EP0053659B2 - Bracing system to alleviate the stresses produced in a multilayer wall - Google Patents

Bracing system to alleviate the stresses produced in a multilayer wall Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0053659B2
EP0053659B2 EP81107658A EP81107658A EP0053659B2 EP 0053659 B2 EP0053659 B2 EP 0053659B2 EP 81107658 A EP81107658 A EP 81107658A EP 81107658 A EP81107658 A EP 81107658A EP 0053659 B2 EP0053659 B2 EP 0053659B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
restraining
yoke
restraining system
spring
girder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81107658A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0053659B1 (en
EP0053659A1 (en
Inventor
Heinz Dipl.-Ing. Dürselen
Jürgen Dipl.-Ing. Neitzel
Arnulf Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Schüffler
Walter Stanke
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Krupp Koppers GmbH
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Krupp Koppers GmbH
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Application filed by Krupp Koppers GmbH filed Critical Krupp Koppers GmbH
Priority to AT81107658T priority Critical patent/ATE15263T1/en
Publication of EP0053659A1 publication Critical patent/EP0053659A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/16—Making or repairing linings increasing the durability of linings or breaking away linings
    • F27D1/1621—Making linings by using shaped elements, e.g. bricks
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B29/00—Other details of coke ovens
    • C10B29/08—Bracing or foundation of the ovens
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
    • F27D1/0023—Linings or walls comprising expansion joints or means to restrain expansion due to thermic flows
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B13/00—Furnaces with both stationary charge and progression of heating, e.g. of ring type, of type in which segmental kiln moves over stationary charge
    • F27B13/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of this type

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a clamping system to avoid harmful tensile and shear stresses in possibly multilayer masonry slabs, which are subject to both thermal and mechanical deformation stresses and in which the masonry is clamped by means of clamping plates to which the clamping forces of the anchors with the aid of yoke-like supports and intermediate springs or distance pieces are transmitted.
  • the task is to generate sufficient pressure prestresses in the partition walls and to ensure them constantly in spite of changing thermal and mechanical deformations of the outer clamping system in order to avoid tensile cracks by superimposing corresponding compressive stresses.
  • the task is thus solved according to the invention as an optimization of the elements of the overall system connected via the force flow.
  • the wall warps the most when it is loaded from the side halfway up.
  • the clamping pressure forces of the wall are chosen to be the highest in the center and their contact surfaces are laterally separated as far as possible into the two outer edge zones, the resultants of the two marginal forces acting parallel to or in the direction of the vertical wall center plane.
  • the individual construction elements of the clamping system are designed to be resilient in such a way that they largely compensate for the interference.
  • the advantages of the spring elasticities provided in the clamping system are, on the one hand, the small displacements in the force distributions and, on the other hand, the lighter and cheaper design, in particular with larger partition wall dimensions.
  • the production of the desired distribution of the clamping forces over the length of the clamping plates can be done by a corresponding gradation of the thickness of the spacers or by relaxed built-in spring elements, the z. B. subsequently panned by the cross anchor or the furnace expansion or in the so-called one-step process directly by spring elements that are installed in the prestressed blocked state, and their supports are adjusted so that after Removal of the blockage results in the desired force distribution, or in the so-called two-step process, initially quantitatively precisely using 1 or more mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping elements, i.e. with correspondingly adjustable clamping tools with specified local clamping forces and then using adjusted pressure elements such as spacers or spring elements that take over the force distribution .
  • Figure 3 the three pressure elements 6 are used as spring elements.
  • Figures 4, 5 and 6 illustrate the deformations of the yoke-like support 5a and the clamping plate 7a with normal length of the cross anchor compared to the accidents with increased length of the cross anchor or reduced cross anchor force 5b and 7b. In the latter case, the thermal curvatures predominate at the ends of the deformation curves of the yoke-like support 5b and the clamping plate 7b. These are caused by the temperature gradient from the inside of the furnace to the outside and change depending on the conditions of operation and the weather.
  • the prestresses in the partition walls (9 in FIG. 1) are produced either directly by adjusting the prestressed blocked pressure element (6 in FIG. 1) between the clamping plates 7 and the yoke-like support 5 arranged in front of them and then lifting the blockade or initially by adjustable ones Tensioning elements between the clamping plate 7 and the yoke-like carrier 5, which is pretensioned, and then by adjusting the pressure elements 6.
  • the prestresses in the partition walls are to be constantly maintained by the spring properties of the transverse anchor system (1 and 3 in FIG. 1), the yoke-like supports 5, the clamping plates 7 and 8 and the pressure elements 6.
  • the load changes in the usual clamping forces can be kept within the tolerance limits according to claim 1.
  • the springs at both ends of the cross anchor can be combined in a one-sided spring with half the spring constant if the changes in force are transmitted from one side to the other.
  • the factor q is a maximum of 20%.
  • Gas pressure bellows 13 according to FIG. 11 d can also be coupled, for example, to the pressure regulator (PC) or a corresponding positioner (positioner), that the exhaust air consumed by the controller is used, for example, as cooling air or is taken directly from the gas pressure bellows at the top and thus serves to dissipate heat.
  • PC pressure regulator
  • positioner positioner
  • Figure 12 shows according to claims 18 and 19 spring pressure elements 6 relaxed (Fig. 12a) and biased (Fig. 12b).
  • bracketed values are intended to indicate that deviating (boundary) conditions can be decisive in these areas, e.g. B. manufacturability or additional functions of the clamping system.
  • the yoke-like carrier or the clamping plate is composed of several parts, the area moment of inertia combined according to the rules of statics is decisive.
  • the gradations of the moments of inertia can be generated, for example, by recesses or corresponding screw connections.
  • the clamping system according to the invention can preferably be used in partition walls in industrial furnaces, in particular in heating walls of coking furnaces.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Clamps And Clips (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Einspannsystem zur Vermeidung von schädlichen Zug- und Schubspannungen in ggf. mehrschichtigen Mauerwerksscheiben, die sowohl thermischen als auch mechanischen Verformungsbeanspruchungen unterliegen und bei denen die Mauerwerkseinspannung durch Einspannplatten erfolgt, auf die die Einspannkräfte der Anker mit Hilfe von jochartigen Trägem und zwischengeschalteten Federn oder Distanzstükken übertragen werden.The invention relates to a clamping system to avoid harmful tensile and shear stresses in possibly multilayer masonry slabs, which are subject to both thermal and mechanical deformation stresses and in which the masonry is clamped by means of clamping plates to which the clamping forces of the anchors with the aid of yoke-like supports and intermediate springs or distance pieces are transmitted.

