, in which Example 1 is a Comparative Example.
In these Examples the power source was 120 volts AC and the heater was a self-regulating conductive polymer strip heater avaiIable from Raychem Corporation under the trade designation lOPTVl. The heater comprised a pair of 18 AWG tin-coated copper stranded wire electrodes embedded in a strip of PTC conductive 3û polymer comprising carbon black dispersed in radiation cross-linked poly(vinylidene fluoride). The heater had .
~7366 MP0812-USl a passive power of about 9 watts/foot. The heater was cut into sections which were, successively, lO, 150, lO, 150 and lO feet long. Resistors of small but precisely known resistance were used to connect the wire electrodes of the different sections. In the Examples, the potential drop over each of these resistors was measured and hence the currents flowing in the different parts of the connection means were calculated.
In Examples l and 2, only the first 170 feet of the heater were used (the remainder being disconnected) and in Example 3 the whole 330 feet of the heater were used. In Example l, which is a comparative Example not in accordance with the invention, the first l70 feet of the heater was connected to the power supply in the conventional way (as shown in Figure l). In Examples 2 and 3, the heater was connected to the power supply in accordance with the invention (as shown in Figure 3), using a third connection means which was an insulated 18 AWG tin-coated copper stranded wire and which was secured to the heater as shown in Figure 6. In each of the Examples, the heater and the third connection means were secured by adhesive tape to a 2 .inch diameter steel pipe having water at about 9C circulating through it, and were then covered with l inch thick thermal insulation. The assembly used in Example ~ is shown diagrammatically in Figure 29, from which it will be noted that the lO foot heater section nearest the power source is designated Section l, that the lO foot heater section 160 feet from Section l is designated Section 2, and that the lO foot heater section furthest from the power source is designated Section 3. The assembly used in Example 2 was as shown in Figure 29 except that the third wire was connected to the end of Section 2.
~736~ MP oa 12-USl The results obtained in the Examples are summarized in the Table below, which shows the Inrush Factor (i.e.
the ratio of the current to the steady state current) initially and after 10, 60 and 120 seconds; the current (in amps) in each bus wire (electrode) in each of Sections 1, 2 and 3; the voltage drop (in volts) between the bus wires in each of Sections 1, 2 and 3 and the power generated (in watts/foot) in (a) the bus wires of the heater (b) the conductive polymer element in the heater9 (c) the third wire in the assembly, and (d) in total, in each of Sections 1, 2 and 3.
The various figures given in the ~able below reflect the fact that the Examples were made with a view tc obtaining a qualitative rather than quanti-tative assessment of the benefits of the presentinvention. No undue reliance should~ therefore, be placed on the precise relationships between the different figures. However, the figures clearly demonstrate that by connecting the power source to the far end of the heater through a third connection means, there is obtained a reduction in current inrush, a more even power distribution along the length of the heater and a reduction in the voltage dropped across the conductive polymer strip.
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(a) has an impedance which does not vary substantially in the temperature range of operation and which is subs-tantially the same as, or substantially less than, or substantially greater than, the impedance of each of the first and second electrical connection means; or (b) has an impedance which decreases sub--stantially as the temperature increases;
or (c) has an impedance which increases sub-stantially as the temperature increases;~
(2) another electrical device comprising two elongate electrical connection means and a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel between them; and (3) when a ~C power supply is used, a ground connection.
The devices used in the present invention are usually physically located so that one end of the device is nearer to the p~wer supply than the other.
Accordingly, for ease and clarity in describing and claiming the invention, the terms "near end" and "far end" are used in this speci~ication to identify the ~25 ends of the elongate connection means and the devices ~containing them. It is to be understood, however, that the invention includes devices which have been arranged, e.g. in a loop, so that the "far end" is closer to the power supply than the "near end" or so that the near ~ 30 and far ends are equidistant from the power supply.
