EP0053659A1 - Bracing system to alleviate the stresses produced in a multilayer wall - Google Patents
Bracing system to alleviate the stresses produced in a multilayer wall Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0053659A1 EP0053659A1 EP81107658A EP81107658A EP0053659A1 EP 0053659 A1 EP0053659 A1 EP 0053659A1 EP 81107658 A EP81107658 A EP 81107658A EP 81107658 A EP81107658 A EP 81107658A EP 0053659 A1 EP0053659 A1 EP 0053659A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- clamping
- yoke
- clamping system
- spring
- forces
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
- F27D1/16—Making or repairing linings increasing the durability of linings or breaking away linings
- F27D1/1621—Making linings by using shaped elements, e.g. bricks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B29/00—Other details of coke ovens
- C10B29/08—Bracing or foundation of the ovens
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
- F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
- F27D1/0023—Linings or walls comprising expansion joints or means to restrain expansion due to thermic flows
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B13/00—Furnaces with both stationary charge and progression of heating, e.g. of ring type, of type in which segmental kiln moves over stationary charge
- F27B13/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of this type
Definitions
- the invention relates to a clamping system for avoiding harmful tensile and shear stresses in possibly multi-layer masonry panes, for example partitions in industrial furnaces, in particular heating walls of coking ovens, which are subject to both thermal and mechanical deformation stresses and in which the masonry is clamped by clamping plates to which the clamping forces are applied the anchor can be transferred with the help of yoke-like supports and intermediate springs or spacers.
- the task is to generate sufficient pressure pre-stresses in the partition walls and to ensure them constantly in spite of changing thermal and mechanical deformations of the outer clamping system in order to avoid tensile stress cracks by superimposing corresponding compressive stresses.
- the task position is therefore according to the invention as an optimization tion of the elements of the overall system connected via the flow of force.
- the wall warps the most when it is loaded from the side halfway up.
- the clamping pressure forces of the wall are chosen to be the highest in the center and their contact surfaces are as far apart as possible in the two outer edge zones , the resultants of the two marginal forces acting parallel to or in the direction of the vertical wall center plane.
- the individual structural elements of the clamping system are designed to be resilient in such a way that they largely compensate for the interference.
- the advantage of the spring elasticities provided in the clamping system is, on the one hand, the small displacements in the force distributions and, on the other hand, the lighter and cheaper design, in particular with larger partition wall dimensions.
- the desired distribution of the clamping forces over the length of the clamping plates can be produced by appropriately grading the thickness of the spacers or thanks to the spring elements installed in a relaxed manner, which can be subsequently tensioned by the cross anchors or the furnace expansion or in the so-called one-step process directly through spring elements, which are installed in the pre-tensioned blocked state and whose supports are adjusted so that the desired force distribution results after the blockade is released, or in the so-called two-step process, first of all precisely with one or more mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping elements, ie with appropriately adjustable clamping tools with specified local clamping forces and then with adjusted pressure elements such as spacers or spring elements, which take over the force distribution.
- the prestresses in the partition walls (9 in FIG. 1) are produced either directly by adjusting prestressed blocked pressure elements (6 in FIG. 1) between the clamping plates 7 and the yoke-like support 5 arranged in front of them and then. Unblock or first by means of adjustable clamping elements between the clamping plate 7 and the yoke-like carrier 5, which is pretensioned, and then by adjusting the pressure elements 6.
- the prestresses in the partition walls are to be constantly maintained by the spring properties of the transverse anchor system (1 and 3 in FIG. 1), the yoke-like supports 5, the clamping plates 7 and 8 and the pressure elements 6.
- the load changes in the usual clamping forces can be kept within the tolerance limits according to claim 1.
- the springs at both ends of the cross anchor can be combined in a one-sided spring with half the spring constant if the changes in force are transmitted from one side to the other.
- the factor q is a maximum of 20%.
- Fig. 8 the resulting force vectors of the clamping forces in a two-part clamping plate 7a and 7b and the pressure surfaces 10 on the masonry are shown in accordance with claim 1.
- the filling and formation of the joint 8 or 10 between the clamping plate 7 and masonry 9 is described in claims 32 to 34.
- Gas bellows 13 according to Fig. 11d can for example also be coupled to the pressure regulator (PC) or a corresponding positioner (positioner) such that the exhaust air consumed by the regulator e.g. is used as cooling air or is taken directly from the gas pressure bellows and is used for heat dissipation.
- PC pressure regulator
- positioner positioner
- Fig. 12 shows according to claims 2o and 21 spring pressure elements 6 relaxed (Fig. 12a) and biased (Fig. 12 b).
- 13 to 16 schematically show, for example, the design and arrangement of the pressure elements 6 as spiral springs according to claims 1, 22, 23, 24 and 26.
