DK164515B - Device for wedging a spring plate against a railway sleeper and method for the manufacture thereof - Google Patents
Device for wedging a spring plate against a railway sleeper and method for the manufacture thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK164515B DK164515B DK070591A DK70591A DK164515B DK 164515 B DK164515 B DK 164515B DK 070591 A DK070591 A DK 070591A DK 70591 A DK70591 A DK 70591A DK 164515 B DK164515 B DK 164515B
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- spring plate
- spring
- end portion
- rear end
- rail
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
- E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
- E01B9/28—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members
- E01B9/30—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips
- E01B9/306—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips the clip being a shaped plate
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
- E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
- E01B9/28—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members
- E01B9/30—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Clamps And Clips (AREA)
- Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
- Springs (AREA)
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
Description
iin
DK 164515BDK 164515B
Opfindelsen angår en indretning til at kile en fjederplade mod en jernbanesvelle og en fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af en sådan indretning.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a device for wedging a spring plate against a rail sleeve and to a method for making such a device.
5 Systemer til fastgørelse af en jernbaneskinne på en svelle, såsom de i FR-patentansøgning nr. 88/10759 eller i FR-paten-terne nr. 1 228 126 og 2 287 551 beskrevne omfatter som fastgørelseselementer, en fjederplade, et isolationsstop anbragt mellem pladen og skinnefoden og et middel til at fastgøre og 10 spænde pladen mod svellen.Systems for attaching a rail track to a sleeper, such as those described in FR Patent Application Nos. 88/10759 or in FR patents Nos. 1 228 126 and 2 287 551, comprise as fastening elements, a spring plate, an insulation stop disposed between the plate and rail foot and a means for attaching and clamping the plate against the slumber.
Sådanne systemer tilvejebringer mulighed for at fjederpladens bagende kan lægge an mod en trykfordelende indsats, som er i kontakt med fjederens bageste endedel. Denne indsats er nor-15 malt forsynet med et spor til optagelse og positionering af fjederpladens bageste endedel med henblik på at forhindre fjederpladen i at dreje.Such systems provide an opportunity for the rear end of the spring plate to abut against a pressure distributing insert which is in contact with the rear end portion of the spring. This insert is usually provided with a groove for receiving and positioning the rear end portion of the spring plate to prevent the spring plate from turning.
Et eksempel herpå er udførelsesformen beskrevet i CH-patent 20 nr. 301375 (SIDERVIA), og som omfatter en elastisk plade hvis bageste ende danner et retlinet fremspring anbragt i et spor dannet i en metalindsats fastgjort til og indlejret i svellen.An example of this is the embodiment described in CH Patent 20 No. 301375 (SIDERVIA), which comprises an elastic plate whose rear end forms a rectilinear projection arranged in a groove formed in a metal insert attached to and embedded in the sleeper.
Ved de traditionelle indretninger fremstilles indsatsen ved at 25 udskære et lille plant stykke af almindeligt valset stål. Den kan også fremstilles ved støbning i et plastmateriale med henblik på at undgå beskadigelse af betonsvellen.In the conventional devices, the insert is made by cutting a small flat piece of plain rolled steel. It can also be made by molding in a plastic material to avoid damaging the concrete slab.
I virkeligheden kan indsatsen formonteres på svellen under 30 fremstilling af sidstnævnte eller efterfølgende monteres herpå på jernbanestrækningen.In fact, the insert can be pre-assembled on the sleeper during manufacture of the latter or subsequently mounted on the rail section.
Dimensionerne af en sådan indsats afhænger af trykfordelingen, som skal ske over en stor overflade med henblik på at forhin-35 dre problemer forbundet med styrken af det materiale (træ eller beton), som udgør svellen.The dimensions of such an insert depend on the pressure distribution which must occur over a large surface in order to prevent problems associated with the strength of the material (wood or concrete) which constitutes the swell.
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22
Ulempen ved dette system beror hovedsageligt på prisen, idet det lille flade stykke valsede stål er relativt dyrt specielt på grund af, at det har et spor, som er valset ved hjælp af en speciel valse, og at det på grund af, at det er beregnet til 5 en specifik fjedertype, aldrig kan fremstilles i tilstrækkelig mængde til opnåelse af en fordelagtig pris.The disadvantage of this system is mainly due to the price, since the small flat piece of rolled steel is relatively expensive especially because it has a groove which is rolled by means of a special roller and because it is intended for a specific type of spring, can never be produced in sufficient quantity to obtain an advantageous price.
Endvidere er det ved denne indretning ikke selve svellen, som danner det sideværts anlægsmiddel for den bageste endedel af 10 pladen, men metal indsatsen.Furthermore, in this device, it is not the sleeper itself which forms the lateral abutment for the rear end portion of the plate, but the metal insert.
I FR-ansøgning nr. 88/10759 er svellerne af beton, og formålet er at finde den enkleste og billigste fastgørelsesmetode.In FR Application No. 88/10759 the sleepers are made of concrete and the purpose is to find the simplest and cheapest fastening method.
15 Formålet med opfindelsen er at løse dette nye tekniske problem tilfredsstillende ved hjælp af en indretning til at kile en fjederplade mod en jernbanesvelle, hvilken fjederplade danner en del af et system til fastgørelse af en skinne på en svelle af den art, der omfatter: 20 - spændemiddel , som strækker sig gennem en åbning dannet i fjederpladen ved at fjerne et mater ialeaf kl i p, og hvis låsning i svellen gør det muligt at presse fjederen mod skinnefoden og 25 - middel til at låse og presse fjederpladens bageste endedel mod svellen, hvilken indretning er ejendommelig ved at låse- og pressemid-30 let omfatter lodrette fremspr ing, som er dannet i svel leblokken og afgrænser et rum til vandret at optage afklippet på en sådan måde, at fjederpladens bageste endedel lægger vinkelret an mod afklippet og i sideværts retning lægger an mod fremspringene .The object of the invention is to solve this new technical problem satisfactorily by means of a device for wedging a spring plate against a railway sleeve, which spring plate forms part of a system for attaching a rail to a sleeper of the kind comprising: - tensioning means which extends through an opening formed in the spring plate by removing a feeder from ip and whose locking in the sleep allows the spring to be pressed against the rail foot and means for locking and pressing the rear end portion of the spring plate against the sleep, which device is characterized in that the locking and pressing means comprise vertical projections formed in the sealing block and defining a space for horizontally receiving the cut in such a way that the rear end portion of the spring plate is perpendicular to the cut and in a lateral direction. touches the projections.
Et andet formål med opfindelsen er at anvise en fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af en indretning til at kile en fjederplade 35 3Another object of the invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a device for wedging a spring plate 35
DK 164515BDK 164515B
mod en jernbaneskinne, hvilken fjederplade danner en del af et system til fastgørelse af en skinne på en svelle, og som omfatter fjernelsen af et materialeafklip fra fjederpladen med henblik på at danne en åbning gennem hvilken, der kan føres et 5' spændemiddel, hvis låsning i svellen gør det muligt at presse fjederen mod skinnefoden og låse og presse fjederpladens bageste endedel mod svellen, hvilken fremgangsmåde er ejendommelig ved, at låsningen og presningen af pladens bageste endedel opnås ved at anbringe afklippet vandret i et rum afgrænset 10 mellem lodrette fremspring dannet i svelleblokken og ved at bringe endedelen i anlægskontakt med afklippet.against a rail track, the spring plate forming part of a system for attaching a rail to a sleeper, and comprising the removal of a material cut from the spring plate to form an opening through which a 5 'tensioning means can be inserted, the locking of which in the sleeper, it is possible to press the spring against the rail foot and lock and press the rear end portion of the spring plate against the sleeve, which method is characterized in that the locking and pressing of the rear end portion of the plate is achieved by placing the cut horizontally in a space bounded 10 between vertical projections formed in the swelling block and by bringing the end portion into contact with the cut.
Åbningen i fjederpladen er normalt dannet ved koldstansning. Åbningens dimensioner (25 x 30 mm) og derved dimensionerne af 15 afklippet, dvs. det materialestykke, der fjernes for dannelse af åbningen er tilstrækkeligt til på passende måde at fordele trykket udøvet af fjederpladens bageste endedel på betonsvellen. Afklippet har i alt væsentligt form som to sammenstillede halvcirkler, hvis centre ligger i afstand fra hinanden.The opening in the spring plate is usually formed by cold stamping. The dimensions of the opening (25 x 30 mm) and thereby the dimensions of the cut, ie. the piece of material removed to form the opening is sufficient to appropriately distribute the pressure exerted by the rear end portion of the spring plate on the concrete slab. The clipping essentially takes the form of two juxtaposed semicircles whose centers are spaced apart.