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The invention is illustrated by the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a conventional conductive polymer strip ~eater which comprises conductors 1 and 2 embedded in a conductive polymer strip 11 and which is conventionally connected to a power supply 8;
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view of a conventional ~one heater which comprises heating wires 15 connected to conductors 1 and 2 a-nd which is conventionally connected to a power supply ~;
Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view of a conductive polymer strip heater as in Figure 1 which is connected to a power supply through a third connection means 3 to provide a circuit of the invention;
Figures ~ and 5 are equivalent circuits of Figure 3 when the conductive polymer exhibits PTC
behavior and ZTC behavior respectively;
Figure 6 is a cross-section through a composite - device which comprises a heater and a third connection means as shown diagrammatically in : Figure 3, the heater and the connecting means being provided with insulating polymeric jackets 12 and 34 respectively, and also comprising polymeric insulating body 41 which connects the heater and the connection means;
7 ~ 2 ~ 7 3~ 6 MP0812-USl Figure 7 is a diagrammatic view of a ~onP heater in which heating wires 32 are connected to conductors 1 and 2 and which is connected to a power source to provide a circuit of the invention (Figure 5 is also the equivalent circuit of Figure 7);
Figure 8 is a diagrarnmatic view of a zone heater in which heating wires 32 are connected to conductors 1 and 2 through PTC components 31 and which is connected to a power source to provide a circuit of the invention;
Figure 9 shows the current in the circuit of Figure 1 and in the circuit of Figure 4 as a function of time immediately after the circuit has been completed;
Figure 1~ shows how power is generated, during steady state operation of the circuits of Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5, between the two ends of the heater;
Figure 11 is the same as Figure 3, except that the near ends of the first and second conductors are connected to each other through a resistor 35;
Figure 12 is the same as Figure 3 except that the near ends of the conductors 1 and 2 are connected to each other through a Yoltage-limiting device 36, e.g. a Zener diode.
. .
:. . :''' ~7~ MP08l2-USl Figures l3 to l7 are circuits in which two conductive polymer PTC heaters are connected to a two phase power source to form circuits of the invention;
Figures l8 to 2l, 30 and 3l are circuits in which three conductive polymer PTC heaters are connected to a three phase power source to form circuits of the invention;
Figures 22 to '~8 are cross-sections through composite devices suitable for use in Figures l3 to 21; and.
Figure 29 is a diagrammatic view of a test circuit used in the Examples.
For brevity and clarity in descriDing the present I5 invention, the term "elongate parallel device" is used in this specification to denote an elongate electrical device which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means 9 (b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical ele~ents which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second connection means.
' ' .~
. ` .
lZg~3~6 MP0812-USl _9_ The electrical circuits of the present invention comprise (1) an elongate parallel device; and (~) a power source which is connected to the near end of the first connection means of the device (1) and to the far end of the second connection means of the device (1).
As indicated ~bove, a wide variety of third electrical connection means can be used to connect the power source to the far end of the second connection means.
The third connection means can be physically separate from, or physically secured to (but electrically insulated from) the elongate parallel device. When it is physically secured to the elongate parallel device, many of the resultin~ composite devices are novel per se, i.e. whether or not the far ends of the second and third connection means are connected to each other and whether or not the device is connected to a power source. Such novel devices form part of the present invention. Thus, the composite devices of the present invention comprise (1) an elongate parallel device; and (2) a third elongate electrical connection means which is physically secured to, but electric-ally insulated from, the device (1);
subject to the provisos that (A) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (1) are wire condactors and the component (c) of the device (1) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in which the conductors . .
:, ~Z~ ~73~6 MP0812-USl are embedded, (ii) the third electrical connection means is also a wire conductor, and ~iii) the composite device comprises no other elongate electrical connection means;
then the third connection means has a resistance at 25C, R253 which is (a) less than 0.2 x R251 or less than 0.2 x R225, or (b) more than 1.2 x R251 or more than 1.2 x R225, or - -(c) more than 1.2 x R153;
where R215 is.the resistance of the flrst connection means at 25C, R225 is the resistance of the second connection means at 25C, and R1503 is the resistance of the third connection means at lSO~C; and (B) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (1) are wire conductors and the component tc) of the device tl) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in ~hich the conductors 20: are embedded and tii) the third elongate .electrical connection means is a second : elongate electrical device comprising two elongate wire conductors embedded in a PTC
conductive polymer strip, then the first and second devices are physically secured to each other by a connecting body of electrically insulating material.
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~Z~736~ MP0812-U51 The various electrical connection means will often be simple conductors, which can be composed of the same or different materials, e.g. round metal wires (which may be solid or stranded) or flat metal strips, and are sometimes simply referred to herein as conductors. It is to be understood, however, that any form of electrical connection means can be used. Generally it is desirable that in the (or each) elongate parallel device, (a) the first and second conductors are substantially the same as each other; (b) each of the conductors has substant-ially the same cross-section throughout the length of the device; (c) the resistance of the conductors is as low as is consistent with other factors such as weight, flexibility and cost; and (d) the conductors are at a constant distance from each other (they may be for example, straight or spiralled).
As previously noted, a characteristic feature of the present invention is tha~ when the first and second connection means are the same, the potential drop between them is similar at the near end of the device as it is at the far end of the device. Theoretically the potential drop can be the same at the near end and the far end, but in practice, variations in electrical and/or thermal characteristics along the length of the device can result in substantial deviations from theory. Nevertheless the balancing of the potential drop along the length of the device is much better than when the near ends of the first and second connection means are connected to the power source. This improved balancing produces particularly valuable results when the device is a heater; in particular the improved power distribution enables longer circuit lengths to be used. The invention will, therefore, chiefly be . .