- Fig. 13 schematically illustrates a possibility for generating the bell-shaped course of the pressing forces according to claim 1 with similar spiral springs e.g. according to claim 22 with a relatively flexible clamping plate 7.
- Fig. 14 indicates, in contrast, how with approximately constant line load on the clamping plate 7, the force redistribution when changes in the thermal curvatures of the yoke-like carrier 5 are largely mitigated by the softer springs 6 in the middle.
- the clamping plate 7 is expediently designed to be relatively rigid.
- FIGS. 13 to 15 shows, for example, a combination of FIGS. 13 to 15, which meets the requirements for bell-shaped course of the pressing forces and for alleviating the effects of the thermal curvatures with a relatively thin clamping plate.
- bracketed values are intended to indicate that different (boundary) conditions can be decisive in these areas, such as manufacturability or additional functions of the clamping system.
- the yoke-like carrier or the clamping plate is composed of several parts, the area moment of inertia combined according to the rules of statics is decisive.
- the gradations of the moments of inertia can be generated, for example, by recesses or corresponding screw connections.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
- Springs (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Clamps And Clips (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
Abstract
Bei diesem System erfolgt die Mauerwerkseinspannung durch Einspannplatten (7), auf die die Einspannkräfte der Anker (1,2) mittels jochartiger Träger (5) und zwischengeschalteter Federn oder Distanzstücken (6) übertragen werden. Es ist vorgesehen, daß folgende Merkmale einzeln oder in Kombination verwendet werden: a) Die Größe der Druckkräfte der Einspannplatten (7) auf das Mauerwerk (9) fällt ausgehend von der halben Wandhöhe zu den oberen und unteren Berandungen der Wand hin ab. b) Die Resultierenden der Einspannkräfte greifen beidseitig je zur Hälfte innerhalb der äußeren 65 mm oder in den Mittelebenen der äußeren Wandschichten an. c) Die Konstruktion ist so gebaut und federelastisch ausgeführt, daß die Störeinflüsse verringert werden. d) Bei Beeinträchtigung der Kraftverteilung durch die Form der Oberflächen oder dgl. erfolgt der Ausgleich durch elastische oder verformbare Materialien.In this system, the masonry is clamped in by means of clamping plates (7), to which the clamping forces of the anchors (1,2) are transmitted by means of yoke-like supports (5) and interposed springs or spacers (6). It is envisaged that the following features will be used individually or in combination: a) The size of the compressive forces of the clamping plates (7) on the masonry (9) will decrease from half the wall height to the upper and lower edges of the wall. b) The resultants of the clamping forces attack half on both sides within the outer 65 mm or in the middle planes of the outer wall layers. c) The construction is constructed and designed to be resilient in such a way that the interference is reduced. d) If the force distribution is impaired by the shape of the surfaces or the like, the compensation takes place by means of elastic or deformable materials.
Description
Einspannsystem zur Vermeidung von schädlichen Zug- und Schubspannungen in ggf. mehrschichtigen Mauerwerksscheiben.Clamping system to avoid harmful tensile and shear stresses in multi-layer masonry panels.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Einspannsystem zur Vermeidung von schädlichen Zug- und Schubspannungen in ggf. mehrschichtigen Mauerwerksscheiben, beispielsweise Trennwänden in Industrieöfen, insbesondere Heizwänden von Verkokungsöfen, die sowohl thermischen als auch mechanischen Verformungsbeanspruchungen unterliegen und bei denen die Mauerwerkseinspannung durch Einspannplatten erfolgt, auf die die Einspannkräfte der Anker mit Hilfe von jochartigen Trägern und zwischengeschalteten Federn oder Distanzstükken übertragen werden.The invention relates to a clamping system for avoiding harmful tensile and shear stresses in possibly multi-layer masonry panes, for example partitions in industrial furnaces, in particular heating walls of coking ovens, which are subject to both thermal and mechanical deformation stresses and in which the masonry is clamped by clamping plates to which the clamping forces are applied the anchor can be transferred with the help of yoke-like supports and intermediate springs or spacers.
.Bei größeren Trennwandflächen wachsen die unvermeidlichen thermischen und mechanischen Verformungen mit dem Quadrat oder höherer Potenz der Wandhöhe, d.h. überproportional an. Wird demzufolge das Einspannsystem für größere Kräfte entsprechend steifer ausgelegt, so führen Veränderungen der Temperaturfelder und der betrieblichen Lasten zu unkontrollierten', oft extremen und unzulässigen Umlagerungen der Einspannkräfte, d.h. einerseits zu Überbeanspruchungen und an anderen Stellen zu unzureichenden Einspann-Druckkräften. Beide bewirken unzulässig hohe Spannungen.With larger partition walls, the inevitable thermal and mechanical deformations increase with the square or higher power of the wall height, ie disproportionately. Is consequently the clamping system designed accordingly stiffer for larger forces, thus leading to changes in temperature fields and the operational loads to uncontrolled ', often extreme and unacceptable surroundings of the clamping forces, ie on the one hand in overloads and elsewhere to insufficient chucking compressive forces. Both cause impermissibly high tensions.
