EP0032082B1 - Elektroakustischer Wandler mit aktiver Kalotte - Google Patents

Elektroakustischer Wandler mit aktiver Kalotte Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0032082B1
EP0032082B1 EP80401785A EP80401785A EP0032082B1 EP 0032082 B1 EP0032082 B1 EP 0032082B1 EP 80401785 A EP80401785 A EP 80401785A EP 80401785 A EP80401785 A EP 80401785A EP 0032082 B1 EP0032082 B1 EP 0032082B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
membrane
transducer
housing
accordance
pad
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80401785A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0032082A3 (en
EP0032082A2 (de
Inventor
Hugues Facoetti
Philippe Menoret
Francois Micheron
Patrick Petit
Pierre Ravinet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
Original Assignee
Thomson CSF SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson CSF SA filed Critical Thomson CSF SA
Priority to AT80401785T priority Critical patent/ATE3607T1/de
Publication of EP0032082A2 publication Critical patent/EP0032082A2/de
Publication of EP0032082A3 publication Critical patent/EP0032082A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0032082B1 publication Critical patent/EP0032082B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
    • H04R17/005—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers using a piezoelectric polymer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
    • H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
    • H04R7/12—Non-planar diaphragms or cones
    • H04R7/127—Non-planar diaphragms or cones dome-shaped
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
    • H04R7/26—Damping by means acting directly on free portion of diaphragm or cone
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R2307/00—Details of diaphragms or cones for electromechanical transducers, their suspension or their manufacture covered by H04R7/00 or H04R31/003, not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • H04R2307/029—Diaphragms comprising fibres
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S310/00—Electrical generator or motor structure
    • Y10S310/80—Piezoelectric polymers, e.g. PVDF