12~736~ MP0812-USl described by reference to heaters. It is to be under stood, however, that the invention also includes other devices, e.g sensors and fault detection systems, especially those in which benefits are derived from this balancing of the potential drop between the conductors at different points along the length of the device.
The electrical elements (c), which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second connection means, will usually be- the same as each other, but this is not necessary. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, at least some of the elements (c) comprise a PTC element, which can be composed of a conductive polymer or a ceramic. The PTC
element can itself be the sole heating element; alterna-tively it can have a ZTC resistive heating element in series with it. The elements (c) can be in the form of at least one element composed of a conductive polymer, for example a continuous strip or web of conductive polymer or a plurality of se~3ments of conductive polymer. The composition of the conductive polymer element may be the same throughout, or can vary; thus tha conductive polymer element can comprise two or more longitudinally extending components which have different electrical characteristics. Suitable conductive polymer elements include :
(a) elements which consist essentially of a conductive polymer which exhibits ZTC
behavior; and .
~2~736~ MP oa 12-USl (b) elements which comprise a PTC conductive polymer element such that the device is a self-regulating heater, e.g. an element which consists essentially of a PTC conductive polymer or an element which comprises a ZTC component element and at least one PTC component element, for example at least one PTC component element which surrounds one of the elongate conductors.
In another preferred''embod-iment of the--invention-,- --~-the elements(c) are in the form of one or more heating wires which are connected at intervals to the two conductors, e.g as in a conventional zone heater.
A wide variety of different effects can be obtained - by correlating the electrical characteristics of the elongate parallel device and of the electrical connection ' means which connects the power source and the far end of the second electrical connection means of the elongate psrallel device. For example, in the simplest circuits of the invention, as illustrated for example ' in Figures 3-5 and 7-8, the third connection means is a simple conductor, and the electrical character of the circuit depends very much on the relative resistances of third connection means and the components (a), (b) and (c) of the elongate parallel device and any change thereof with temperature. The impedance of the third connection means can be purely resistive or part or all of the impedance can be inductive or capacitativej for 3U example the third connection means can be a SECT (skin effect current tracing) heatar.' ::
, .
' lZ~366 MP0~ 12-llSl In one class of circuits, the impedance of the third connection means is substantially less than, preferably less than 0.5 times, particularly less than 0.2 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200~C, and preferably at all tempPratures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
In a second class of circuits, the impedance of the third connection means is substantially the same as e.g. 0.9 to 1.1 times, the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. through-out the range 25 to 200C, and preferably also at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device.
In a third class of circuits, the impedance of the third connection means is sl~bstantially greater than, preferably more than 1.2 times, especially more than 2 times, e.g. 2 to 20 times, particularly more than 3 times, e.g. 3 to 15 times7 the impedance of each of the first and second conductors, at least at room temperature and generally also at higher temperatures, e.g. throughout the range 25 to 200C, and preferably at all temperatures likely to be encountered in use of the device. In such circuits7 the third connection means functions as a series heater, thus contributing to the power output of the heater. Under normal (i.e.
steady state) operating conditions, the ratio of the impedance of (and usually but not necessarily the heat generated by) the third connection means to the impedance (and usually but not necessarily the heat generated by) ~`
~Z~736~ MP0812-USl the parallel heater may be, for example, from 0.05 to 20, preferably 0.1 to 2.0, particularly 0.1 to 0.5. If the parallel heater is a PTC heater, there may be some loss of the local self-regulating characteristic of a conventional PTC heater, because the third connection means continues to generate heat until the whole of the PTC heater has been converted to the high impedance state. Under the expected operatiny conditions of the heater, therefore, the heat output of the PTC heater is preferably 2 to 15 times the heat output of the third connection means. The use of a relatively high impedance third connection means also results in a substantially lower proportion of the applied voltage being dropped over the elements (c) of the elongate parallel device.
In a fourth class of circuits, the third connec-tion means has an impedance which increases with temperature. The increase can be small, as in a conventional resistance wire he~ater, e.g. the impedance at 300C can be 1.2 to 2 times the impedance at 25~C.
Alternatively, the increase can be relatively large, as in an elongate parallel device as defined in which the components (c) are provided by a PTC conductive polym~r - strip, for example the impedance at a temperature below 300C can be at lea~t lû times its impedance at 25C.
In a fifth class of circuits, the third connection means has an impedance which decreases with temperature, ; e.g. which at 15ûDC is less than 0.8 times, preferably less than 0.2 times, its impedance at 25C. Such a third connection means can control current inrush without having substantial impedance under normal operating conditions.
12~73~6 MP0812-USl In a sixth class of circuits, a fixed resistance is connected between the near ends of the first and second connection means of the elongate parallel device, which is-preferably a self-regulating heater.