Die Erfindung geht von folgender Zielsetzung aus:
- - Steigerung der Lebensdauer, dadurch daß Risse vermieden werden, und
- - die Herstellung größerer, höherer und dünnerer Trennwände.
- - Increasing the service life by avoiding cracks, and
- - the production of larger, higher and thinner partitions.
Mit der so erreichten Vergrößerung des nutzbaren Ofenvolumens und der Verbesserung der Nutzungsdauer und der Instandhaltungskosten ist ein wesentlicher Zuwachs an Wirtschaftlichkeit verbunden.The increase in usable furnace volume achieved and the improvement in service life and maintenance costs result in a significant increase in efficiency.
Die Aufgabe besteht darin, trotz wechselnder thermischer und mechanischer Verformungen des äußeren Einspannsystems hinreichende Druckvorspannungen in den Trennwänden zu erzeugen und ständig sicherzustellen, um Zugspannungsrisse zu vermeiden.durch Überlagerung entsprechender Druckspannungen.The task is to generate sufficient pressure pre-stresses in the partition walls and to ensure them constantly in spite of changing thermal and mechanical deformations of the outer clamping system in order to avoid tensile stress cracks by superimposing corresponding compressive stresses.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß vorgeschlagen, daß folgende Merkmale einzeln oder in Kombination verwendet werden:
- a) daß die Größe der Druckkräfte der Einspannplatten auf das Mauerwerk im normalen Betriebszustand ausgehend von der halben Wandhöhe über eine Länge von etwa 75 % der Wandhöhe zu den oberen und unteren Berandungen der eingespannten Wand hin abfällt im wesentlichen nach Art einer Glockenkurve, oder parabolisch oder entsprechend dem Mittenabstand l nach der Funktion ( a . 12 + b . 1 + c)-1,
- b) daß die Resultierenden der Einspannkräfte im wesentlichen beidseitig je zur Hälfte innerhalb der äußeren 65 mm oder in den Mittelebenen der äußeren Wandschichten angreifen
und hierbei gerichtet sind im wesentlichen in die Längsrichtung der Wand oder in einem Winkel bis zu 30 Grad in Richtung zur Mittelebene des Wandsystems, wobei sich die Kraftvektoren längs einer Linie in der Wand schneiden, die näherungsweise parallel zur Einspannplatte verläuft, - c) daß die Aufrechterhaltung der gewünschten Verteilung der Einspannkräfte über der Länge der Einspannplatten bei allen relevanten Störfällen innerhalb enger Toleranzgrenzen gewährleistet wird dadurch, daß die Konstruktion so gebaut und federelastisch ausgeführt wird, daß die Störeinflüsse verringert werden und die Kraftübertragungsker,zlinien bzw. die Federeigenschaften der Queranker, der jochartigen Träger, der Einspannplatte und der Andruckelemente dazwischen so ausgelegt sind und bewirken, daß die örtlichen Kräfte im Störfall nicht bzw. nur um 5 bis 20 % verändert werden und
- d) daß bei Beeinträchtigung der Kraftverteilung durch die Form der Oberflächen oder durch Fertigungstoleranzen die Herstellung und/oder der Ausgleich der Einspannpressung erfolgt, indem diese oberflächlichen Toleranzen in den angrenzenden Bereichen mit Hilfe elastischer oder verformbarer Materialien ausgeglichen werden, welche örtliche Rauhigkeiten von mindestens 2,5 mm Höhe kompensieren.
- a) that the size of the compressive forces of the clamping plates on the masonry in normal operating condition starting from half the wall height over a length of about 75% of the wall height to the upper and lower edges of the clamped wall drops essentially in the manner of a bell curve, or parabolic or according to the center distance l according to the function (a. 1 2 + b. 1 + c) -1 ,
- b) that the resultant of the clamping forces is essentially on both sides half within the outer 65 mm or in the center planes of the outer wall attack layers
and are directed essentially in the longitudinal direction of the wall or at an angle up to 30 degrees in the direction of the central plane of the wall system, the force vectors intersecting along a line in the wall which runs approximately parallel to the clamping plate, - c) that the maintenance of the desired distribution of the clamping forces over the length of the clamping plates is ensured for all relevant accidents within narrow tolerance limits by the fact that the construction is constructed and designed to be resilient in such a way that the interference influences are reduced and the force transmission core, z lines and the spring properties the cross anchor, the yoke-like support, the clamping plate and the pressure elements in between are designed so that the local forces are not changed in the event of a malfunction or only by 5 to 20% and
- d) that if the force distribution is impaired by the shape of the surfaces or by manufacturing tolerances, the production and / or the compensation of the clamping pressure takes place by compensating for these surface tolerances in the adjacent areas with the aid of elastic or deformable materials, which local roughness of at least 2, Compensate 5 mm height.