Bei größeren Trennwandflächen wachsen die unvermeidlichen thermischen und mechanischen Verformungen mit dem Quadrat oder höherer Potenz der Wandhöhe, d. h. überproportional an. Wird demzufolge das Einspannsystem für größere Kräfte entsprechend steifer ausgelegt, so führen Veränderungen der Temperaturfelder und der betrieblichen Lasten zu unkontrollierten, oft extremen und unzulässigen Umlagerungen der Einspannkräfte, d. h. einerseits zu Überbeanspruchungen und an anderen Stellen zu unzureichenden Einspann-Druckkräften. Beide bewirken unzulässig hohe Spannungen.With larger partition surfaces, the inevitable thermal and mechanical deformations increase with the square or higher power of the wall height, i.e. H. disproportionately. Accordingly, if the clamping system is designed to be correspondingly stiffer for larger forces, changes in the temperature fields and the operational loads lead to uncontrolled, often extreme and impermissible redistribution of the clamping forces, i. H. on the one hand to overstressing and in other places to insufficient clamping pressure forces. Both cause impermissibly high tensions.

Die Erfindung geht von folgender Zielsetzung aus :

  • Steigerung der Lebensdauer, dadurch daß Risse vermieden werden, und
  • die Herstellung größerer, höherer und dünnerer Trennwände.
The invention is based on the following objective:
  • Increasing the service life by avoiding cracks, and
  • the production of larger, higher and thinner partitions.

Mit der so erreichten Vergrößerung des nutzbaren Ofenvolumens und der Verbesserung der Nutzungsdauer und der Instandhaltungskosten ist ein wesentlicher Zuwachs an Wirtschaftlichkeit verbunden.The increase in usable furnace volume achieved and the improvement in service life and maintenance costs result in a significant increase in efficiency.

Die Aufgabe besteht darin, trotz wechselnder thermischer und mechanischer Verformungen des äußeren Einspannsystems hinreichende Druckvorspannungen in den Trennwänden zu erzeugen und ständig sicherzustellen, um Zugspannungsrisse zu vermeiden durch Überlagerung entsprechender Druckspannungen.The task is to generate sufficient pressure prestresses in the partition walls and to ensure them constantly in spite of changing thermal and mechanical deformations of the outer clamping system in order to avoid tensile cracks by superimposing corresponding compressive stresses.

« Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß ein Einspannsystem der eingangs genannten Art vorgeschlagen, wobei das System im Betriebszustand das Merkmal a), gegebenenfalls mit b) zusammen, in Kombination mit den Merkmalen c) und d) aufweist und wobei

  • a) die Größe der Druckkräfte der Einspannplatten auf das Mauerwerk im normalen Betriebszustand ausgehend von der halben Wandhöhe über eine Länge von etwa 75 % der Wandhöhe zu den oberen und unteren Berandungen der eingespannten Wand hin abfällt nach Art einer Glockenkurve oder einer parabolischen Funktion,
  • b) die Resultierenden der Einspannkräfte nur beidseitig je zur Hälfte innerhalb der äußeren 65 mm oder in den Mittelebenen der äußeren Wandschichten angreifen und hierbei gerichtet sind in die Längsrichtung der Wand oder in einem Winkel bis zu 30 Grad in Richtung zur Mittelebene des Wandsystems, wobei sich die Kraftvektoren längs einer Linie in der Wand schneiden, die näherungsweise parallel zur Einspannplatte verläuft,
  • c) die Aufrechterhaltung der gewünschten Verteilung der Einspannkräfte über der Länge der Einspannplatte bei allen relevanten Störfällen innerhalb enger Tolemzgrenzen gewährleistet wird, dadurch, daß die Konstruktion so gebaut und federelastisch ausgeführt wird, daß die Störeinflüsse verringert werden und die Kraftübertragungskennlinien bzw. die Federeigenschaften der Queranker, der jochartigen Träger, der Einspannplatte und der Andruckelemente dazwischen so ausgelegt sind und bewirken, daß die örtlichen Kräfte im Störfall nicht bzw. nur um 5 bis 20 % verändert werden und
  • d) 6ei Beeinträchtigung der Kraftverteilung durch die Form der Oberflächen oder durch Fertigungstoleranzen die Herstellung und/oder der Ausgleich der Einspannpressung erfolgt, indem diese oberflächlichen Toleranzen in den angrenzenden Bereichen mit Hilfe elastischer oder verformbarer Materialien ausgeglichen werden, welche örtliche Rauhigkeiten von mindestens 2,5 mm Höhe kompensieren ».
"To solve this problem, a clamping system of the type mentioned is proposed according to the invention, the system having the feature a), optionally with b), in combination with features c) and d) in the operating state, and wherein
  • a) the size of the compressive forces of the clamping plates on the masonry in normal operating condition, starting from half the wall height over a length of approximately 75% of the wall height to the upper and lower edges of the clamped wall, decreases in the manner of a bell curve or a parabolic function,
  • b) attack the resultants of the clamping forces only on both sides half within the outer 65 mm or in the middle planes of the outer wall layers and are directed in the longitudinal direction of the wall or at an angle up to 30 degrees towards the center plane of the wall system, whereby intersect the force vectors along a line in the wall that is approximately parallel to the clamping plate,
  • c) the maintenance of the desired distribution of the clamping forces over the length of the clamping plate is ensured for all relevant accidents within narrow tolerance limits, in that the construction is constructed and designed to be resilient in such a way that the interference influences are reduced and the force transmission characteristics and the spring properties of the cross anchors , the yoke-like carrier, the clamping plate and the pressure elements in between are designed and cause that the local forces are not changed in the event of an accident or only by 5 to 20% and
  • d) 6If the force distribution is impaired by the shape of the surfaces or by manufacturing tolerances, the production and / or compensation of the clamping pressure is carried out by compensating for these surface tolerances in the adjacent areas with the aid of elastic or deformable materials, which local roughnesses of at least 2.5 mm height compensate ».