Such a circuit is illustrated in Figure 11. The resistance is preferably selected so that it is substan-tially higher than the impedance of the heater at 25C
and comparable with it (e.g. û.5 to 5 times) at normal operating temperatures; in this way, the voltage dropped over the parallel-connected elements at normal operating conditions is reduced.
In a seventh class of circuits, a voltage-limiting device, e.g. a Zaner diode, is connected between the near ends of the first and second connection means of the parallel device, which is preferably a heater. A
circuit of this kind is illustrated in Figure 12. The voltage-limlting device ensures that the voltage dropped over the parallel-connected elements cannot exceed a predetermined value.
As indicated above, the third elongate connection means can itself be an elongate parallel device as defined, and the invention includes a number of particu-larly useful circuits which cnmrise a two or three phase power supply and two or three elongate parallel devices as defined; these devices are preferably the same, but can be different. Many, but not all, of these circuits comprise a neutral, and when they do, the neutral is preferably provided by an elongate electrical connection means. However, it is also possible to use a floa~ing neutral.
.
1~73~6 ~lP oa 12-USl ~17-An eighth class of circuits of the invention comprises (1) a two phase power source;
(2) a first elongate parallel device as defined; and (3) a second elongate parallel device as defined, one end of one of the connection means of the first device being connected to the first phase of the power source; the opposite end of the other connection means of the first device being connected to one end of one of the connection means of the second ~evice; and the~
opposite end of the other connection means of the second device being connected to the second phase of the power source. Preferably the circuit also includes a further electrical connection means which connects the neutral of the power source to the connection between the two devices. Various circuits of this kind are shown in Figures 13 to 17, in which the neutral connection which is preferably present is shown as a broken line. Preferred circuits (because they are balanced) are those in which the near ends of the first connectlon means of the two elongate parallel devices are connected to the first and seccnd phases respectively of the power supply and the far ends of the second connection means of the two devices are connected to ~5 each other and to the neutral of the power supply, as shown in Figure 13 for devices which are physically located side-by-side and in Figure 16 for devices which are physically located end-to-end.
A ninth class of circuits of the invention comprises , (1) a three phase power source;
(2) a first elongate parallel device as defined;
,, ~Z1~7366 MP 08 12 - U 51 (3) a second elongate parallel device as defined;
and (4) a third elongate parallel device as defined;
one end of one of the connection means of each of the first, second and third devices being connected to tha first, second or third phase of the power source, and the other ends of the other connection means of each of the devices being connected to a different phase (delta connection) or to each other (star connection).
When the other ends are connected to each other, there is a neutral point in the circuit and the circuit preferably includes a further electrical connection means which connects the neutral point and the neutral of the power source. However, a floating neutral can also be used. Various circuits of this kind are shown in Figures 18 to 21, 30 and 31, in which the pref~rred neutrsl connection is shown as a broken line. Figure 30 is a particularly preferred, balanced circuit.
When the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes 2û comprise an elongata connection means which carries the circuit current, as in Figures l~ to 17, 20, 21 and 31, then the impedances of the connection means and of the elongate devices (and their variation, if any, with temperature) can be correlated in order to obtain desired results9 as generally discussed above.
In Figures 13 to 21, 30 and 31 the various heaters are shown as conductive polymer heaters, but the same circuits are very suitable for use with zone heaters and other elongate parallel heaters.
~' 736~
MPOB12-USl When the elongate parallel devices, in the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes, are physically located side-by-side, they ran be separate from each other or physically secured to each other. The various elongate connection means needed to complete the different circuits can likewise be separate from the other circuit components or physically secured to one or more of them.
Composite devices which can be used in the circuits of the eighth and ninth classes-include those defined~
in paragraphs (1) and (2) below. Cross-sections of particular Examples of such devices are shown in Figures 22 to 28, in each of which a tube 41 of insul-ating polymeric material physically connects at least one PTC conductive polymer heater (101, 102 and 103) having an insulating polymeric jacket and at least one wire conductor (111, 112, 113 and 114) having an insulating polymeric jacket.
(1) Composite devices which comprise at least two elongate parallel devices as defined, and which can also include one or more elongate connection means. Figures 22, 23 and 24 show devices of this type. The device of Figure 22 is suitable for use in the circuit of Figure 13; it is to be noted that the neutral connection means-lll in Figure 22 (and likewise in Figures 24, 25~ 26 and 27) can be smaller than the conductors in the heaters themselves. The device of Figure 23 is suitable for use in the circuit of Figures 14 and 15. The device of Figure 24 is suitable for use in the circuit of Figure 19.
~z~66 MP 0812-USl (2) Composite devices which comprise at least one elongate parallel device as defined and at least two elongate connection means.