Die Aüfgabenstellung wird also erfindungsgemäß als Optimierung der über den Kraftfluß verbundenen Elemente des Gesamtsystems gelöst. Bei seitlicher Flächenbelastung verwölbt sich die Wand auf halber Höhe am stärksten. Um insbesondere hier eine möglichst hohe Stabilität der Wand zu erreichen und um ein Aufreißen des Mauerwerks in den Seitenflächen wie im Kern zu vermeiden, werden die Einspanndruckkräfte der Wand mittig am höchsten gewählt und ihre Angriffsflächen soweit|wie möglich seitlich auseinander in die beiden äußeren Randzonen gelegt, wobei die Resultierenden der beiden Randkräfte parallel zur oder in Richtung zur senkrechten Wandmittelebene wirken.The task position is therefore according to the invention as an optimization tion of the elements of the overall system connected via the flow of force. The wall warps the most when it is loaded from the side halfway up. In order to achieve the highest possible stability of the wall and to avoid tearing of the masonry in the side surfaces and in the core, the clamping pressure forces of the wall are chosen to be the highest in the center and their contact surfaces are as far apart as possible in the two outer edge zones , the resultants of the two marginal forces acting parallel to or in the direction of the vertical wall center plane.
Um die gewünschte Druckverteilung bei Störfällen unterschiedlicher Art sicherzustellen, werden die einzelnen Konstruktionselemente des Einspannsystems so federelastisch ausgeführt, daß sie die Störeinflüsse möglichst weitgehend kompensieren.In order to ensure the desired pressure distribution in the event of different types of malfunctions, the individual structural elements of the clamping system are designed to be resilient in such a way that they largely compensate for the interference.
Der Vorteil der vorgesehenen Federelastizitäten im Einspannsystem besteht zum einen in den geringen Verlagerungen der Kraftverteilungen und zum anderen in der damit leichteren und billigeren Bauweise, insbesondere bei größeren Trennwandabmessungen.The advantage of the spring elasticities provided in the clamping system is, on the one hand, the small displacements in the force distributions and, on the other hand, the lighter and cheaper design, in particular with larger partition wall dimensions.
Die Herstellung der gewünschten Verteilung der Einspannkräfte über der Länge der Einspannplatten kann erfolgen durch eine entsprechende Abstufung der Stärke der Distanzstücke
oder
durch entspannt eingebaute Federelemente, die z.B. nachträglich durch die Queranker oder die Ofendehnung gepannt werden
oder
im sogenannten Einschrittverfahren unmittelbar durch Federelemente,
die im vorgespannten blockierten Zustand eingebaut werden, und deren Auflager so einjustiert werden, daß sich nach dem Aufheben der Blockade die gewünschte Kraftverteilung ergibt,
oder
im sogenannten Zweischrittverfahren, zunächst qualitativ genau durch 1 oder mehrere mechanische, hydraulische oder pneumatische Spannelemente, d.h. mit entsprechend einstellbaren Spannwerkzeugen mit vorgegebenen örtlichen Einspannkräften und danach durch justierte Andruckelemente wie Distanzstücke oder Federelemente, die die Kraftverteilung übernehmen.The desired distribution of the clamping forces over the length of the clamping plates can be produced by appropriately grading the thickness of the spacers
or
thanks to the spring elements installed in a relaxed manner, which can be subsequently tensioned by the cross anchors or the furnace expansion
or
in the so-called one-step process directly through spring elements,
which are installed in the pre-tensioned blocked state and whose supports are adjusted so that the desired force distribution results after the blockade is released,
or
in the so-called two-step process, first of all precisely with one or more mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping elements, ie with appropriately adjustable clamping tools with specified local clamping forces and then with adjusted pressure elements such as spacers or spring elements, which take over the force distribution.
Andere Merkmale der Erfindung sind in weiteren Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.Other features of the invention are characterized in further subclaims.
Die Fig. 1 bis 7 verdeutlichen schematisch die Verknüpfungen und Zusammenhänge innerhalb der Einspannsysteme. Zur Einspannung des Wandmauerwerks 9 dienen beispielsweise folgende Konstruktionselemente:
- 1 oberer Queranker
- 2 unterer Queranker
- 3 obere Querankerfeder
- 4 untere Querankerfeder
- 5 jochartiger Träger, Ankerständer
- a/b vor/nach der Verformung durch Störeinflüsse . (5 a/b in Fig. 4) (z.B. zunehmender Temperaturgradient oder Längung des oberen Querankers)
- 6 Andruckelemente, Distanzstücke, Bolzen, Federelemente zur Übertragung der Anpresskräfte
- 7 Einspannplatte, Wandschutzplatte, Panzerplatte
- a/b vor/nach der Verformung durch Störeinflüsse (7a/b in Fig. 4) wie z.B. zunehmende Temperaturgradienten.