Die Aufgabenstellung wird also erfindungsgemäß als Optimierung der über den Kraftfluß verbundenen Elemente des Gesamtsystems gelöst. Bei seitlicher Flächenbelastung verwölbt sich die Wand auf halber Höhe am stärksten. Um insbesondere hier eine möglichst hohe Stabilität der Wand zu erreichen und um ein Aufreißen des Mauerwerks in den Seitenflächen wie im Kern zu vermeiden, werden die Einspanndruckkräfte der Wand mittig am höchsten gewählt und ihre Angriffsflächen soweit wie möglich seitlich auseinander in die beiden äußeren Randzonen gelegt, wobei die Resultierenden der beiden Randkräfte parallel zur oder in Richtung zur senkrechten Wandmittelebene wirken.The task is thus solved according to the invention as an optimization of the elements of the overall system connected via the force flow. The wall warps the most when it is loaded from the side halfway up. In order to achieve the highest possible stability of the wall and to avoid tearing of the masonry in the side surfaces as in the core, the clamping pressure forces of the wall are chosen to be the highest in the center and their contact surfaces are laterally separated as far as possible into the two outer edge zones, the resultants of the two marginal forces acting parallel to or in the direction of the vertical wall center plane.

Um die gewünschte Druckverteilung bei Störfällen unterschiedlicher Art sicherzustellen, werden die einzelnen Konstruktionselemente des Einspannsystems so federelastisch ausgeführt, daß sie die Störeiflüsse möglichst weitgehend kompensieren.In order to ensure the desired pressure distribution in the event of different types of malfunctions, the individual construction elements of the clamping system are designed to be resilient in such a way that they largely compensate for the interference.

Der Vorteil der vorgesehenen Federeiastizitäten im Einspannsystem besteht zum einen in den geringen Verlagerungen der Kraftverteilungen und zum anderen in der damit leichteren und billigeren Bauweise, insbesondere bei größeren Trennwandabmessungen.The advantages of the spring elasticities provided in the clamping system are, on the one hand, the small displacements in the force distributions and, on the other hand, the lighter and cheaper design, in particular with larger partition wall dimensions.

Die Herstellung der gewünschten Verteilung der Einspannkräfte über der Länge der Einspannplatten kann erfolgen durch eine entsprechende Abstufung der Stärke der Distanzstücke oder durch entspannt eingebaute Federelemente, die z. B. nachträglich durch die Queranker oder die Ofendehnung gepannt werden oder im sogenannten Einschrittverfahren unmittelbar durch Federelemente, die im vorgespannten blockierten Zustand eingebaut werden, und deren Auflager so einjustiert werden, daß sich nach dem Aufheben der Blockade die gewünschte Kraftverteilung ergibt, oder im sogenannten Zweischrittverfahren, zunächst quantitativ genau durch 1 oder mehrere mechanische, hydraulische oder pneumatische Spannelemente, d. h. mit entsprechend einstellbaren Spannwerkzeugen mit vorgegebenen örtlichen Einspannkräften und danach durch justierte Andruckelemente wie Distanzstücke oder Federelemente, die die Kraftverteilung übernehmen.The production of the desired distribution of the clamping forces over the length of the clamping plates can be done by a corresponding gradation of the thickness of the spacers or by relaxed built-in spring elements, the z. B. subsequently panned by the cross anchor or the furnace expansion or in the so-called one-step process directly by spring elements that are installed in the prestressed blocked state, and their supports are adjusted so that after Removal of the blockage results in the desired force distribution, or in the so-called two-step process, initially quantitatively precisely using 1 or more mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping elements, i.e. with correspondingly adjustable clamping tools with specified local clamping forces and then using adjusted pressure elements such as spacers or spring elements that take over the force distribution .

Andere Merkmale der Erfindung sind in weiteren Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.Other features of the invention are characterized in further subclaims.

Die Fig.1 bis 7 verdeutlichen schematisch die Verknüpfungen und Zusammenhänge innerhalb der Einspannsysteme. Zur Einspannung des Wandmauerwerks 9 dienen beispielsweise folgende Konstruktionselemente :

  • 1 oberer Queranker
  • 2 unterer Queranker
  • 3 obere Querankerfeder
  • 4 untere Querankerfeder
  • 5 jochartiger Träger, Ankerständer
    a/b vor/nach der Verformung durch Störeiflüsse (5 a/b in Fig. 4) (z. B. zunehmender Temperaturgradient oder Längung des oberen Querankers)
  • 6 Andruckelemente, Distanzstücke, Bolzen, Federelemente zur übertragung der Anpresskräfte
  • 7. Einspannplatte, Wandschutzplatte, Panzerplatte
    a/b vor/nach der Verformung durch Störeinflüsse (7 a/b in Fig. 4) wie z. B. zunehmende Temperaturgradienten
  • 8. Isoliermaterial, Dichtung,. Fasermatte.
1 to 7 schematically illustrate the connections and relationships within the clamping systems. The following construction elements are used, for example, to clamp the wall masonry 9:
  • 1 upper cross anchor
  • 2 lower cross anchors
  • 3 upper cross anchor spring
  • 4 lower cross anchor springs
  • 5 yoke-like supports, anchor stands
    a / b before / after deformation due to interference (5 a / b in Fig. 4) (e.g. increasing temperature gradient or elongation of the upper cross anchor)
  • 6 pressure elements, spacers, bolts, spring elements for transmitting the contact pressure
  • 7. Clamping plate, wall protection plate, armored plate
    a / b before / after deformation due to interference (7 a / b in Fig. 4) such as. B. increasing temperature gradients
  • 8. Insulating material, seal ,. Fiber mat.

