DE69907477T2 - Drahtelektrode zum Funkenerodieren und Verfahren zur Herstellung - Google Patents
Drahtelektrode zum Funkenerodieren und Verfahren zur Herstellung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE69907477T2 DE69907477T2 DE69907477T DE69907477T DE69907477T2 DE 69907477 T2 DE69907477 T2 DE 69907477T2 DE 69907477 T DE69907477 T DE 69907477T DE 69907477 T DE69907477 T DE 69907477T DE 69907477 T2 DE69907477 T2 DE 69907477T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- manganese
- electrode
- wire
- alloy
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000009760 electrical discharge machining Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004532 chromating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229960000999 sodium citrate dihydrate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000914 Mn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract 1
- RZLVQBNCHSJZPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RZLVQBNCHSJZPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 32
- 229910002535 CuZn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- WJZHMLNIAZSFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese zinc Chemical compound [Mn].[Zn] WJZHMLNIAZSFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000010407 anodic oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100493713 Caenorhabditis elegans bath-45 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101001094044 Mus musculus Solute carrier family 26 member 6 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPDFFVBPXCTEDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Cu] HPDFFVBPXCTEDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008451 emotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H7/00—Processes or apparatus applicable to both electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining
- B23H7/22—Electrodes specially adapted therefor or their manufacture
- B23H7/24—Electrode material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H7/00—Processes or apparatus applicable to both electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining
- B23H7/02—Wire-cutting
- B23H7/08—Wire electrodes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99124586A EP1106293B1 (fr) | 1999-12-09 | 1999-12-09 | Electrode pour l'usinage d'une pièce par électroérosion et son procédé de fabrication |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69907477D1 DE69907477D1 (de) | 2003-06-05 |
| DE69907477T2 true DE69907477T2 (de) | 2004-04-08 |
Family
ID=8239568
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69907477T Expired - Lifetime DE69907477T2 (de) | 1999-12-09 | 1999-12-09 | Drahtelektrode zum Funkenerodieren und Verfahren zur Herstellung |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6495788B1 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1106293B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP2001225228A (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100740188B1 (enExample) |
| AT (1) | ATE238874T1 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE69907477T2 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2196710T3 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TW486398B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100484990B1 (ko) * | 2002-12-24 | 2005-04-22 | 주식회사 풍국통상 | 용융아연도금법을 이용한 방전가공기용 아연 코팅 전극선제조방법 |
| DE102005031605B4 (de) * | 2005-07-06 | 2009-10-22 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Aero- bzw. hydrostatische Elektrodenführung zur funkenerosiven Bearbeitung |
| JP5239570B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-04 | 2013-07-17 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 亜鉛系めっき鋼板 |
| US20100126877A1 (en) * | 2008-11-24 | 2010-05-27 | General Electric Company | Electrochemical grinding electrode, and apparatus and method using the same |
| CN102784979A (zh) * | 2011-05-20 | 2012-11-21 | 昆山市瑞捷精密模具有限公司 | 快走丝电火花加工用金属丝及其制备方法 |