- 8 Isoliermaterial, Dichtung, Fasermatte.
- 1 upper cross anchor
- 2 lower cross anchors
- 3 upper cross anchor spring
- 4 lower cross anchor springs
- 5 yoke-like supports, anchor stands
- a / b before / after deformation due to interference. (5 a / b in Fig. 4) (e.g. increasing temperature gradient or elongation of the upper cross anchor)
- 6 pressure elements, spacers, bolts, spring elements for transmitting the contact pressure
- 7 clamping plate, wall protection plate, armor plate
- a / b before / after deformation due to interference (7a / b in Fig. 4) such as increasing temperature gradients.
- 8 Insulating material, seal, fiber mat.
Die Queranker 1 und 2 spannen über Federelemente 3 und 4 den jochartigen Träger 5, der die Andruckelemente 6 gegen die Einspannplatten 7 und 8 preßt.
- Fig. 1 zeigt eine Ausführung
mit einem Andruckelement 6, - Fig. 2
eine Ausführung mit 2 Reihen vonmaximal je 9 Andruckelementen. - In Fig. 3 sind die
drei Andruckelemente 6 als Federelemente eingesetzt. - Fig. 4, 5 und 6 verdeutlichen die Verformungen des jochartigen Trägers 5a und der Einspannplatte 7a bei normaler Länge der Queranker im Vergleich zu den Störfällen mit vergrößerter Länge des Querankers oder verringerter Querankerkraft F 5b und 7 b. In letzterem Fall überwiegen an den Enden der Verformungskurven des jochartigen Trägers 5 b und der Einspannplatte 7 b die thermischen Krümmungen. Diese entstehen durch das Temperaturgefälle vom Ofeninnern nach außen und wechseln je nach den Bedingungen des Betriebes und der Witterung.
- 1 shows an embodiment with a
pressure element 6, - Fig. 2 shows an embodiment with 2 rows of a maximum of 9 pressure elements.
- In Fig. 3, the three
pressure elements 6 are used as spring elements. - 4, 5 and 6 illustrate the deformations of the yoke-like support 5a and the
clamping plate 7a with a normal length of the cross anchor compared to the accidents with increased length of the cross anchor or reduced crossanchor force F 5b and 7 b. In the latter case, the thermal curvatures predominate at the ends of the deformation curves of the yoke-like support 5 b and theclamping plate 7 b. These arise due to the temperature gradient from the inside of the furnace and change depending on the conditions of operation and the weather.
Erfindungsgemäß werden die Vorspannungen in den Trennwänden (9 in Fig. 1) hergestellt entweder direkt durch das Einjustieren vorgespannt blockierter Andruckelemente (6 in Fig. 1) zwischen den Einspannplatten 7 und dem davor angeordneten jochartigen Träger 5 und anschließendes. Aufheben der Blockade
oder zunächst
durch einstellbare Spannelemente zwischen der Einspannplatte 7 und dem jochartigen Träger 5, der vorgespannt wird, und danach durch Einjustieren der Andruckelemente 6.According to the invention, the prestresses in the partition walls (9 in FIG. 1) are produced either directly by adjusting prestressed blocked pressure elements (6 in FIG. 1) between the clamping
or first
by means of adjustable clamping elements between the clamping
Die Vorspannungen in den Trennwänden sollen ständig aufrecht erhalten werden durch die Federeigenschaften des Querankersystems (1 und 3 in Fig.1), der jochartigen Träger 5,der Einspannplatten 7 und 8 und der Andruckelemente 6.The prestresses in the partition walls are to be constantly maintained by the spring properties of the transverse anchor system (1 and 3 in FIG. 1), the yoke-
Gemäß Fig. 6 ändert sich die Länge der Queranker 1 und damit die Kraft F der Federn 3 mit den unvermeidlichen Temperaturschwankungen wie z.B. bei Regenfällen.6 changes the length of the
Mit den angegebenen Federkonstanten können die Laständerungen bei den üblichen Einspannkräften innerhalb der Toleranzgrenzen nach Anspruch 1 gehalten werden. Die Federn an beiden Enden des Querankers können in einer einseitigen Feder mit der halben Federkonstante zusammengefaßt werden, wenn die Kraftänderungen von einer Seite zur.anderen übertragen werden.With the specified spring constants, the load changes in the usual clamping forces can be kept within the tolerance limits according to
In Fig. 7 ist schematisch die Superposition zusätzlicher Verformungen Δ Xtherm und Δxmech. durch unvermeidliche Änderungen der Temperaturgradienten als Folge der eingetragenen Temperaturänderungen Δ T2 und δ T1 und durch die Änderung ΔF = q . F der Punktlast F dargestellt.7 schematically shows the superposition of additional deformations Δ X therm and Δx mech. through inevitable Changes in the temperature gradients as a result of the entered temperature changes Δ T 2 and δ T 1 and due to the change ΔF = q. F of the point load F is shown.