Figures 25, 26, 27 and 2~ show devices of this type. The device of Figure 25 is suitable for use in Figure 16, and also in Figure 17, with the smaller conductor not being used in the part of the circuit furthest -from the power source. The devices of Figures 26 and 27 are suitable for use in Figure 30, and also in Figure 2û, with one of the large conductors not being used in the part furthest form the power source, and also in Figure 31~ with the small conductor not being used in the mid-section and with the small conductor and one of the large conductors not being used in the section furthest from the power source. The device of Figure 28 is suitable for use as the middle portion of the circuit of Figure 21.
EXAMPLES
The invention is illustrated in the following Examples, in which Example 1 is a Comparative Example.
In these Examples the power source was 120 volts AC and the heater was a self-regulating conductive polymer strip heater avaiIable from Raychem Corporation under the trade designation lOPTVl. The heater comprised a pair of 18 AWG tin-coated copper stranded wire electrodes embedded in a strip of PTC conductive 3û polymer comprising carbon black dispersed in radiation cross-linked poly(vinylidene fluoride). The heater had .
~7366 MP0812-USl a passive power of about 9 watts/foot. The heater was cut into sections which were, successively, lO, 150, lO, 150 and lO feet long. Resistors of small but precisely known resistance were used to connect the wire electrodes of the different sections. In the Examples, the potential drop over each of these resistors was measured and hence the currents flowing in the different parts of the connection means were calculated.
In Examples l and 2, only the first 170 feet of the heater were used (the remainder being disconnected) and in Example 3 the whole 330 feet of the heater were used. In Example l, which is a comparative Example not in accordance with the invention, the first l70 feet of the heater was connected to the power supply in the conventional way (as shown in Figure l). In Examples 2 and 3, the heater was connected to the power supply in accordance with the invention (as shown in Figure 3), using a third connection means which was an insulated 18 AWG tin-coated copper stranded wire and which was secured to the heater as shown in Figure 6. In each of the Examples, the heater and the third connection means were secured by adhesive tape to a 2 .inch diameter steel pipe having water at about 9C circulating through it, and were then covered with l inch thick thermal insulation. The assembly used in Example ~ is shown diagrammatically in Figure 29, from which it will be noted that the lO foot heater section nearest the power source is designated Section l, that the lO foot heater section 160 feet from Section l is designated Section 2, and that the lO foot heater section furthest from the power source is designated Section 3. The assembly used in Example 2 was as shown in Figure 29 except that the third wire was connected to the end of Section 2.
~736~ MP oa 12-USl The results obtained in the Examples are summarized in the Table below, which shows the Inrush Factor (i.e.
the ratio of the current to the steady state current) initially and after 10, 60 and 120 seconds; the current (in amps) in each bus wire (electrode) in each of Sections 1, 2 and 3; the voltage drop (in volts) between the bus wires in each of Sections 1, 2 and 3 and the power generated (in watts/foot) in (a) the bus wires of the heater (b) the conductive polymer element in the heater9 (c) the third wire in the assembly, and (d) in total, in each of Sections 1, 2 and 3.
The various figures given in the ~able below reflect the fact that the Examples were made with a view tc obtaining a qualitative rather than quanti-tative assessment of the benefits of the presentinvention. No undue reliance should~ therefore, be placed on the precise relationships between the different figures. However, the figures clearly demonstrate that by connecting the power source to the far end of the heater through a third connection means, there is obtained a reduction in current inrush, a more even power distribution along the length of the heater and a reduction in the voltage dropped across the conductive polymer strip.
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Claims (42)
1. An electrical circuit which comprises (1) an elongate electrical device which is a self regulating heater, which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
(2) a third elongate electrical connection means;
and (3) a source of electrical power which (a) is connected to the one end of the first connection means, and (b) is connected to the opposite end of the second connection means by the third connection means.
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
(2) a third elongate electrical connection means;
and (3) a source of electrical power which (a) is connected to the one end of the first connection means, and (b) is connected to the opposite end of the second connection means by the third connection means.
2. A circuit according to claim 1, which comprises a voltage-limiting device connected between the ends of the first and second connection means which are closer to the power source.
3. A circuit according to claim 1, which comprises a fixed impedance which (i) is connected between the ends of the first and second connection means which are nearer to the power source and (ii) has an impedance which is substantially higher than the impedance of the heater at 25°C and 0.5 to 2 times the impedance of the heater under the normal steady state operating condition of the circuit.
4. A circuit according to claim 1, wherein the electrical elements (c) comprise a continuous strip of a PTC conductive polymer.
5. A circuit according to claim 1, wherein the heater is a zone heater.
6. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein at 25°C the impedance of the third connection means is less than 0.5 times the impedance of the first connection means and less than 0.5 times the impedance of the second connection means.
7. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein at all temperatures in the range 25° to 200°C, the impedance of the third connection means is 0.9 to 1.1 times the impedance of the first connection means and 0.9 to 1.1 times the impedance of the second connection means.
8. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein at 25°C the impedance of the third connection means is more than 2 times the impedance of the first connection means and more than 2 times the impedance of the second connection means.
9. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein under the normal steady state operating conditions of the circuit, the impedance of the third connection means is more than 3 times the impedance of the first connection means and more than 3 times the impedance of the second connection means.
10. A circuit according to claim 1, wherein under the normal steady state operating conditions of the circuit, the ratio of the heat generated by the third connection means to the heat generated by the device is from 2 to 15.
11. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at 150°C is less than 0.2 times its impedance at 25°C.
12. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at 300°C is 1.2 to 2 times its impedance at 25°C.
13. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at a temperature between 25°C and 300°C is at least 10 times its impedance at 25°C.
14. A circuit according to claim 1, 4 or 5, wherein the power source is an AC power source.
15. An electrical circuit which comprises (1) a two phase power source (2) an elongate electrical device which is a first heater, which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means; and (3) a third elongate electrical connection means;
which comprises a second elongate electrical heater comprising (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
one end of one of the connection means of the first heater being connected to the first phase of the power source; the opposite end of the other connection means of the first heater being connected to one end of one of the connection means of the second heater; and the opposite end of the other connection means of the second heater being connected to the second phase of the power source.
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means; and (3) a third elongate electrical connection means;
which comprises a second elongate electrical heater comprising (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
one end of one of the connection means of the first heater being connected to the first phase of the power source; the opposite end of the other connection means of the first heater being connected to one end of one of the connection means of the second heater; and the opposite end of the other connection means of the second heater being connected to the second phase of the power source.
16. A circuit according to claim 15, wherein the near end of the first connection means of the first heater is connected to the first phase of the power source, the near end of the first connection means of the second electrical heater is connected to the second phase of the power source, and the far ends of the second connection means of the first and second heaters are connected to each other and to the neutral of the power source.
17. A circuit according to claim 15 or 16, wherein each of the first and second heaters is a self regulating heater.
18. A circuit according to claims 15 or 16, wherein each of the first and second heaters is a zone heater.
19. An electrical circuit which comprises (1) a three phase power source (2) an elongate electrical device which is a first heater, which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
(3) a third elongate electrical connection means;
which comprises a second elongate electrical device which is a second heater which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means; and (4) a third elongate electrical device which is a third heater which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means; and (b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
one end of the connection means of each of the first, second and third devices being connected to the first, second or third phase of the power source, and the other ends of the other connection means of each of the devices being connected to a different phase or to each other.
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
(3) a third elongate electrical connection means;
which comprises a second elongate electrical device which is a second heater which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means; and (4) a third elongate electrical device which is a third heater which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means; and (b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means;
one end of the connection means of each of the first, second and third devices being connected to the first, second or third phase of the power source, and the other ends of the other connection means of each of the devices being connected to a different phase or to each other.
20. A circuit according to claim 19, wherein the near end of the first connection means of the first heater is connected to the first phase of the power source, the near end of the first connection means of the second heater is connected to the second phase of the power source, the near end of the first connection means of the third heater is connected to the third phase of the power source, and the far ends of the second connection means of the first, second and third heaters are connected to each other.
21. A circuit according to claim 20, wherein the far ends of the second connection means of the devices are connected to the neutral of the power source.
22. A circuit according to claim 19, wherein the near end of the first connection means of the first heater is connected to the first phase of the power source, the near end of the first connection means of the second heater is connected to the second phase of the power source, the near end of the first connection means of the third heater is connected to the third phase of the power source, the far end of the second connection means of the first heater is connected to the second phase of the power source, the far end of the second connection means of the second heater is connected to the third phase of the power source, and the far end of the second connection means of the third heater is connected to the first phase of the power source.
23. A circuit according to claim 19, 20 or 22, wherein each of the first, second and third heaters is a self regulating heater.
24. A circuit according to claim 19, 20 or 22, wherein each of the first, second and third devices is a zone heater.
25. A composite device which comprises (1) an elongate electrical device comprising (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means; and (2) a third elongate electrical connection means which is physically secured to but electrically insulated from the device (l);
subject to the provisos that (A) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (l) are wire conductors and the component (c) of the device (1) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in which the conductors are embedded, (ii) the third electrical connection means is also a wire conductor, and (iii) the composite device comprises no other elongate electrical connection means; then the third connection means has a resistance at 25°C, R253, which is (a) less than 0.2 x R251 or less than 0.2 x R252, or (b) more than 1.2 x R215 or more than 1.2 x R252, or (c) more than 1.2 x R1503;
where R251 is the resistance of the first connection means at 25°C, R252 is the resistance of the second connection means at 25°C, and R1503 is the resistance of the third connection means at 150°C; and (B) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (1) are wire conductors and the component (c) of the device (1) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in which the conductors are embedded and (ii) the third elongate electrical connection means is a second elongate electrical device comprising two elongate wire conductors embedded in a PTC
conductive polymer strip, then the first and second devices are physically secured to each other by a connecting body of electrically insulating material.