2020
Hidtil er sådanne afklip blevet kasseret, men fra nu af vil de blive benyttet som anlægsplader og eliminere behovet for at fremstille eller købe de specielle indsatse. Foreliggende løsning gør det også muligt altid at producere samme fjeder-25 plader uanset, om de er beregnet til at blive benyttet til træsveller, som beskrevet i FR-patent nr. 2 287 551, eller til betonsveller, som beskrevet i FR-patentansøgning nr. 88/10759. Ved træsveller vil der fortsat blive benyttet et lille rektangulært med spor forsynet fladjern, medens der ved betonsveller 30 nu vil blive benyttet afklippet fremkommet ved dannelse af åbningen i fjederpladen.So far, such clippings have been discarded, but from now on they will be used as abutment plates and eliminate the need to manufacture or purchase the special inserts. The present solution also makes it possible to always produce the same spring sheets, whether they are intended for use in wood sleepers, as described in FR Patent No. 2 287 551 or for concrete sleepers, as described in FR patent application no. 88/10759. For wood sleepers, a small rectangular flat tracked flat iron will continue to be used, while for concrete sleepers 30, the cut produced by forming the opening in the spring plate will now be used.
Opfindelsen forklares nærmere nedenfor under henvisning til tegningen, hvor: fig. 1 viser ovenfra en fjederplade ifølge kendt teknik, 35The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, in which: FIG. 1 is a top view of a prior art spring plate, 35
DK 164515 BDK 164515 B
4 fig. 2, set i perspektiv et afklip fjernet fra fjederpladen i f i g. 1, fig. 3, set ovenfra et system til fastgørelse af en jernbane-5 skinne til en svelle med en fastki1 ingsindretning ifølge foreliggende opfindelse, fig. 4, set fra siden fastgørelsessystemet i fig. 3.4 FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a clip removed from the spring plate of f in g. 1; 3 is a top view of a system for attaching a rail 5 to a sleeper with a fastening device according to the present invention; FIG. 4 is a side view of the fastening system of FIG. Third
10 Fig. 1 viser en fjederplade 1 med i alt væsentligt trapezform, og i hvilken en åbning 4 er dannet ved at fjerne materiale (eksempelvis ved udstansning i kold tilstand). Det ved denne proces fremkomne materialestykke er et afklip 5 vist i fig. 2 og som har samme dimensioner som åbningen 4. Normalt ville af-15 klippet 5 blive kasseret, men dets dimensioner er således, at det har tilstrækkelig stor overflade til at blive benyttet som en anlægsplade for fjederen 1, når fjederen fastlåses i skinne-fastgørelsesstillingen.FIG. 1 shows a spring plate 1 of substantially trapezoidal shape, in which an opening 4 is formed by removing material (for example, by punching in a cold state). The piece of material resulting from this process is a clip 5 shown in FIG. 2 and having the same dimensions as the aperture 4. Normally, the clip 5 would be discarded, but its dimensions are such that it has a sufficiently large surface to be used as a contact plate for the spring 1 when the spring is locked in the rail attachment position. .
20 Ifølge foreliggende opfindelse beholdes afklippet og benyttes som anlægsplade.According to the present invention, the cut is retained and used as a contact plate.
Fig. 3 illustrerer et fastgørelsessystem, såsom det i FR-patentansøgning nr. 88/10759 beskrevne, men som er forsynet 25 med fastki1ingsindretningen ifølge foreliggende opfindelse.FIG. 3 illustrates a fastening system such as that described in FR Patent Application No. 88/10759, but which is provided with the fastening device of the present invention.
Fastgørelsessystemet omfatter et spændemiddel 3, der strækker sig gennem åbningen 4, dannet i fjederpladen 1 ved fjernelsen af afklipmaterialet 5. Fastlåsningsoperationen, der foregår 30 f.eks. ved at skrue spændemiddel 3 ind i svellen 2 gennem fjederen 1, presser fjederpladen 1 mod skinnens 3 fod 6.The fastening system comprises a tensioning means 3 extending through the opening 4 formed in the spring plate 1 by the removal of the cutting material 5. The locking operation, which takes place e.g. by screwing tension means 3 into the sleeper 2 through the spring 1, the spring plate 1 presses against the foot 6 of the rail 3.
Fjederens forreste ende 1A bringes således i anlægsberøring med et isolerende anlæg 9 anbragt mellem skinnen og fjederen 35 1.The front end 1A of the spring is thus brought into contact with an insulating system 9 arranged between the rail and the spring 35 1.