Der Faktor q beträgt nach Anspruch 1 maximal 20 %. Diese Temperaturschwankungen treten in ähnlicher Weise sowohl in den jochartigen Trägern als auch in den Einspannplatten auf.The factor q is a maximum of 20%. These temperature fluctuations occur in a similar manner both in the yoke-like carriers and in the clamping plates.
Die Federeigenschaften, insbesondere die Flächenträgheitsmomente werden so festgelegt, daß sich die Änderungen der Biegepfeile an den Kraftangriffspunkten gegenseitig bis auf geringe verbleibende Restverschiebungen so weit wie möglich aufheben, d.h. es gilt näherungsweise Δxtherm = Δxmechanisch.The spring properties, in particular the moments of inertia, are determined in such a way that the changes in the bending arrows at the force application points cancel each other out as far as possible except for small remaining displacements, ie approximately Δx therm = Δx applies mechanically.
Die vorgesehenen Änderungen der Flächenträgheitsmomente über der Länge bzw. der Höhe sollen die unterschiedlichen Verläufe der thermischen und der mechanischen Biegelinien soweit wie möglich einander annähern, um als verbleibende Restverschiebung eine Parallelverschiebung zu erhalten.The proposed changes in the moments of inertia over the length or the height are intended to bring the different courses of the thermal and mechanical bending lines as close as possible to one another in order to obtain a parallel displacement as the remaining residual displacement.
Nachfolgend werden weitere Einzelheiten der erfindungsgemäßen Ansprüche beispielhaft anhand von Dimensionierungsbeispielen und den beiliegenden Figuren 8 bis 16 erläutert.Further details of the claims according to the invention are explained below by way of example using dimensioning examples and the attached FIGS. 8 to 16.
Es zeigen:
- Fig. 8 Krafteinleitung in die Stirnfläche
1o der Wand 9 nachden Ansprüchen 1und 30, 31 und 32 - Fig. 9 Konstruktionsbeispiele für
den jochartigen Träger 5 nach den Ansprüchen 4bis 8 - Fig. lo Verlängerter jochartiger Träger nach
den Ansprüchen 9bis 11 - Fig. 11 Andruckelemente mit Bolzenschrauben, Federn und kolbenartigen Elementen, sowie Kraftindikatoren nach den Ansprüchen 16
bis 21 - Fig. 12 Federelemente nach den Ansprüchen 2o und 21
- Fig. 13 Anordnung von Andruckelementen
nach den Ansprüchen 1 und'22 - Fig. 14 Federelemente zur Dämpfung des Einflusses der thermischen Krümmung des jochartigen Trägers nach
1, 23den Ansprüchen und 24 - Fig. 15 Systematische Variation der Abstände der Andruck-. elemente nach Anspruch 26
- Fig. 16 Vorteilhafte Anordnung und Dimensionierung der Andruckelemente.
- 8 force introduction into the
end face 10 of thewall 9 according to 1 and 30, 31 and 32claims - Fig. 9 construction examples for the yoke-
like carrier 5 according to claims 4 to 8 - Fig. Lo Extended yoke-like carrier according to
claims 9 to 11 - 11 pressure elements with stud screws, springs and piston-like elements, and force indicators according to claims 16 to 21
- 12 spring elements according to claims 2o and 21st
- 13 arrangement of pressure elements according to
1 and 22claims - 14 spring elements for damping the influence of the thermal curvature of the yoke-like carrier according to
1, 23 and 24claims - Fig. 15 Systematic variation of the distances of the pressure. elements according to claim 26
- Fig. 16 Advantageous arrangement and dimensioning of the pressure elements.