Die Queranker 1 und 2 spannen über Federelemente 3 und 4 den jochartigen Träger 5, der 'dil3 Andruckelemente 6 gegen die Einspannplatten 7 und 8 preßt.

  • Figur 1 zeigt eine Ausführung mit einem Andruckelement 6,
  • Figur 2 eine Ausführung mit 2 Reihen von maximal je 9 Andruckelementen.
The cross anchors 1 and 2 clamp the yoke-like support 5 via spring elements 3 and 4, which presses the 'dil3 pressure elements 6 against the clamping plates 7 and 8.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment with a pressure element 6,
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment with 2 rows of a maximum of 9 pressure elements each.

In Figur 3 sind die drei Andruckelemente 6 als Federelemente eingesetzt. Figuren 4, 5 und 6 verdeutlichen die Verformungen des jochartigen Trägers 5a und der Einspannplatte 7a bei normaler Länge der Queranker im vergleich zu den Störfällen mit vergrößerter Länge des Querankers oder verringerter Querankerkraft 5b und 7b. In letzterem Fall überwiegen an den Enden der Verformungskurven des jochartigen Trägers 5b und der Einspannplatte 7b die thermischen Krümmungen. Diese entstehen durch das Temperaturgefälle vom Ofeninnem nach Außen und wechseln je nach den Bedingungen des Betriebes und der Witterung.In Figure 3, the three pressure elements 6 are used as spring elements. Figures 4, 5 and 6 illustrate the deformations of the yoke-like support 5a and the clamping plate 7a with normal length of the cross anchor compared to the accidents with increased length of the cross anchor or reduced cross anchor force 5b and 7b. In the latter case, the thermal curvatures predominate at the ends of the deformation curves of the yoke-like support 5b and the clamping plate 7b. These are caused by the temperature gradient from the inside of the furnace to the outside and change depending on the conditions of operation and the weather.

Erfindungsgemäß werden die Vorspannungen in den Trennwänden (9 in Fig. 1) hergestellt entweder direkt durch das Einjustieren vorgespannt blockierter Andrückelement (6 in Fig. 1) zwischen den Einspannplatten 7 und dem davor angeordneten jochartigen Träger 5 und anschließendes Aufheben der blockade oder zunächst durch einstellbare Spannelemente zwischen der Einspannplatte 7 und dem jochartigen Träger 5, der vorgespannt wird, und danach durch Einjustieren der Andruckelemente 6.According to the invention, the prestresses in the partition walls (9 in FIG. 1) are produced either directly by adjusting the prestressed blocked pressure element (6 in FIG. 1) between the clamping plates 7 and the yoke-like support 5 arranged in front of them and then lifting the blockade or initially by adjustable ones Tensioning elements between the clamping plate 7 and the yoke-like carrier 5, which is pretensioned, and then by adjusting the pressure elements 6.

Die Vorspannungen in den Trennwänden sollen ständig aufrecht erhalten werden durch die Federeigenschaften des Querankersystems (1 und 3 in Fig. 1), der jochartigen Träger 5, der Einspannplatten 7 und 8 und der Andruckelemente 6.The prestresses in the partition walls are to be constantly maintained by the spring properties of the transverse anchor system (1 and 3 in FIG. 1), the yoke-like supports 5, the clamping plates 7 and 8 and the pressure elements 6.

Gemäß Fig. 6 ändert sich die Länge der Queranker 1 und damit die Kraft F der Federn 3 mit den unvermeidlichen Temperaturschwankungen wie z. B. bei Regenfällen.6 changes the length of the cross anchor 1 and thus the force F of the springs 3 with the inevitable temperature fluctuations such as. B. during rains.

Mit den angegebenen Federkonstanten können die Laständerungen bei den üblichen Einspannkräften innerhalb der Toleranzgrenzen nach Anspruch 1 gehalten werden. Die Federn an beiden Enden des Querankers können in einer einseitigen Feder mit der halben Federkonstante zusammengefaßt werden, wenn die Kraftänderungen von einer Seite zur andere übertragen werden.With the specified spring constants, the load changes in the usual clamping forces can be kept within the tolerance limits according to claim 1. The springs at both ends of the cross anchor can be combined in a one-sided spring with half the spring constant if the changes in force are transmitted from one side to the other.

In Fig. 7 ist schematisch die Superposition zusätzlicher Verformungen ΔXtherm und ΔXmech durch unvermeidliche Änderungen der Temperaturgradienten als Folge der eingetragenen Temperaturänderungen AT2 und AT1 und durch die Änderung AF = q.F der Punktlast F dargestellt.In Fig. 7 the superposition of additional deformations ΔX therm and ΔX mech is shown schematically by inevitable changes in the temperature gradients as a result of the entered temperature changes AT 2 and AT 1 and by the change AF = qF of the point load F.

Der Faktor q beträgt nach Anspruch 1 maximal 20 %. Diese Temperaturschwankungen treten in ähnlicher Weise sowohl in den jochartigen Trägem als auch in den Einspannplatten auf.The factor q is a maximum of 20%. These temperature fluctuations occur in a similar manner both in the yoke-like supports and in the clamping plates.