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to transmitters and receivers of acoustic waves in which a transducer element in the form of a piezoelectric polymer sheet is used to convert an alternating electric voltage into vibrations or vice versa.
  • a transducer element in the form of a piezoelectric polymer sheet is used to convert an alternating electric voltage into vibrations or vice versa.
  • the document "Radio Mentor Electronic", vol. 40, no. 8 August 8, 1974, Berlin DE describes on page 318 a microphone, an earpiece and a loudspeaker in which a sheet of polyvinylidene fluoride is stretched over a cushion of polyurethane foam, in order to present an active face radiating curved shape.
  • the domed or cylindrical shape being imposed by the cushion used, the sheet devoid of self-supporting properties is simply stretched by an outward push which results from the state of compression of the cushion.
  • the invention relates more particularly to loudspeakers and microphones in which the dome-shaped membrane is constituted by a self-supporting structure made of polymer material.
  • the concave and convex faces of this structure are coated with electrodes forming a capacitor.
  • the transducer effect implemented in these structures is manifested throughout the extent of the electro-sensitive zones located between the electrodes, which makes it possible to produce fully active domes.
  • the polymeric materials used to manufacture the active domes are in the form of homogeneous or bimorphic films, the thicknesses of which are generally between a few tens and a few hundred microns. In this case, the final shape can be obtained by thermoforming or by electroforming. Self-supporting structures with very thin walls can also be obtained by molding or coating.
  • document EP-A-0 002 161 Such embodiments of non-developable form are known from document EP-A-0 002 161. Thus, it becomes unnecessary to have recourse to a tensioning cushion to have the active radiating form. However for acoustic reasons, document EP-A-0 002 161 indicates the use, inside the housing of an electroacoustic transducer, of filling substances with damping effect such as polyurethane foams and wadding. glass.
  • the dome obtained has good mechanical strength due to the self-supporting properties which distinguish it from a flat film of comparable thickness.
  • a thrust in the center of the convex face of a dome one can create a mechanically stable knockout which completely distorts the electroacoustic properties.
  • This buckling phenomenon is reversible, but to regain the initial shape it is necessary to exert a thrust in the opposite direction to that which caused the knockout.
  • the user does not have access to the convex face of a dome-shaped membrane, which implies a delicate disassembly of the transducer when its membrane has been accidentally smashed.
  • the convex radiating face of an active dome can be protected by a grid, but this means is ineffective when the knockout results from an overpressure.
  • certain knock-outs can cause breakages such that the dome can no longer fully return to its original shape.
  • parasitic vibratory modes can appear and give rise to irregular deformations by standing waves.
  • the vibration of an active dome tends to amplify by resonance in a narrow range of the acoustic spectrum, which is detrimental to good sound reproduction.
  • the control of the frequency response characteristic of an active polymer dome is based on a damping of its own resonance and on those which can be made to act by acoustic coupling.
  • the modest efficiency of the piezoelectric polymer transducers does not make it possible to envisage a purely electric damping of the resonances which is both simple to implement and sufficiently effective.
  • the present invention proposes to associate with a self-supporting active structure of polymeric material an elastic support that is acoustically permeable and conforms to the shape of its concave face.
  • the pressure exerted by this support ensures resistance to the knock-outs of the dome and contributes to its mechanical-acoustic damping.
  • the invention relates to an electroacoustic transducer comprising a rigid housing capped by a self-supporting active radiating membrane made of polymer material having at least one bulge, said housing containing an acoustically permeable material and conforming to the shape of the concave parts of the internal face of the membrane radiant, characterized in that the concave parts liable to undergo knocking inwards of said housing are supported by a cushion made of said material; said cushion being delimited in thickness by said membrane and by a supporting structure linked to said housing so as to obtain in the event of knockout an internal thrust due to its crushing sufficient to restore said membrane to its primitive self-supporting form.
  • an electroacoustic transducer capable of operating as a loudspeaker, earpiece or microphone. It comprises an active self-porous membrane obtained by thermoforming, electroforming, molding or coating a film 3 of piezoelectric polymer material. The film 3 is coated on its two faces with conductive deposits 1 and 2 forming capacitor electrodes.
  • the membrane 1, 2, 3 is in the form of a dome, for example a spherical cap with center 0 and radius of curvature R.
  • the membrane assembly is electrically equivalent to a capacitor and when applied between the electrodes an alternating electric voltage, this active structure vibrates in a thickness mode accompanied by a tangential alternating elongation mode.
  • the membrane 1, 2, 3 covers a rigid case 8 and it is fixed by its periphery to the edge of the case 8 by means of a metal flange 4.
  • a metal ring 7 placed in an annular housing of the edge of the case 8 serves to establish electrical contact with electrode 2 which forms the concave face of the membrane.
  • the ring 7 is electrically connected to a terminal 6.
  • the collar 4 which clamps the periphery of the membrane also serves as an elastic connection for the electrode 1 which forms the convex face of the membrane.
  • a terminal 5 is fixed to the flange 4.
  • the inside of the housing 8 communicates with the outside through an orifice 9 which is used to balance the static pressures acting on either side of the membrane 1, 2, 3.
  • the volume inside the case is partially filled with absorbent material 10 to prevent the establishment of standing waves.
  • the volume 11 immediately adjacent to the electrode 2 is an air cushion at the static pressure of the air medium 12 in which the acoustic waves emitted or received propagate.
  • the frequency response characteristic of the electroacoustic transducer depends on the diameter D of the vibrating piston constituted by the radiating membrane 1, 2, 3, the compliance and the inertia thereof, as well as the acoustic impedance constituted by the case. 8.
  • the acoustic impedance of the box 8 is reduced to an acoustic capacity resulting from the volume of air enclosed and the active surface of the vibrating piston; the absorbent material 10 increases this capacity and introduces damping; the balancing hole 9 connects in parallel an acoustic inertia placed in series with an acoustic resistance.
  • the membrane shown in Figure 1 consists of a homogeneous film of piezoelectric polymer material.
  • the piezoelectric effect is of dipolar origin.
  • the materials which can be used to make the membrane are polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride PVF 2 , polyvinyl fluoride once substituted PVF and polyvinyl chloride. It is also possible to use copolymers such as the copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and of polyethylene tetrafluoride.
  • the manifestation of the piezoelectric properties is linked to a preliminary treatment which includes an intense electric polarization phase preceded or not by a mechanical stretching phase.
  • the membrane shown in FIG. 1 can be substituted for the one whose cross-section is given in FIG. 2.
  • the membrane of Figure 2 is of the bimorph type. It comprises two layers of polymer materials 13 and 14 which adhere perfectly to each other.
  • the layers 13 and 14 can be made of dielectric materials devoid of piezoelectric properties. At least one of these layers has undergone an electrical charge implantation treatment producing an excess of permanent charge.