In Fig. 8 sind die resultierenden Kraftvektoren der Einspannkräfte bei einer zweiteiligen Einspannplatte 7a und 7b und die Anpreßflächen 1o auf das Mauerwerk entsprechend Anspruch 1 dargestellt. Die Füllung und Ausbildung der Fuge 8 bzw. 1o zwischen Einspannplatte 7 und Mauerwerk 9 wird in den Ansprüchen 32 bis 34 beschrieben.In Fig. 8, the resulting force vectors of the clamping forces in a two-
Fig. 9 zeigt zu den Ansprüchen 4 bzw. 4 bis 8 konstruktive Beispiele für die Änderung der Flächenträgheitmomente des jochartigen Trägers. Die Änderungen erfolgen in Form von
- - variablen Steghöhen (Fig. 9a,b,c,d)
- - durchlöchertenn bzw. geschlitzten Stegen (Fig. 9 c,g,h bzw. 9e)
- - variablen Flanschstärken (Fig. 9d, e)
- - variablen Flanschbreiten (Fig. 9f,g,h,) oder als
- - Kombination mehrerer Träger oder Profile (Fig. 9c und h)
- - variable web heights (Fig. 9a, b, c, d)
- - perforated or slotted webs (Fig. 9 c, g, h or 9e)
- - variable flange thicknesses (Fig. 9d, e)
- - variable flange widths (Fig. 9f, g, h,) or as
- - Combination of several beams or profiles (Fig. 9c and h)
Fig. 10 verdeutlicht die Patentansprüche 9 bis 11. Hierin sind folgende Konstruktionselemente dargestellt:
- 21 obere (Zwillings-) Queranker, die in Höhe unmittelbar unter der Ofendecke gespannt sind
- 22 obere Joche
- 23 Andruckelemente zur Einspannung der Decke
- 24 Separate Einspannplatte für die Ofendecke
- 25 Ofendecke (Ausschnitt)
- 21 upper (twin) cross anchors, which are tensioned directly below the furnace ceiling
- 22 upper yokes
- 23 pressure elements for fixing the ceiling
- 24 Separate clamping plate for the furnace ceiling
- 25 furnace ceiling (detail)
Die Vorzüge dieser Konstruktion sind beispielsweise:
- - wesentlich verstärkte Federwirkung und Energieaufnahme des jochartigen Trägers und
- - die Möglichkeit zur separaten Einspannung des Ofendeckenbereiches.
- - Significantly increased spring action and energy absorption of the yoke-like carrier and
- - The possibility of separately clamping the furnace ceiling area.
Aus Fig. 11 und 12 sind zu den Ansprüchen 16 bis 21 verschiedene schematisch dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiele für die Andruckelemente 6 ersichtlich. Gasdruckbälge 13 nach Fig. 11d können beispielsweise auch so mit dem Druckregler (PC) oder einem entsprechenden Stellungsregler (Positioner) gekoppelt werden, daß die vom Regler verbrauchte Fortluft z.B. als Kühlluft verwendet wird beziehungsweise direkt oben aus dem Gasdruckbalg entnommen wird und so zur Wärmeabfuhr dient.From FIGS. 11 and 12, various schematically illustrated exemplary embodiments for the
Fig. 12 zeigt entsprechend den Ansprüchen 2o und 21 Feder- Andruckelemente 6 entspannt (Fig. 12a) und vorgespannt (Fig. 12 b).Fig. 12 shows according to
Die Fig. 13 bis 16 zeigen beispielsweise schematisch die Ausbildung und Anordnung der Andruckelemente.6 als Spiralfedern nach den Ansprüchen 1, 22, 23, 24 und 26.13 to 16 schematically show, for example, the design and arrangement of the
Fig. 13 verbildlicht schematisch eine Möglichkeit zur Erzeugung des glockenförmigen Verlaufs der Andruckkräfte nach Anspruch 1 mit gleichartigen Spiralfedern z.B. nach Anspruch 22 bei relativ biegeweicher Einspannplatte 7.Fig. 13 schematically illustrates a possibility for generating the bell-shaped course of the pressing forces according to
Fig. 14 gibt demgegenüber an, wie bei annähernd konstanter Streckenlast auf der Einspannplatte 7 die Kraftumlagerungen bei Änderungen der thermischen Krümmungen des jochartigen Trägers 5 entsprechend den Ansprüchen 1, 23 und 24 durch die weicheren Federn 6 in der Mitte weitgehend abgemildert werden. Hierbei wird die Einspannplatte 7 zweckmäßigerweise relativ starr ausgebildet.Fig. 14 indicates, in contrast, how with approximately constant line load on the
In Fig. 15 wird entsprechend Anspruch 26 eine ähnliche Wirkung wie in Fig. 14 erzielt durch Variation der Abstände der Federelemente 6.In FIG. 15, an effect similar to that in FIG. 14 is achieved by varying the spacings of the
Fig. 16 zeigt beispielsweise eine Kombination aus den Fig. 13 bis 15, die die Forderungen nach glockenförmigem Verlauf der Andruckkräfte und nach Abmilderung der Wirkungen der thermischen Verkrümmungen erfüllt bei gleichzeitig relativ dünner Einspannplatte.16 shows, for example, a combination of FIGS. 13 to 15, which meets the requirements for bell-shaped course of the pressing forces and for alleviating the effects of the thermal curvatures with a relatively thin clamping plate.