Die Federeigenschaften, insbesondere die Flächenträgheitsmomente werden so festgelegt, daß sich die Änderungen der Biegepfeile an den Kraftangriffspunkten gegenseitig bis auf geringen verbleibende Restverschiebungen so weit wie möglich aufheben, d. h. es gilt näherungsweise ΔXtherm = ΔXmechanisch.The spring properties, in particular the moments of inertia, are determined in such a way that the changes in the bending arrows at the force application points cancel each other out as far as possible except for small remaining displacements, ie approximately ΔX therm = ΔX applies mechanically .

Die vorgesehenen Änderungen der Flächenträgheitsmomente über der Länge bzw. der Höhe sollen die unterschiedlichen Verläufe der thermischen und der mechanischen Biegelinien soweit wie möglich einander annähern, um als verbleibende Restverschiebung eine Parallelverschiebung zu erhalten.The proposed changes in the moments of inertia over the length or the height are intended to bring the different courses of the thermal and mechanical bending lines as close as possible to one another in order to obtain a parallel displacement as the remaining residual displacement.

Nachfolgend werden weitere Einzelheiten der erfindungsgemäßen Ansprüche beispielhaft anhand von Dimensionierungsbeispielen und den beiliegenden Figuren 8 bis 16 erläutert.In the following, further details of the claims according to the invention are explained by way of example with reference to dimensioning examples and the attached FIGS. 8 to 16.

Es zeigen :

  • Figur 8 Krafteinleitung in die Stirnfläche 10 der Wand 9 nach den Ansprüchen 1, 29 und 30
  • Figur 9 Konstruktionsbeispiele für den jochartigen Träger 5 nach den Ansprüchen 4 bis 8
  • Figur 10 Verlängerter jochartiger Träger nach Anspruch 9
  • Figur 11 Andruckelemente mit Bolzenschrauben, Federn und Kolbenartigen Elementen, sowie Kraftindikatoren nach den Ansprüchen 14 bis 19
  • Figur 12 Federelemente nach den Ansprüchen 18 und 19
  • Figur 13 Anordnung von Andruckelementen nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 20
  • Figur 14 Federelemente zur Dämpfung des Einflusses der Thermischen Krümmung des jochartigen Trägers nach den Ansprüchen 1, 21 und 22
  • Figur 15 Systematische Variation der Abstände der Andruckelemente nach Anspruch 24
    In Fig. 8 sind die resultierenden Kraftvektoren der Einspannkräfte bei einer zweiteiligen Einspannplatte 7a und 7b und die Anpreßflächen 10 auf das Mauerwerk entsprechend Anspruch 1 dargestellt. Die Füllung und Ausbildung der Fuge 8 bzw. 10 zwischen Einspannplatte 7 und Mauerwerk 9 wird den Ansprüchen 28 bis 30 beschrieben.
  • Figur 9 zeigt zu den Ansprüchen 4 bzw. 4 bis 8 konstruktive Beispiele für die Änderung der Flächenträgheitmomente des jochartigen Trägers. Die Änderungen erfolgen in Form von
    • variablen Steghöhen (Fig. 9a, b, c, d)
    • durchlöchertenn bzw. geschlitzten Stegen (Fig. 9c, g, h bzw. 9e)
    • variablen Flanschstärken (Fig. 9d, e)
    • variablen Flanschbreiten (Fig. 9f, g, h) oder als
    • Kombination mehrerer Träger oder Profile (Fig. 9c und h)
  • Figur 10 verdeutlicht den Patentanspruch 9. Hierin sind folgende Konstruktionselemente dargestellt:
    • 21 obere (Zwillings) Queranker, die in Höhe unmittelbar unter der Ofendecke gespannt sind
    • 22 obere Joche
    • 23 Andruckelemente zur Einspannung der Decke
    • 24 Separate Einspannplatte für die Ofendecke
    • 25 Ofendecke (Ausschnitt)
Show it :
  • Figure 8 introduction of force into the end face 10 of the wall 9 according to claims 1, 29 and 30
  • FIG. 9 construction examples for the yoke-like carrier 5 according to claims 4 to 8
  • Figure 10 Extended yoke-like carrier according to claim 9
  • Figure 11 pressure elements with bolt screws, springs and piston-like elements, and force indicators according to claims 14 to 19
  • Figure 12 spring elements according to claims 18 and 19
  • Figure 13 arrangement of pressure elements according to claims 1 and 20
  • FIG. 14 spring elements for damping the influence of the thermal curvature of the yoke-like carrier according to claims 1, 21 and 22
  • Figure 15 systematic variation of the spacing of the pressure elements according to claim 24
    8 shows the resulting force vectors of the clamping forces in a two-part clamping plate 7a and 7b and the contact surfaces 10 on the masonry according to claim 1. The filling and formation of the joint 8 or 10 between the clamping plate 7 and masonry 9 is described in claims 28 to 30.
  • Figure 9 shows claims 4 and 4 to 8 constructive examples for the change of the moments of inertia of the yoke-like carrier. The changes take the form of
    • variable web heights (Fig. 9a, b, c, d)
    • perforated or slotted webs (Fig. 9c, g, h or 9e)
    • variable flange thicknesses (Fig. 9d, e)
    • variable flange widths (Fig. 9f, g, h) or as
    • Combination of several beams or profiles (Fig. 9c and h)
  • Figure 10 clarifies claim 9. The following construction elements are shown:
    • 21 upper (twin) cross anchors that are tensioned directly below the furnace ceiling
    • 22 upper yokes
    • 23 pressure elements for fixing the ceiling
    • 24 Separate clamping plate for the furnace ceiling
    • 25 furnace ceiling (detail)

Die Vorzüge dieser Konstruktion sind beispielsweise:

  • wesentlich verstärkte Federwirkung und Energieaufnahme des jochartigen Trägers und
  • die Möglichkeit zur separaten Einspannung des Ofendeckenbereiches.
The advantages of this construction are for example:
  • significantly increased spring action and energy absorption of the yoke-like carrier and
  • the possibility of separately clamping the furnace ceiling area.

Aus Figuren 11 und 12 sind zu den Ansprüchen 14 bis 19 verschiedene schematisch dargestellte "Ausführungsbeispiele für die Andruckelemente 6 ersichtlich. Gasdruckbälge 13 nach Fig. 11 d können beispielsweise auch so mit dem Druckregler (PC) oder einem entsprechenden Stellungsregler (Positioner) gekoppelt werden, daß die vom Regler verbrauchte Fortluft z. B. als Kühlluft verwendet wird beziehungsweise direkt oben aus dem Gasdruckbalg entnommen wird und so zur Wärmeabfuhr dient.From FIGS. 11 and 12, various schematically illustrated exemplary embodiments for the pressure elements 6 can be seen in relation to claims 14 to 19. Gas pressure bellows 13 according to FIG. 11 d can also be coupled, for example, to the pressure regulator (PC) or a corresponding positioner (positioner), that the exhaust air consumed by the controller is used, for example, as cooling air or is taken directly from the gas pressure bellows at the top and thus serves to dissipate heat.

Figur 12 zeigt entsprechend den Ansprüchen 18 und 19 Feder-Andruckelemente 6 entspannt (Fig. 12a) und vorgespannt (Fig. 12b).Figure 12 shows according to claims 18 and 19 spring pressure elements 6 relaxed (Fig. 12a) and biased (Fig. 12b).

Die Figuren 13 bis 15 zeigen beispielsweise schematisch die Ausbildung und Anordnung der Andruckelemente 6 als Spiralfedern nach den Ansprüchen 1, 20, 21, 22 und 24.

  • Figur 13 verbildlicht schematisch eine Möglichkeit zur Erzeugung des glockenförmigen Verlaufs der Andruckkräfte nach Anspruch 1 mit gleichartigen Spiralfedem z. B. nach Anspruch 20 und 24 bei relativ biegeweicher Einspannplatte 7.
  • Figur 14 gibt demgegenüber an, wie bei annähernd konstanter Streckenlast auf der Einspannplatte 7 die Kraftumlagerungen bei Änderungen der thermischen Krümmungen des jochartigen Trägers 5 entsprechend den Ansprüchen 1, 21 und 22 durch die weicheren Federn 6 in der Mitte weitgehend abgemildert werden. Hierbei wird die Einspannplatte 7 zweckmäßigerweise relativ starr ausgebildet
  • Figur 15 zeigt beispielsweise eine Kombination aus den Fig. 13 und 14, die die Forderungen nach glockenförmigem Verlauf der Andruckkräfte und nach Abmilderung der Wirkungen der thermischen Verkrümmungen erfüllt bei gleichzeitig relativ dünner Einspannplatte.
FIGS. 13 to 15 schematically show, for example, the design and arrangement of the pressure elements 6 as spiral springs according to claims 1, 20, 21, 22 and 24.
  • Figure 13 schematically illustrates a possibility of generating the bell-shaped course of the pressing forces according to claim 1 with a similar spiral spring z. B. according to claim 20 and 24 with a relatively flexible clamping plate 7th
  • FIG. 14, on the other hand, indicates how the force redistributions in the event of changes in the thermal curvatures of the yoke-like carrier 5 are largely mitigated by the softer springs 6 in the middle when the line load on the clamping plate 7 is approximately constant. Here, the clamping plate 7 is expediently designed to be relatively rigid
  • FIG. 15 shows, for example, a combination of FIGS. 13 and 14 which fulfills the requirements for bell-shaped course of the pressing forces and for alleviating the effects of the thermal curvatures with a relatively thin clamping plate.

Aus Anspruch 20 errechnet sich beispielsweise für

  • n-= 10 Federn und
  • H = 7,2 m Ofenhöhe folgende Ungleichung für die Federkonstante
  • 139kN/m ≤ Cm ≤ 1 528 KN/m
From claim 20 is calculated, for example
  • n- = 10 springs and
  • H = 7.2 m furnace height following inequality for the spring constant
  • 139kN / m ≤ C m ≤ 1 528 KN / m

Aus Anspruch 26 errechnet sich beispielsweise als mittleres Flächenträgheitsmoment der Einspannplatte Formeimäßig für :

  • H = 7 m Ofenhöhe, n = 7 Andruckstellen
  • j = 1 Andruckplatte:
    Figure imgb0001
For example, the average area moment of inertia of the clamping plate is calculated from claim 26 for:
  • H = 7 m furnace height, n = 7 pressure points
  • j = 1 pressure plate:
    Figure imgb0001

Bei einer Rechteckplatte mit b = 0,84 m Breite entspricht dieses einer Plattendicke zwischen 0,1 und 0,215 m.

  • Aus Anspruch 27 ergibt sich formelmäßig beispielsweise für
  • H = 7,2 m Ofenhöhe, j = 1 Platte mit
  • b = 0,84 m Plattenbreite, wie im obenstehenden Beispiel zu Anspruch 26 mit
  • 11 = 22 . 1 Q-5 m4
    Figure imgb0002
In the case of a rectangular plate with a width of 0.84 m, this corresponds to a plate thickness between 0.1 and 0.215 m.
  • From formula 27 it results, for example, for
  • H = 7.2 m furnace height, j = 1 plate with
  • b = 0.84 m plate width, as in the example above with claim 26
  • 1 1 = 22. 1 Q- 5 m 4
    Figure imgb0002

Die Klammerwerte sollen darauf hinweisen, daß in diesen Bereichen abweichende (Rand-)-Bedingungen bestimmend sein können, wie z. B. Herstellbarkeit oder zusätzliche Funktionen des Einspannsystems.The bracketed values are intended to indicate that deviating (boundary) conditions can be decisive in these areas, e.g. B. manufacturability or additional functions of the clamping system.