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means; and (2) a third elongate electrical connection means which is physically secured to but electrically insulated from the device (l);
subject to the provisos that (A) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (l) are wire conductors and the component (c) of the device (1) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in which the conductors are embedded, (ii) the third electrical connection means is also a wire conductor, and (iii) the composite device comprises no other elongate electrical connection means; then the third connection means has a resistance at 25°C, R253, which is (a) less than 0.2 x R251 or less than 0.2 x R252, or (b) more than 1.2 x R215 or more than 1.2 x R252, or (c) more than 1.2 x R1503;
where R251 is the resistance of the first connection means at 25°C, R252 is the resistance of the second connection means at 25°C, and R1503 is the resistance of the third connection means at 150°C; and (B) if (i) the first and second connection means of the device (1) are wire conductors and the component (c) of the device (1) is a PTC
conductive polymer strip in which the conductors are embedded and (ii) the third elongate electrical connection means is a second elongate electrical device comprising two elongate wire conductors embedded in a PTC
conductive polymer strip, then the first and second devices are physically secured to each other by a connecting body of electrically insulating material.
26. A device according to claim 25, which is a heater.
27. A device according to claim 26, wherein the device (1) is a self regulating heater.
28. A device according to claim 27, wherein the electrical elements (c) comprise a continuous strip of a PTC conductive polymer.
29. A device according to claim 26, wherein the device (1) is a zone heater.
30. A device according to claim 25, 27 or , wherein at 25°C the impedance of the third connection means is less than 0.5 times the impedance of the first connection means and less than 0.5 times the impedance of the second connection means.
31. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein at all temperatures in the range 25°C to 200°C, the impedance of the third connection means is 0.9 to 1.1 times the impedance of the first connection means and 0.9 to 1.1 times the impedance of the second connection means.
32. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29 wherein at 25°C the impedance of the third connection means is more than 2 time the impedance of the first connection means and more than 2 times the impedance of the second connection means.
33. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein at a temperature between 25°C and 300°C, the impedance of the third connection means is more than 3 times the impedance of the first connection means and more than 3 times the impedance of the second connection means.
34. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at 150°C is less than 0.2 times its impedance at 25°C.
38. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at 300°C is 1.2 to 2 times its impedance at 25°C.
36. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at a temperature between 25°C and 300°C is at least 10 times its impedance at 25°C.
37. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein the impedance of the third connection means at 150°C is less than 0.2 times its impedance at 25°C.
38. A device according to claim 25, 27 or 29, wherein the third connection means comprises a second elongate electrical device which comprises (a) a first elongate electrical connection means;
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means;
and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means.
(b) a second elongate electrical connection means;
and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel with each other between the first and second electrical connection means.
39. A composite device which comprises (1) an elongate electrical device comprising (a) a first elongate connection means;
(b) a second elongate connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel between the first and second connection means, (2) a third elongate electrical connection means;
(3) a fourth elongate electrical connection means;
and (4) a connecting body of insulating material which physically secures the device (1) and the connection means (2) and (3) to each other.
(b) a second elongate connection means; and (c) a plurality of electrical elements which are connected in parallel between the first and second connection means, (2) a third elongate electrical connection means;
(3) a fourth elongate electrical connection means;
and (4) a connecting body of insulating material which physically secures the device (1) and the connection means (2) and (3) to each other.