  • an alternating excitation voltage is applied to electrodes 1 and 2
  • the action of electrostatic forces produces elongations which can be made different by an appropriate choice of materials and excess charge.
  • bending torques M are obtained which cause an alternating curvature of the membrane.
  • a bimorph membrane can be produced using an electrically charged polyethylene tetrafluoride film which adheres perfectly to a polyvinyl chloride film.
  • the bimorph structures can be made wholly or in part of piezoelectric polymer materials.
  • FIG. 3 shows schematically most of the structures which have just been described.
  • the housing 8 which contains a volume of air is capped by a self-supporting active membrane whose shape at rest is represented by the dotted line 15.
  • This membrane vibrates as a whole when it is subjected to an electrical or acoustic excitation, However, due to the peripheral fixation, standing wave phenomena can give rise, at certain frequencies, to parasitic vibrations 17 (curve in phantom).
  • the membrane can undergo a permanent depression 16 under the effect of an accidental push acting on the convex face. As the membrane is fixed to the housing 8, it is not possible to erase this depression since, without delicate disassembly, there is no access to the concave face.
  • FIG. 4 we can see a sectional view of an electroacoustic transducer according to the invention. It comprises a box 8 made of insulating material provided with a bottom 26 fitted with connection terminals 27 and 28.
  • a membrane 18 similar to those of FIGS. 1 or 2 covers a circular opening situated at the top of the box 8.
  • the membrane 18 rests on the rim of the circular opening of the housing 8 via a recessed metal ring 21. It is pinched by its flat annular periphery by means of a metal flange 4.
  • the electrodes which cover the faces of the membrane 18 are electrically connected to the collar 4 and to the ring 21 and these metal parts are in turn connected to the output terminals of a voltage step-up transformer 29.
  • the input terminals of the transformer 29 are connected to the terminals 27 and 28 which pass through the bottom of the housing 26.
  • the housing 8 immediately contains an acoustically permeable elastic support under the membrane 18.
  • This elastic support comprises at least two elements which are the cushion 19 and the grid 20, but these elements which are lightly pressed against the internal face of the membrane-18 are not lifting elements.
  • the membrane 18 is self-supporting and it imposes its shape on the cushion 19 thanks to the convex shape of the grid 20.
  • a plan view of the grid 20 is given in FIG. 5.
  • the texture of the materials used to make the cushion 19 is illustrated by FIGS. 7 and 8. As shown in FIG. 7, it is possible to use a low density felt mattress whose packing has been stabilized with the aid of a binder, but which has retained a high porosity and good acoustic permeability.
  • FIG. 8 shows a mattress of cellular material with communicating cells; due to the low density, the open partitioning is reduced to its simplest expression, that is to say a three-dimensional network of meshes. Mention may be made of various polymer foams such as polyurethane and polyester.
  • the cushion 19 being slightly compressed between the membrane 18 and the grid 20, it is the convex shape given to this which determines with the concave shape of the membrane 18 the thickness of the cushion 20. This thickness can vary from the center to the periphery of the membrane, or on the contrary be uniform if the center of curvature of the membrane 18 coincides with that of the grid 20.
  • the grid 20 is fixed by the inside of the housing against the rim which delimits the circular opening capped by the membrane .
  • a washer 22 held in place by the spacer 30 which bears on the bottom of the housing 26 ensures the clamping of the periphery of the grid 20.
  • This internal membrane 24 is clamped between two contact engagement rings 23 and 25 which are interposed between the washer 22 and the spacer 30.
  • the rings 23 and 25 are also connected to the transformer 29, so that the two membranes can cooperate with sound radiation.
  • the interior of the housing 8 can be lined with absorbent material 40 to increase its acoustic capacity and fight against standing waves.
  • the mechanical compliance of the grid 20 and its mass can be chosen to form a mechanical resonator coupled to the membrane 18 by the cushion 19.
  • the grid 20 can be produced from a polyvinyl chloride lattice having a thickness of 2 mm and diamond-shaped meshes whose diagonals measure 6 mm and 4.5 mm.
  • the cushion 19 is then formed by two superimposed discs cut from a polyester wool mattress having a load-free thickness of 3 mm.
  • a membrane 18 having a piston diameter D of 7 cm one of the discs has a diameter of 7 cm and the other a diameter of 4 cm.
  • the distance between the membrane 18 and the grid 20 is of the order of 3 mm, which ensures the compression of the superimposed discs.
  • FIG. 6 two readings of the frequency response curve corresponding to the transducer of FIG. 4 can be seen with the dimensions which have just been indicated.
  • the sound pressure level SPL was measured with a microphone placed in the axis of the transducer at a distance of 30 cm from the membrane 18.
  • the electrical excitation power or white noise is adjusted to an effective watt.
  • the curve 31 gives the response of the transducer of FIG. 4 without the support 19, 20 and without the membrane 24.
  • the curve 32 gives the response of the same transducer equipped this time with the support 19, 20. It can be seen that the natural resonance of the membrane 18 which extends between 10 and 18 kHz is flatter in the presence of cushion 19 which improves the response in this region of the acoustic spectrum.
  • the response is also improved between 0.63 and 5 kHz, because the resonance of the membrane support is used to accentuate its vibrational amplitude.
  • the trough that occurs on the curve 32 between 2 kHz and 5 kHz can be filled in by introducing the own radiation from the membrane 24 which can be designed to radiate in this region of the spectrum.
  • the membrane support according to the invention it has been possible to verify experimentally that the transducer has a high impact resistance, since the membrane 18 recovers its shape after a fall on its convex face.
  • the membrane 18 also withstands finger pressure well.
  • the cushion 19 introduces a mechanical coupling which cooperates with the dissipative properties of the material constituting this cushion.
  • the cushion also acts as a coupling element between the membrane 18 and the resonant structure that constitutes the grid 20. It is therefore possible to mechanically increase the ability to radiate from the membrane in another region of the acoustic spectrum than that where its own resonance is located.
  • the acoustic permeability of the cushion assembly 19, grid 20 also provides acoustic coupling with the other passive or active impedances which are contained in the housing 8.
  • the acoustic transparency can go hand in hand with the air permeability of the cushion and of the grid supporting this cushion, but it can also be eliminated when replacing the grid with a self-supporting shell of good mechanical compliance and of low mass and when a closed cell foam is used as a cushion.
  • the two elements of the elastic membrane support may be merged into one, for example by treatment with a suitable binder to one side of a fiber pad so that it fills i "according to a grid or a thin load-bearing wall.
  • the proposed device naturally extends to structures which provide a static pressure of non-uniform value along the membrane. This effect can result from the choice of an inhomogeneous thickness without load of the damping cushion and / or of a shape of the grid such that the interval separating it from the membrane varies in thickness.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)
  • Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Or Mechanical Vibrators, Or Delay Or Filter Circuits (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)