Setzen sich der jochartige Träger oder die Einspannplatte aus mehreren Teilen zusammen, so ist das nach den Regeln der statik zusammengefaßte Flächenträgheitsmoment maßgeblich. Die Abstufungen der Flächenträgheitsmomente können beispielsweise durch Aussparungen oder entsprechende Verschraubungen erzeugt werden.If the yoke-like carrier or the clamping plate is composed of several parts, the area moment of inertia combined according to the rules of statics is decisive. The gradations of the moments of inertia can be generated, for example, by recesses or corresponding screw connections.

Das erfindungsgemäße Einspannsystem ist bevorzugt anwendbar bei Trennwänden in industrieöfen, insbesondere bei Heizwänden von Verkokungsöfen.The clamping system according to the invention can preferably be used in partition walls in industrial furnaces, in particular in heating walls of coking furnaces.

Claims (32)

1. Restraining system for avoiding damaging tensile and compressive stresses in brickwork plates which may be multilayered, which are subject to both thermal and mechanical stresses which cause deformation, and in the case of which the brickwork is restrained by means of restraining plates, onto which the restraining forces of the anchors are transferred by means of yoke-like girders and interposed springs or distance-pieces, in which arrangement the system, in the operating state, has the feature a), optionally together with b), in combination with the features c) and d) and,
a) in the normal operating state, the magnitude of the pressure-forces of the restraining plates, on the brickwork, diminishes towards the upper and lower edges of the restrained wall, in the manner of a bell-curve, or of a parabolical function, starting from halfway up the wall, over a length of approximately 75 % of the height of the wall,
b) the resultants of the restraining forces act only on both sides, to the extent of half in each case, within the outer 65 mm of the outer layers of the wall, or in the central planes thereof, and, in doing so, are directed in the longitudinal direction of the wall, or at an angle of up to 30 degrees in the direction of the central plane of the wall system, the force-vectors intersecting along a line in the wall, this line running approximately parallel to the restraining plate.
c) the maintenance of the desired distribution of the restraining forces, over the length of the restraining plates, is guaranteed within narrow tolerance-limits, in the case of all relevant abnormal ' events, by designing the structure to be resilient and by building it in such a manner that the abnormal -effects are attenuated, and the curves describing the "force-transfer, or the spring-characteristics of the transverse anchors, of the yoke-like girders, of the restraining plate, and of the pressure-applying elements located between the girder and the plate, are designed in such a way and have such an effect that the local forces do not change if an abnormal event occurs, or change by only 5 to 20 %, and
d) the restraining compression is produced and/or compensated concurrently with the processes which adversely affect the force-distribution as a result of the shape of the surfaces, or as a result of manufacturing tolerances, by compensating these superficial tolerances in the adjoining regions with the aid of resilient or deformable materials which compensate local irregularities having a height of at least 2.5 mm.
2. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the spring of the transverse anchor is designed and dimensioned in such a manner that the integrated spring-constant C, in (N/m), of all springs of the transverse anchor on each end-face comes to lie, as a function of the wall height H, in (m), and of the distance I, in (m), from the level corresponding to halfway up the wall, within the undermentioned limits :
Figure imgb0010
where α = 10-6 (m2/N).
3. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in-that the geometrical moment of inertia I, in (m4), and hence the cross-section of the yoke-like girder, is dimensioned in such a manner that the untermentioned boundary-conditions are satisfied :
Figure imgb0011
the wall height being designated by H and p = 10-4 (m3).
4. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the flexural stiffness, and hence the geometrical moment of inertia I of the yoke-like girders, is regionally attenuated, in a smooth manner, and/or is graded by means of one or more steps, in the direction of the ends, starting from a level corresponding to half the oven height.
5. Restraining system according to Claim 4, characterised in that except at the ends, the geometrical moment of inertia proportionally follows the undermentioned function in an approximate manner: Root of (distance from the transverse anchor, divided by oven height).
6. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that at least one of the areas over which the geometric moment of inertia of the yoke-like girder is attenuated commences within the undermentioned distance from the outermost points on the restraining plate at which forces are transferred:
30 % (or 25 %) of the wall height, in the direction of the mid-point and/or
10 % of the wall height in the upward direction and
60 % of the wall height in the downward direction, beyond the last point at which a force acts.
7. Restraining system according to Claim 4, characterised in that at least one of the gradations is effected in the region between the outermost point on the restraining plate at which forces are transferred, and the next force-transfer point, or the next-but-one force-transfer point.
8. Restraining system according to Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that yoke-like girders are used having a geometrical moment of inertia which has been reduced to 65 to 80 %, the material of the yoke-like girders having a tensile strength which is at least 10 % higher than that of a conventional standard steel of average tensile strength, such as 370 N/mm2.
9. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the yoke-like girders are extended upwards, and pressure is applied to it indirectly, from one or two transverse anchors, via one or two yokes, the reaction-force at the other end of the yoke or the yokes being used to restrain the ceiling or the oven roof.
10. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the temperature-deformation of the yoke-like girder is reduced by temperature-equalisation employing an insulating and/or thermally conducting finish, a modification of the surface structure, or thermally conducting bridges from the region of the inner flange in the direction of the outer flange, the term « insulating also being understood as cladding by means of a thin sheet-metal jacket.
11. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the measures for equalising temperatures in the yoke-like girder are restricted to the region of the adjoining restraining plate, and/or to the front and rear faces of the yoke-like girder, or only to the lateral surfaces of the girder.
12. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that measures for equalising the temperatures in the region of the yoke-like girder are effected in the form of a surface-coating which radiates heat efficiently and has high radiation-absorption coefficients on the inner flange-surfaces of the profile-section, and/or a surface-coating having a relatively high reflectivity and/or insulating effect on one or both external surfaces of the two flanges of the profile-sections.
"13. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the temperature-deformation of the yoke-like girder is reduced by temperature-equalisation, the heat being transferred in accordance with the principle of closed heat pipes, employing evaporating and condensing heat transfer media and appropriate internal fittings.
14. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the pressure-applying elements (6) can be adjusted, individually, to prescribed forces which act on the restraining plate (7), adjustment being effected with the aid of screw-bolts (11) and/or indicators (12).
15. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that a predetermined force-tranfer to the restraining plate (7) is produced,directly or indirectly, with the aid of piston-like actuating elements, with the aid of one or more gas-pressure bellows (13), or with the aid of hydraulic pressure.
16. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the force-transfer elements (6) are designed as spring-elements, the springs of which can be adjusted in order to generate prescribed operating forces, these forces being distributed over the restraining plate (7) and producing a desired distribution of the superficial compression over the end-surface of the brickwork (9).
17. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the magnitudes of the spring-constants of the compression springs in the spring-elements (6) are specified in accordance with the criterion that, once established, the operating loads at the pressure-transfer points no longer change by more than ± 15 %, even in the event of the total disappearance of the thermal deformation-forces of the yoke-like girder (5), and/or of the restraining plate (7).
18. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that spring-elements (6) having a .low spring-stiffness are used for the force-transfer at the yoke-like girder, the overall length of the spring-elements being shortened by means of a prestressing device in order to simplify the erection work and/or in order to improve the force-adjustement, and are temporarily locked during erection and, if appropriate, during the warming-up period.
19. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that prestressed spring-elements (6) are used for the force-transfer at the yoke-like girder, the installation-length of these elements, in the unstressed state, being too large installation within the available distances.
20. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that, depending on the number of pressure-applying elements n between the yoke-like girder and the restraining plates, and depending on the oven height H in (m), the types of springs selected are such that the associated spring-constants Cm(N/m) fall within the undermentioned limits :
Figure imgb0012
21. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the spring-constants are graded, starting from the magnitude Cm in (N/m), as defined in Claim 20, as the value for the middle of the restraining plates, in the direction of the edges, depending on the distance from the mid-point I in (m) and the chamber-height H in (m), in an approximate manner according to the formula
Figure imgb0013
22. Restraining system according to Claim 21, characterised in that the number of turns of the springs, or of cup-spring units, and consequently the length of the spring-assembly, is shortened, from the mid-point towards the edge, in a manner corresponding approximately to the factor (1 - 4 12/H2).
23. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the undermentioned energy- storing pressure-applying spring-elements are used, individually or in combinations: Leaf springs, thin- walled tubes, sheet-metal laminations wound to form spirals resembling tubes, laterally-loaded cylindrical wire coils, torsion-springs, or plastic buffers subjected to compressive stressing.
24. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the mutual spacing S(m) of pressure-applying elements of the same type is designed to be variable over the length H(m) of the endwall to be restrained and, in this design, this spacing is increased, from the mid-point towards the edge, corresponding to the spacing I(m) and in a manner approximately according to the undermentioned formula, which starts from the assumption that the spacing S = Sm in the middle:
Figure imgb0014
25. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the pressure-applying elements are provided with protection against thermal radiation and flames.
26. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that for the purpose of restraining the end-faces of the brickwork having the wall-height H(m), either divided plates are used, which are subdivided into j sections of the length Hr, or undivided plates (j = 1) are used, these plates being presed against the brickwork at a total of n different levels by the point-forces of the yoke-like girder, and being dimensioned in a manner such that their geometrical moment of inertia Ij satisfies the following equation :
Figure imgb0015
8 being 10-s (m2).
27. Restraining system according to Claim 26, characterised in that the mean geometrical moments of inertia lj(m4) of the restraining plates having the length HIj(m) is smoothly and/or incrementally diminished in accordance with the distance I = (H/2j) - ΔI(m) from the mid-point of the individual plate towards the load-points at the ends, in a manner approximately according to the function.
Figure imgb0016
28. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the clamping surface of the restraining plate, facing the brickwork, is padded with fibre-material having a layer-thickness of at-least 25 mm in its unused condition.
29. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the clamping surface of the restraining plate is bevelled at an inclination of between 1.2 and 25°, and the associated headstone surface receives a chamfer having the same angle, or a smaller angle.
30. Restraining system according to Claim 1, characterised in that the clamping surfaces are provided, on one side, or on both sides, with one or more grooves and/or springs.
31. Restraining system according to one or several of the preceding Claims, characterised by its use for partition walls in industrial fumaces.
32. Restraining system according to one or several of the preceding Claims, characterised by its use for heating walls of chamber type coke ovens.
EP81107658A 1980-11-28 1981-09-26 Bracing system to alleviate the stresses produced in a multilayer wall Expired EP0053659B2 (en)