40. A device according to claim 39, wherein the device (1) is a heater.
41. A device according to claim 40, wherein the device (1) is a self regulating heater.
42. A device according to claim 40, wherein the device (1) is a zone heater.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US36930982A | 1982-04-16 | 1982-04-16 | |
| US369,309 | 1982-04-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1207366A true CA1207366A (en) | 1986-07-08 |
Family
ID=23454938
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000425959A Expired CA1207366A (en) | 1982-04-16 | 1983-04-15 | Elongate electrical assemblies |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0092406B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5963690A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR910004275B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE77527T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1207366A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3382581T4 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB2118810B (en) |
| HK (2) | HK39588A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN159153B (en) |
| MY (1) | MY102388A (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8417547D0 (en) * | 1984-07-10 | 1984-08-15 | Dreamland Electrical Apliances | Electric blankets |
| US4849611A (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1989-07-18 | Raychem Corporation | Self-regulating heater employing reactive components |
| GB2202419A (en) * | 1987-03-16 | 1988-09-21 | Raychem Gmbh | Interconnection of electric heating elements |
| DE8811264U1 (en) * | 1988-09-02 | 1988-11-03 | Monette Kabel- U. Elektrowerk Gmbh, 3550 Marburg | Parallel heating band |
| GB2228396A (en) * | 1989-02-20 | 1990-08-22 | Emaco | Electric hotplate |
| EP0793399B1 (en) * | 1996-02-29 | 2003-05-28 | Beru AG | Selfregulating heating element |
| DE19948534A1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2001-04-19 | Messer Ags Gmbh | Electric auxiliary heater for thawing ice for pressure build up evaporators in cryo-storage containers in cold carburetor with high liquid gas removal with pressure build up evaporator consisting of aluminum longitudinal ribbed tube |
| DE50309125D1 (en) | 2003-03-13 | 2008-03-20 | Behr Gmbh & Co Kg | Electric heating device, in particular for a motor vehicle |
| GB0817082D0 (en) | 2008-09-18 | 2008-10-29 | Heat Trace Ltd | Heating cable |
| US20190141788A1 (en) * | 2017-11-03 | 2019-05-09 | Nvent Services Gmbh | Pre-Heating Dual Heater With Improved In-Rush Performance |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3757086A (en) * | 1972-10-05 | 1973-09-04 | W Indoe | Electrical heating cable |
| JPS579196B2 (en) * | 1972-12-19 | 1982-02-19 | ||
| US4177376A (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1979-12-04 | Raychem Corporation | Layered self-regulating heating article |
| US3947799A (en) * | 1975-01-15 | 1976-03-30 | Epaneshnikova Valentina Evgeni | Printed resistor |
| GB1562086A (en) * | 1975-08-04 | 1980-03-05 | Raychem Corp | Article with fabric electrodes |
| NL7511173A (en) * | 1975-09-23 | 1977-03-25 | Philips Nv | SELF-REGULATING HEATING ELEMENT. |
| NL7603997A (en) * | 1976-04-15 | 1977-10-18 | Philips Nv | ELECTRICAL HEATING DEVICE CONTAINING A RESISTANCE BODY OF PTC MATERIAL. |
| US4117312A (en) * | 1976-07-22 | 1978-09-26 | Thermon Manufacturing Company | Self-limiting temperature electrical heating cable |
| US4246468A (en) * | 1978-01-30 | 1981-01-20 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices containing PTC elements |
| GB1566151A (en) * | 1978-03-13 | 1980-04-30 | Rosemount Eng Co Ltd | Printed resistance path devices |
| US4334351A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1982-06-15 | Raychem Corporation | Novel PTC devices and their preparation |
| JPS6231995Y2 (en) * | 1980-06-16 | 1987-08-15 |
-
1983
- 1983-04-15 CA CA000425959A patent/CA1207366A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-04-15 EP EP83302156A patent/EP0092406B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1983-04-15 JP JP58067662A patent/JPS5963690A/en active Granted
- 1983-04-15 DE DE3382581T patent/DE3382581T4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1983-04-15 AT AT83302156T patent/ATE77527T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-04-15 IN IN442/CAL/83A patent/IN159153B/en unknown
- 1983-04-15 KR KR8301588A patent/KR910004275B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-04-15 GB GB08310334A patent/GB2118810B/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-10-11 GB GB08525177A patent/GB2163330B/en not_active Expired
-
1987
- 1987-09-30 MY MYPI87002529A patent/MY102388A/en unknown
-
1988
- 1988-05-26 HK HK395/88A patent/HK39588A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-05-26 HK HK393/88A patent/HK39388A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2163330B (en) | 1987-02-18 |
| DE3382581T2 (en) | 1995-03-02 |
| GB8310334D0 (en) | 1983-05-18 |
| DE3382581T4 (en) | 1995-10-12 |
| EP0092406B1 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
| GB2163330A (en) | 1986-02-19 |
| HK39588A (en) | 1988-06-03 |
| GB2118810A (en) | 1983-11-02 |
| HK39388A (en) | 1988-06-03 |
| GB2118810B (en) | 1987-02-25 |
| EP0092406A3 (en) | 1984-02-29 |
| GB8525177D0 (en) | 1985-11-13 |
| JPH0526316B2 (en) | 1993-04-15 |
| EP0092406A2 (en) | 1983-10-26 |
| MY102388A (en) | 1992-06-17 |
| ATE77527T1 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
| IN159153B (en) | 1987-04-04 |
| KR910004275B1 (en) | 1991-06-25 |
| KR840004656A (en) | 1984-10-22 |
| JPS5963690A (en) | 1984-04-11 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |