EP0021850B1 - Alumina reduction cell, methods of producing such a cell, and use thereof in the manufacture of aluminium - Google Patents
Alumina reduction cell, methods of producing such a cell, and use thereof in the manufacture of aluminium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0021850B1 EP0021850B1 EP80302219A EP80302219A EP0021850B1 EP 0021850 B1 EP0021850 B1 EP 0021850B1 EP 80302219 A EP80302219 A EP 80302219A EP 80302219 A EP80302219 A EP 80302219A EP 0021850 B1 EP0021850 B1 EP 0021850B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- cathode
- titanium
- alumina
- vessel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- FZQSLXQPHPOTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [K+].[K+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 Chemical compound [K+].[K+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 FZQSLXQPHPOTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical group C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000399 optical microscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 zirconium carbides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004835 Na2B4O7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/66—Electroplating: Baths therefor from melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
Definitions
- This invention relates to an improved alumina reduction cell, to methods of producing such a cell, and to the use of the cell in the manufacture of aluminium.
- Aluminium metal is prepared electrolytically by the reduction of alumina.
- Conventional alumina reduction cells comprise a vessel having a refractory lining, frequently of carbon, containing, as molten electrolyte, alumina dissolved in fused cryolite.
- the floor of the cell or vessel is typically made of a carbonaceous material, which not only provides thermal insulation, but also serves as part of the cathode.
- At least one anode is disposed within the vessel spaced apart from the cathode.
- aluminium is formed by electrolytic reduction of the alumina.
- the molten aluminium formed is denser than the cryolite electrolyte and collects as a pool of metal on the floor of the cell.
- Molten aluminium metal is drained from the cell in order to prevent too deep a pool of aluminium metal forming on the floor of the cell. Quite clearly, the molten aluminium on the floor of the cell cannot be allowed to touch the anodes or short-circuiting of the cell would take place.
- Molten aluminium does not readily wet carbonaceous materials. This can quite easily be demonstrated by allowing a drop of molten aluminium to contact an untreated surface of a carbonaceous substrate whereupon the aluminium will form a bead or globule and will not spread over the surface of the carbonaceous substrate.
- the fact that molten aluminium metal does not readily wet or spread over the floor of an alumina reduction cell can cause operating problems.
- the deeper is the layer of molten aluminium at the bottom of a cell the greater necessarily must be the interelectrode distance. The greater is the inter-electrode distance the lower is the operating efficiency of the cell and the greater is the power requirement of the cell.
- the layer of molten aluminium formed upon an untreated carbonaceous cell floor is of sufficient thickness to permit thermal or magnetic currents to develop therein, making the layer somewhat unstable and liable to turbulence, so that waves can form in the layer and which can touch an anode and short-circuit the cell.
- the depth of the layer of molten aluminium at the bottom of a cell may vary from cell to cell, but typically is in the range from 3 to 8 centimetres.
- the coating is produced by adding to electrolyte within the cell a refractory metal or compound thereof so that, during operation of the cell, a coating of a carbide of the metal forms upon the carbon cathode surface.
- refractory metal carbides do not provide ideal coatings for carbon substrates in an alumina reduction cell since they are susceptible to thermal shock.
- U.S. Defensive Publication T993002 discloses the provision of a titanium diboride surface to contact molten aluminium at the bottom of an alumina reduction cell.
- the titanium diboride surface is provided by refractory tiles secured to a carbonaceous substrate. The tiles are stated to be wettable by molten aluminium and to be chemically inert under the conditions of the electrolytic process.
- titanium diboride is less susceptible to thermal shock when titanium carbide and a titanium diboride surface would make possible considerable energy savings during operation of the alumina reduction cell
- the tiles proposed for use in the Defensive Publication are of considerable thickness and therefore necessarily wasteful of titanium diboride, a very expensive material.
- Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 1974-67844 discloses a method of coating ferrous metals or their alloys with a titanium diboride layer by electrodeposition from a molten bath of a borate salt containing dissolved titanium.
- the reference states that the metal or alloy cathode to be used in the method must have a carbon content of less than 0.1 percent if a titanium carbide layer is not to be formed.
- the invention accordingly provides an aluminium reduction cell comprising a vessel having a refractory lining and at least one anode disposed within said vessel, wherein at least part of the vessel floor severes as a cathode and said cathode comprises a carbon substrate having an adherent surface layer of electrodeposited titanium diboride.
- the alumina reduction cell of the invention can be prepared by electrodepositing the titanium diboride layer on a carbonaceous cathode in situ in the cell, or by electrodepositing a layer of titanium diboride on at least one of the surfaces of carbonaceous blocks or elements externally of the cell and then installing the blocks or elements in a cell to provide the coated cathode surface.
- the coated blocks or elements are positioned on the floor of cell and secured thereto with, for example, pitch.
- An adherent surface layer of titanium diboride is formed in accordance with the invention, either on a carbonaceous cell floor or on constituent carbonaceous blocks or elements, by electrodeposition from a molten electrolyte consisting of a source of boron having titanium or a compound thereof dissolved therein.
- the carbonaceous cell floor or the blocks or elements serve as cathode and a firmly adherent surface layer forms thereon, with the electrodeposit of titanium diboride faithfully following the surface contours of the cathode.
- the anode preferably is of carbon since it has been found that better quality electrodeposits are formed with carbon anodes. It is, however, possible to use consumable titanium anodes which dissolve anodically to provide titanium values in the molten electrolyte.
- titanium anodes When using titanium anodes it is not necessary separately to dissolve a source of titanium in the molten electrolyte. If, however, a source of titanium is to be dissolved in the electrolyte, as for example when using carbon anodes, it is preferred to use titanium dioxide or a titanate as such a source. It is particularly preferred to use an electrolyte containing 2 to 10% by weight of titanium dioxide as a source of titanium.
- the molten electrolyte must contain a source of boron, and it is preferred to use an anhydrous borate as such a source, more particularly sodium tetraborate (borax) or potassium tetraborate.
- the molten electrolyte should be sufficiently conductive as to provide adherent electrodeposits of titanium diboride on the carbonaceous cathode and also sufficiently fluid as to permit ready removal from an electrolytic cell.
- the electrodeposit of titanium diboride is formed in situ in an alumina reduction cell, the electrolyte should be removed and the cell cleaned.
- the cell voltage should not exceed 2 volts if adherent electrodeposits are to be formed, but the conditions of the electrolysis for the deposition of the titanium diboride layer are otherwise not particularly critical. At voltages above 2 volts the electrodeposit becomes powdery and less adherent. Preferred voltages are from 1.2 to 1.8 volts.
- the current density can vary over a wide range and suitable values are from 5 to 100 milliamps per cm 2 .
- the temperature should clearly be one at which the electrolyte is molten and of the requisite conductivity. Suitable temperatures are in the region of 900 to 1000°C. If necessary a flux can be added to the electrolyte to assist in operating at a desired temperature.
- the electrolyte desirably is agitated to assist in the formation of good quality deposits and agitation can conveniently be provided by means of a rotating anode.
- the duration of the electrolysis will be dependent to a large extent upon the thickness desired for the titanium diboride surface layer. Prolonging the electrolysis, replenishing the electrolyte as required, will result in the production of thicker electrodeposits. If desired, successive layers can be built up by repeated electrodepositions.
- the titanium diboride layer can be electrodeposited directly onto an untreated carbonaceous cathode, but an underlayer of a titanium carbide electrodeposit can be provided if desired.
- the surface layer of titanium diboride on the carbonaceous cathode of the alumina reduction cell of the invention not only is readily wetted by molten aluminium with the advantages referred to above, but also reduces the penetration of the cathode by sodium metal which can be formed during the alumina reduction. When sodium penetrates a carbonaceous cathode it can cause breakdown of the cathode.
- Na 2 B 4 O 7 was electrolysed using a graphite cathode and a rotating titanium anode for 5 hours at 950°C at 1.5 volts and current density of 30 m.a. cm- 2 . After electrolysis the cathode was washed clean of electrolyte and X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy showed the presence of an adherent titanium diboride layer.
- An electrolyte containing 2% by weight Ti0 2 and 98% by weight K 2 B 4 O 7 was electrolysed using a graphite cathode and a titanium anode for five hours at 950°C at a voltage of 1.2 volts and a current density 5 m.a. cm- 2 . After electrolysis the remaining electrolyte was removed and X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy showed the graphite cathode to be coated with a layer of titanium diboride with an estimated thickness 20 ,um.
- K 2 B 4 O 7 was used as an electrolyte with a graphite cathode and titanium anode. This was electrolysed for 4.5 hours at 950°C at 1.5 volts and current density of 35 m.a. cm- 2 . After electrolysis the remaining electrolyte was washed off. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy showed the presence of a layer of titanium diboride on the surface of the graphite cathode with an estimated thickness 50 ,um.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT80302219T ATE4331T1 (de) | 1979-07-02 | 1980-07-01 | Tonerde-reduktionszelle, verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen zelle und ihre anwendung bei der herstellung von aluminium. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7922847 | 1979-07-02 | ||
| GB7922847 | 1979-07-02 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0021850A1 EP0021850A1 (en) | 1981-01-07 |
| EP0021850B1 true EP0021850B1 (en) | 1983-07-27 |
Family
ID=10506221
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP80302219A Expired EP0021850B1 (en) | 1979-07-02 | 1980-07-01 | Alumina reduction cell, methods of producing such a cell, and use thereof in the manufacture of aluminium |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0021850B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| JP (1) | JPS569384A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| AT (1) | ATE4331T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| AU (1) | AU530394B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| CA (1) | CA1172991A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE3064396D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GR (1) | GR67190B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| NO (1) | NO801986L (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| NZ (1) | NZ194195A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2558703C2 (ru) * | 2013-10-08 | 2015-08-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р.Е. Алексеева" НГТУ | Способ изготовления футеровки разливочного ковша |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2500488B1 (fr) * | 1981-02-24 | 1985-07-12 | Pechiney Aluminium | Procede de production d'aluminium selon la technique hall-heroult et cathode en refractaire electroconducteur pour la mise en oeuvre du procede |
| WO1983000338A1 (en) * | 1981-07-27 | 1983-02-03 | Martin Marietta Corp | Refractory hard material-carbon fiber cathode coatings for aluminum reduction cells |
| US4560448A (en) * | 1982-05-10 | 1985-12-24 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Aluminum wettable materials for aluminum production |
| ATE32107T1 (de) * | 1982-05-10 | 1988-02-15 | Eltech Systems Corp | Aluminium benetzbare materialien. |
| US5028301A (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1991-07-02 | Townsend Douglas W | Supersaturation plating of aluminum wettable cathode coatings during aluminum smelting in drained cathode cells |
| US5227045A (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1993-07-13 | Townsend Douglas W | Supersaturation coating of cathode substrate |
| US5961811A (en) * | 1997-10-02 | 1999-10-05 | Emec Consultants | Potlining to enhance cell performance in aluminum production |
| US6616829B2 (en) | 2001-04-13 | 2003-09-09 | Emec Consultants | Carbonaceous cathode with enhanced wettability for aluminum production |
| RU2299278C2 (ru) * | 2005-07-29 | 2007-05-20 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Инженерно-технологический центр" | Способ нанесения смачиваемого покрытия подины алюминиевого электролизера |
| RU2337184C2 (ru) * | 2006-11-30 | 2008-10-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Эксперт-Ал" (ООО "Эксперт-Ал") | Способ получения и поддержания защитного смачиваемого покрытия на углеродистых блоках катодного устройства электролизера для производства алюминия |
| CN102373488A (zh) * | 2011-10-26 | 2012-03-14 | 中国铝业股份有限公司 | 一种降低铝电解槽阴极压降的方法 |
| CN109695044B (zh) * | 2018-12-18 | 2020-10-09 | 广西师范大学 | 一种具有均匀致密TiB2层的钛基阴极材料及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3827954A (en) * | 1969-04-14 | 1974-08-06 | Us Interior | Electrodeposition of metallic boride coatings |
| US3661736A (en) * | 1969-05-07 | 1972-05-09 | Olin Mathieson | Refractory hard metal composite cathode aluminum reduction cell |
| FR2170188A1 (en) * | 1972-02-04 | 1973-09-14 | Borax Cons Ltd | Carbon cathodes for aluminium refining - with fused refractory coating to reduce erosion |
| CH576005A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1972-03-21 | 1976-05-31 | Alusuisse | |
| US3775271A (en) * | 1972-12-18 | 1973-11-27 | Interior | Electrolytic preparation of titanium and zirconium diborides using a molten, sodium salt electrolyte |
| US4093524A (en) * | 1976-12-10 | 1978-06-06 | Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation | Bonding of refractory hard metal |
-
1980
- 1980-06-30 NZ NZ194195A patent/NZ194195A/xx unknown
- 1980-06-30 CA CA000355116A patent/CA1172991A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-07-01 EP EP80302219A patent/EP0021850B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-07-01 AU AU59791/80A patent/AU530394B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-07-01 JP JP9048480A patent/JPS569384A/ja active Granted
- 1980-07-01 AT AT80302219T patent/ATE4331T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-07-01 GR GR62335A patent/GR67190B/el unknown
- 1980-07-01 NO NO801986A patent/NO801986L/no unknown
- 1980-07-01 DE DE8080302219T patent/DE3064396D1/de not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2558703C2 (ru) * | 2013-10-08 | 2015-08-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р.Е. Алексеева" НГТУ | Способ изготовления футеровки разливочного ковша |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0021850A1 (en) | 1981-01-07 |
| AU530394B2 (en) | 1983-07-14 |
| ATE4331T1 (de) | 1983-08-15 |
| NO801986L (no) | 1981-01-05 |
| JPS6343475B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1988-08-30 |
| CA1172991A (en) | 1984-08-21 |
| GR67190B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1981-06-24 |
| DE3064396D1 (en) | 1983-09-01 |
| NZ194195A (en) | 1982-03-30 |
| JPS569384A (en) | 1981-01-30 |
| AU5979180A (en) | 1981-01-15 |
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