Med henblik på at forhindre fjederen i at dreje omkring spæn-demidlets 3 akse er det nødvendigt at fastkile fjederen.In order to prevent the spring from rotating about the axis of the tensioning means, it is necessary to wedge the spring.
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55
Denne fastkiling opnås ved hjælp af et middel til at låse og presse fjederpladens 1 bageste endedel IR mod svellen 2.This wedge is obtained by means of locking and pressing the rear end portion IR of the spring plate 1 against the sleeper 2.
Ifølge opfindelsen omfatter låse- og pressemidlet lodrette 5 fremspring 2D, 2G tildannet i svelleblokken 2. Fremspringene 2D, 2G danner et rum 7 til vandret at modtage afklippet 5, på hvilket den bageste endedel IR af fjederen 1 vil få anlægskontakt. Fremspringene 2D, 2G er dannet på svellen 2 parallelt med skinnen R og danner en ophøjet rand, mod hvilken den ydre 10 kant 8 af fjederens 1 bageste endedel eller hæl IR støder og har anlæg i sideværts retning.According to the invention, the locking and pressing means comprises vertical projections 2D, 2G formed in the swell block 2. The projections 2D, 2G form a space 7 for horizontally receiving the cutout 5, on which the rear end portion IR of the spring 1 will make contact with the contact. The projections 2D, 2G are formed on the sleeve 2 parallel to the rail R and form a raised edge against which the outer edge 10 of the rear end portion or heel IR of the spring 1 abuts and has abutments in a lateral direction.
Den største dimension af afklippet 5 (dannet af to forenede halvcirkler med en diameter på 25 mm, og hvis centre er for-15 skudt 5 mm i forhold til hinanden, hvorved der fremkommer et areal på ca. 6 cm2) er mindre end bredden af fjederens 1 bageste endedel IR, som er ca. 70 mm. Den bageste endedel IR er buet og hviler derfor kun ved hjælp af dens midterste område og ved hjælp af dens kant på afklippet 5, som både virker som 20 en anlægsplade til fordeling af trykket og som en beskyttelsesplade for materialet, der udgør svellen 2.The largest dimension of the cut 5 (formed by two unified semicircles of 25 mm diameter and whose centers are displaced 5 mm relative to each other, giving an area of about 6 cm 2) is less than the width of the rear end portion IR of the spring 1 which is approx. 70 mm. The rear end portion IR is curved and therefore rests only by its middle region and by its edge on the cutout 5, which acts both as a contact plate for distributing the pressure and as a protective plate for the material constituting the sleep 2.
Fjederen 1 udøver på afklippet 5 en kraft på tilnærmelsesvis 630 kg, hvilket svarer til et tryk på ca. 105 kg/cm2 og er 25 fuldt acceptabelt for betonskinner, idet tykkelsen af afklippet 5 er ca. 4 mm og dens brudstyrke ca. 70 kg/mm2.The spring 1 exerts on the clip 5 a force of approximately 630 kg, which corresponds to a pressure of approx. 105 kg / cm 2 and is fully acceptable for concrete rails, the thickness of the cut 5 being approx. 4 mm and its breaking strength approx. 70 kg / mm2.
Fjederens bageste endedel til anlægstryk mod svellen 2 er i alt væsentligt vinkelret på afklippet 5. Som følge heraf ud-30 sættes fremspringene 2D, 2G kun for meget små belastninger og risikerer ikke at blive beskadiget.The rear end portion of the spring for abutment pressure against the sleeper 2 is substantially perpendicular to the cutout 5. As a result, the projections 2D, 2G are only exposed to very small loads and do not risk being damaged.
Afklippet har derfor alle de nødvendige egenskaber for opfyldelse af dets funktion. Fordybn i ngen 7 med afklippet 5 er be-35 liggende i fjederpladens 1 symmetriplan. Fremspringene 2D, 2G tillader tværgående positionering af fjederpladen 1 i forhold til skinnen sammen med spændemidlet 3 og forhindrer enhver rotation af fjederen 1 omkring spændemidlet akse.The cut therefore has all the necessary properties to fulfill its function. Immerse in the groove 7 with the cutout 5 located in the symmetry plane of the spring plate 1. The projections 2D, 2G allow transverse positioning of the spring plate 1 with respect to the rail together with the tensioning means 3 and prevent any rotation of the spring 1 about the tensioning axis.