Claims (12)

1. Elektroakustischer Wandler mit einem starren Gehäuse (8), auf das eine aktive, abstrahlende Membran (1, 2, 3) aus Polymermaterial aufgesetzt ist, die wenigstens eine Wölbung aufweist, wobei das Gehäuse (8) ein schalldurchlässiges Material umschließt, das an die Form der konkaven Teile der Innenfläche der abstrahlenden Membran (1, 2, 3) angeschmiegt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die konkaven Teile, die eine Eindellung zur Innenseite des Gehäuses hin erfahren können, durch ein aus dem genannten Material gebildetes Kissen (19) abgestützt sind; wobei das genannte Kissen (19) in seiner Dicke durch die genannte Membran (1, 2, 3) und durch eine mit dem Gehäuse (8) verbundene Trägerstruktur (20) begrenzt ist, so daß für den Fall einer Eindellung ein innenseitiger Druck erhalten wird, der auf ihrer Eindrükkung beruht und ausreicht, um der genannten Membran (1, 2, 3) ihre ursprüngliche selbsttragende Gestalt wieder zu verleihen.
2. Wandler nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Trägerstruktur (20) ein mechanisch an dem Gehäuse (8) befestigtes Gitter ist; wobei das Kissen nicht den gesamten zwischen der Membran und dem Gehäuse gebildeten Raum ausfüllt.
3. Wandler nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Trägerstruktur (20) die eine Fläche des genannten Kissens (19) ist, welches durch ein Bindemittel versteift ist.
4. Wandler nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Kissen (19) aus einem Material gebildet ist, das aus vermengten Mineralfasern oder synthetischen Fasern zusammengesetzt ist.
5. Wandler nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Kissen (19) aus einem organischen Material vom Zellentyp gebildet ist.
6. Wandler nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die das organische Material bildenden Zellen untereinander in Verbindung sind.
7. Wandler nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die das organische Material bildenden Zellen geschlossen sind.
8. Wandler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Gehäuse (8) wenigstens ein abstrahlendes aktives Element (24) umschließt, das akustisch an die auf das Gehäuse (8) aufgesetzte Membran (18) angekoppelt ist.
9. Wandler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die abstrahlende Membran (18) die Gestalt einer Kalotte annimmt, die zur Außenseite des Gehäuses (8) hin konvex ist.
10. Wandler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er auf der Außenseite des Gehäuses eine schalldurchlässige elastische Abstützung umfaßt, die mit dem genannten Kissen so zusammenwirkt, daß die abstrahlende Membran (18) eingespannt wird.
11. Wandler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er wenigstens eine abstrahlende Membran (1, 2, 3) aus piezoelektrischem Polymermaterial umfaßt.
12. Wandler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er wenigstens eine abstrahlende Membran (1, 2, 13, 14) vom bimorphen Typ umfaßt.
EP80401785A 1980-01-08 1980-12-12 Elektroakustischer Wandler mit aktiver Kalotte Expired EP0032082B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80401785T ATE3607T1 (de) 1980-01-08 1980-12-12 Elektroakustischer wandler mit aktiver kalotte.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8000311A FR2473242A1 (fr) 1980-01-08 1980-01-08 Transducteur electroacoustique a dome actif
FR8000311 1980-01-08