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AT81107658T ATE15263T1 (en) 1980-11-28 1981-09-26 CLAMPING SYSTEM TO AVOID DAMAGE TENSION AND SHEAR STRESSES IN APPLICABLE. MULTI-LAYER MASONRY PANES.

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DE3044897 1980-11-28
DE19803044897 DE3044897A1 (en) 1980-11-28 1980-11-28 CLAMPING SYSTEM TO AVOID HARMFUL TENSION AND SHEARING TENSIONS IN ANY MULTI-LAYER WALLWORK DISKS

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BR8107727A (en) 1982-08-31
CA1158859A (en) 1983-12-20
IN156315B (en) 1985-06-22
EP0053659B1 (en) 1985-08-28
AR228624A1 (en) 1983-03-30
AU552643B2 (en) 1986-06-12
DE3172035D1 (en) 1985-10-03
ES8207633A1 (en) 1982-10-01
ES506741A0 (en) 1982-10-01
JPS57117779A (en) 1982-07-22
JPH0254392B2 (en) 1990-11-21
EP0053659A1 (en) 1982-06-16
DE3044897A1 (en) 1982-07-08
US4732652A (en) 1988-03-22
AU7795581A (en) 1982-06-03
ZA816836B (en) 1982-09-29
ATE15263T1 (en) 1985-09-15

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