Aus Anspruch 22 errechnet sich beispielsweise für
- N = 1o Federn und
- H = 7,2 m Ofenhöhe
folgende Ungleichung für die Federkonstante
- N = 1o springs and
- H = 7.2 m furnace height
following inequality for the spring constant
Aus Anspruch 28 errechnet sich beispielsweise als mittleres Flächenträgheitsmoment der Einspannplatte formelmäßig für:
- H = 7 m Ofenhöhe, n = 7 Andruckstellen
- m = 1 Andruckplatte:
- H = 7 m furnace height, n = 7 pressure points
- m = 1 pressure plate:
Bei einer Rechteckplatte mit b = o,84 m Breite entspricht dieses einer Plattendicke zwischen o,1 und o,215 m.In the case of a rectangular panel with a width of 84 m, this corresponds to a panel thickness between 0.1 and 215 m.
0Aus Anspruch 29 ergibt sich formelmäßig beispielsweise für
- H = 7,2 m Ofenhöhe, m = 1 Platte mit
- 'b = o,84 m Plattenbreite, wie im obenstehenden Beispiel zu Anspruch 3o mit Im = 22. 10-5 m4 :
- H = 7.2 m furnace height, m = 1 plate with
- 'b = o, 84 m plate width, as in the example above for claim 3o with I m = 22. 10 -5 m 4 :
Setzen sich der jochartige Träger oder die Einspannplatte aus mehreren Teilen zusammen, so ist das nach den Regeln der Statik zusammengefaßte Flächenträgheitsmoment maßgeblich. Die Abstufungen der Flächenträgheitsmomente können beispielsweise durch Aussparungen oder entsprechende Verschraubungen erzeugt werden.If the yoke-like carrier or the clamping plate is composed of several parts, the area moment of inertia combined according to the rules of statics is decisive. The gradations of the moments of inertia can be generated, for example, by recesses or corresponding screw connections.
Claims (32)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT81107658T ATE15263T1 (en) | 1980-11-28 | 1981-09-26 | CLAMPING SYSTEM TO AVOID DAMAGE TENSION AND SHEAR STRESSES IN APPLICABLE. MULTI-LAYER MASONRY PANES. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3044897 | 1980-11-28 | ||
DE19803044897 DE3044897A1 (en) | 1980-11-28 | 1980-11-28 | CLAMPING SYSTEM TO AVOID HARMFUL TENSION AND SHEARING TENSIONS IN ANY MULTI-LAYER WALLWORK DISKS |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0053659A1 true EP0053659A1 (en) | 1982-06-16 |
EP0053659B1 EP0053659B1 (en) | 1985-08-28 |
EP0053659B2 EP0053659B2 (en) | 1989-08-30 |
Family
ID=6117842
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP81107658A Expired EP0053659B2 (en) | 1980-11-28 | 1981-09-26 | Bracing system to alleviate the stresses produced in a multilayer wall |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4732652A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0053659B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS57117779A (en) |
AR (1) | AR228624A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE15263T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU552643B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR8107727A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1158859A (en) |
DE (2) | DE3044897A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES506741A0 (en) |
IN (1) | IN156315B (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA816836B (en) |
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-
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- 1981-09-26 AT AT81107658T patent/ATE15263T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-09-26 EP EP81107658A patent/EP0053659B2/en not_active Expired
- 1981-10-01 IN IN1103/CAL/81A patent/IN156315B/en unknown
- 1981-10-02 ZA ZA816836A patent/ZA816836B/en unknown
- 1981-10-29 AR AR287282A patent/AR228624A1/en active
- 1981-10-30 ES ES506741A patent/ES506741A0/en active Granted
- 1981-11-23 CA CA000390686A patent/CA1158859A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-11-27 BR BR8107727A patent/BR8107727A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-11-27 JP JP56190466A patent/JPS57117779A/en active Granted
- 1981-11-27 AU AU77955/81A patent/AU552643B2/en not_active Expired
-
1987
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES8207633A1 (en) | 1982-10-01 |
ATE15263T1 (en) | 1985-09-15 |
US4732652A (en) | 1988-03-22 |
ZA816836B (en) | 1982-09-29 |
DE3044897A1 (en) | 1982-07-08 |
AU7795581A (en) | 1982-06-03 |
AR228624A1 (en) | 1983-03-30 |
EP0053659B2 (en) | 1989-08-30 |
EP0053659B1 (en) | 1985-08-28 |
ES506741A0 (en) | 1982-10-01 |
CA1158859A (en) | 1983-12-20 |
AU552643B2 (en) | 1986-06-12 |
IN156315B (en) | 1985-06-22 |
BR8107727A (en) | 1982-08-31 |
JPH0254392B2 (en) | 1990-11-21 |
JPS57117779A (en) | 1982-07-22 |
DE3172035D1 (en) | 1985-10-03 |
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