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0032082A2 EP0032082A2 (de) 1981-07-15
EP0032082A3 EP0032082A3 (en) 1981-07-29
EP0032082B1 true EP0032082B1 (de) 1983-05-25

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80401785A Expired EP0032082B1 (de) 1980-01-08 1980-12-12 Elektroakustischer Wandler mit aktiver Kalotte

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4440983A (de)
EP (1) EP0032082B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS56103597A (de)
AT (1) ATE3607T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1158987A (de)
DE (1) DE3063551D1 (de)
DK (1) DK5081A (de)
FR (1) FR2473242A1 (de)

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US2496307A (en) * 1944-06-23 1950-02-07 Albert G Perkins Milk flow control for milking machines
US3424873A (en) * 1964-07-15 1969-01-28 Lincoln Walsh Coherent-sound loudspeaker
US3496307A (en) * 1967-12-30 1970-02-17 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Loudspeaker
US4045695A (en) * 1974-07-15 1977-08-30 Pioneer Electronic Corporation Piezoelectric electro-acoustic transducer
JPS51131315A (en) * 1975-05-10 1976-11-15 Hitachi Zosen Corp Microphone
GB1593271A (en) * 1976-09-21 1981-07-15 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Electro-acoustic transducers
FR2409654B1 (fr) * 1977-11-17 1985-10-04 Thomson Csf Dispositif transducteur piezoelectrique et son procede de fabrication

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0032082A3 (en) 1981-07-29
DE3063551D1 (en) 1983-07-07
FR2473242A1 (fr) 1981-07-10
FR2473242B1 (de) 1982-10-01
US4440983A (en) 1984-04-03
EP0032082A2 (de) 1981-07-15
CA1158987A (en) 1983-12-20
ATE3607T1 (de) 1983-06-15
JPS56103597A (en) 1981-08-18
DK5081A (da) 1981-07-09

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