| CN102806394A (zh) * | 2011-05-30 | 2012-12-05 | 昆山市瑞捷精密模具有限公司 | 钼铜合金电火花线切割用皮芯结构丝材 |
| CN102806392A (zh) * | 2011-05-30 | 2012-12-05 | 昆山市瑞捷精密模具有限公司 | 铜锌合金电火花线切割用皮芯结构丝材 |
| RU2555266C2 (ru) * | 2013-01-09 | 2015-07-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Воронежский государственный технический университет" | Способ изготовления проволочного электрода-инструмента для электроэрозионной обработки |
| CN105562857A (zh) * | 2016-02-17 | 2016-05-11 | 苏州华冲精密机械有限公司 | 一种高精度线切割加工方法 |
| CN109986153A (zh) * | 2019-03-07 | 2019-07-09 | 成都虹波实业股份有限公司 | 一种电极丝涂覆材料、电极丝的制备方法及应用 |
| CN114211063B (zh) * | 2021-10-18 | 2022-12-20 | 宁波博德高科股份有限公司 | 一种电火花放电加工用电极丝及其制备方法 |
| CN115365298B (zh) * | 2022-08-11 | 2024-06-07 | 湘潭大学 | 一种高强度Zn-Se基三元合金及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN116103553A (zh) * | 2023-01-06 | 2023-05-12 | 北京大学 | 一种Mo-Mn系可降解钼合金及其制备方法与应用 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2015909B (en) * | 1978-03-03 | 1982-12-01 | Charmilles Sa Ateliers | Electrode for spark erosion machining |
| SE444278B (sv) * | 1979-10-11 | 1986-04-07 | Charmilles Sa Ateliers | Tradformig elektrod samt sett att tillverka sadan elektrod |
| JPS59129744A (ja) * | 1983-01-18 | 1984-07-26 | Inoue Japax Res Inc | ワイヤカツト放電加工用電極材 |
| JPS62148121A (ja) * | 1985-12-20 | 1987-07-02 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 放電加工用カツトワイヤ |
| JPS6478724A (en) * | 1987-09-17 | 1989-03-24 | Fanuc Ltd | Electric discharge machining wire |
| ES2033916T3 (es) * | 1987-10-23 | 1993-04-01 | Berkenhoff Gmbh | Electrodo erosivo, esencialmente electrodo de alambre para la mecanizacion electrica-erosiva. |
| KR920010862B1 (ko) * | 1988-06-30 | 1992-12-19 | 미쯔비시 덴끼 가부시기가이샤 | 와이어컷방전 가공용 와이어전극 |
| FR2654964B1 (fr) * | 1989-11-27 | 1994-07-08 | Thermo Compact | Electrode filiforme a revetement metallique pour etincelage erosif, et procede pour sa realisation. |
| DE9013722U1 (de) * | 1990-10-02 | 1991-01-24 | Berkenhoff GmbH, 6301 Heuchelheim | Drahtelektrode |
| US5808262A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-09-15 | Swil Limited | Wire electrode for electro-discharge machining and method of manufacturing same |
| FR2747329B1 (fr) * | 1996-04-11 | 1998-05-22 | Thermocompact Sa | Structure de fil electrode pour electroerosion, procede pour sa fabrication, et application a l'electroerosion |
| FR2749324B1 (fr) * | 1996-06-04 | 1998-08-07 | Thermocompact Sa | Procede et dispositif de zingage d'un fil d'electroerosion, et fil ainsi obtenu |
| FR2778489B1 (fr) * | 1998-05-07 | 2006-05-12 | Thermocompact Sa | Procede et dispositif pour la fabrication d'un fil electrode pour electroerosion |
| KR100543847B1 (ko) * | 2005-04-01 | 2006-01-20 | 주식회사 엠에이씨티 | 방전가공용 전극선 및 그 제조 방법 |
-
1999
- 1999-12-09 DE DE69907477T patent/DE69907477T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-09 EP EP99124586A patent/EP1106293B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-09 ES ES99124586T patent/ES2196710T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-09 AT AT99124586T patent/ATE238874T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-11-16 TW TW089124294A patent/TW486398B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-11-22 US US09/716,938 patent/US6495788B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-12-08 KR KR1020000074542A patent/KR100740188B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-12-11 JP JP2000375824A patent/JP2001225228A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1106293A1 (fr) | 2001-06-13 |
| TW486398B (en) | 2002-05-11 |
| EP1106293B1 (fr) | 2003-05-02 |
| ATE238874T1 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
| KR100740188B1 (ko) | 2007-07-16 |
| DE69907477D1 (de) | 2003-06-05 |
| KR20010062257A (ko) | 2001-07-07 |
| JP2001225228A (ja) | 2001-08-21 |
| ES2196710T3 (es) | 2003-12-16 |
| US6495788B1 (en) | 2002-12-17 |
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