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8813763 | 1988-10-19 | ||
| FR8813763A FR2627519B1 (en) | 1988-10-19 | 1988-10-19 | DEVICE FOR SETTING A SPRING BLADE ON A RAILWAY CROSSING |
| PCT/FR1989/000504 WO1990004680A1 (en) | 1988-10-19 | 1989-09-29 | Device for wedging a spring blade on a railway slipper |
| FR8900504 | 1989-09-29 |
Publications (4)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK70591A DK70591A (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| DK70591D0 DK70591D0 (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| DK164515B true DK164515B (en) | 1992-07-06 |
| DK164515C DK164515C (en) | 1992-11-23 |
Family
ID=9371168
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK070591A DK164515C (en) | 1988-10-19 | 1991-04-18 | DEVICE FOR COILING A SPRING PLATE AGAINST A RAILWAY SWEATER AND PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCING IT |
Country Status (17)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0439485B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH04501149A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR900702140A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8907730A (en) |
| DK (1) | DK164515C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2016218A6 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI911869A0 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2627519B1 (en) |
| GR (1) | GR1000526B (en) |
| IE (1) | IE63432B1 (en) |
| MA (1) | MA21639A1 (en) |
| MY (1) | MY104212A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO176063C (en) |
| OA (1) | OA09099A (en) |
| PT (1) | PT91935B (en) |
| TN (1) | TNSN89113A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1990004680A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2657631B1 (en) * | 1990-01-30 | 1997-05-09 | Allevard Ind Sa | DEVICE FOR FIXING RAILWAY RAIL ON A CONCRETE OR METAL SUPPORT. |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH301375A (en) * | 1952-07-14 | 1954-09-15 | Sidervia S A | Rail fixing device. |
| GB869834A (en) * | 1958-10-23 | 1961-06-07 | Tempered Spring Company Ltd | Improvements in or relating to railway rail fastenings |
| FR2134867A6 (en) * | 1971-04-22 | 1972-12-08 | Peyresaubes Raoul |
-
1988
- 1988-10-19 FR FR8813763A patent/FR2627519B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-09-19 MY MYPI89001279A patent/MY104212A/en unknown
- 1989-09-27 MA MA21893A patent/MA21639A1/en unknown
- 1989-09-28 GR GR890100616A patent/GR1000526B/en unknown
- 1989-09-29 EP EP89911561A patent/EP0439485B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-09-29 WO PCT/FR1989/000504 patent/WO1990004680A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1989-09-29 JP JP1510794A patent/JPH04501149A/en active Pending
- 1989-09-29 KR KR1019900701325A patent/KR900702140A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-09-29 BR BR898907730A patent/BR8907730A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-02 IE IE314489A patent/IE63432B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-10 PT PT91935A patent/PT91935B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-18 ES ES8903509A patent/ES2016218A6/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-19 OA OA59666A patent/OA09099A/en unknown
- 1989-10-19 TN TNTNSN89113A patent/TNSN89113A1/en unknown
-
1991
- 1991-04-15 NO NO911471A patent/NO176063C/en unknown
- 1991-04-18 FI FI911869A patent/FI911869A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-04-18 DK DK070591A patent/DK164515C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0439485B1 (en) | 1993-03-31 |
| ES2016218A6 (en) | 1990-10-16 |
| NO911471L (en) | 1991-04-15 |
| TNSN89113A1 (en) | 1991-02-04 |
| NO911471D0 (en) | 1991-04-15 |
| FR2627519A1 (en) | 1989-08-25 |
| OA09099A (en) | 1991-10-31 |
| GR1000526B (en) | 1992-08-25 |
| DK70591A (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| MA21639A1 (en) | 1990-04-01 |
| FR2627519B1 (en) | 1990-08-10 |
| DK164515C (en) | 1992-11-23 |
| MY104212A (en) | 1994-02-28 |
| KR900702140A (en) | 1990-12-05 |
| IE893144L (en) | 1990-04-19 |
| PT91935A (en) | 1990-04-30 |
| GR890100616A (en) | 1990-11-29 |
| NO176063C (en) | 1995-01-25 |
| IE63432B1 (en) | 1995-04-19 |
| JPH04501149A (en) | 1992-02-27 |
| NO176063B (en) | 1994-10-17 |
| PT91935B (en) | 1995-08-09 |
| EP0439485A1 (en) | 1991-08-07 |
| DK70591D0 (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| FI911869A0 (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| WO1990004680A1 (en) | 1990-05-03 |
| BR8907730A (en) | 1991-08-27 |
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