DE69703255T2 - Druckkopf und Verfahren zum Kontrollieren der Ausbreitung eines Fluids um eine Düsenöffnung - Google Patents
Druckkopf und Verfahren zum Kontrollieren der Ausbreitung eines Fluids um eine DüsenöffnungInfo
- Publication number
- DE69703255T2 DE69703255T2 DE69703255T DE69703255T DE69703255T2 DE 69703255 T2 DE69703255 T2 DE 69703255T2 DE 69703255 T DE69703255 T DE 69703255T DE 69703255 T DE69703255 T DE 69703255T DE 69703255 T2 DE69703255 T2 DE 69703255T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- printhead
- spread
- controlling
- nozzle opening
- fluid around
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1623—Manufacturing processes bonding and adhesion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2/14201—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements
- B41J2/14233—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements of film type, deformed by bending and disposed on a diaphragm
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2/14201—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements
- B41J2/14274—Structure of print heads with piezoelectric elements of stacked structure type, deformed by compression/extension and disposed on a diaphragm
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1606—Coating the nozzle area or the ink chamber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/162—Manufacturing of the nozzle plates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1625—Manufacturing processes electroforming
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1626—Manufacturing processes etching
- B41J2/1629—Manufacturing processes etching wet etching
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1631—Manufacturing processes photolithography
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1632—Manufacturing processes machining
- B41J2/1634—Manufacturing processes machining laser machining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1637—Manufacturing processes molding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/164—Manufacturing processes thin film formation
- B41J2/1646—Manufacturing processes thin film formation thin film formation by sputtering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/21—Ink jet for multi-colour printing
- B41J2/2107—Ink jet for multi-colour printing characterised by the ink properties
- B41J2/211—Mixing of inks, solvent or air prior to paper contact
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2002/14475—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads characterised by nozzle shapes or number of orifices per chamber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2202/00—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet or thermal heads
- B41J2202/01—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet heads
- B41J2202/21—Line printing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/42—Piezoelectric device making
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49401—Fluid pattern dispersing device making, e.g., ink jet
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1596896 | 1996-01-31 | ||
JP8318185A JPH09267494A (ja) | 1996-01-31 | 1996-11-28 | プリンタ装置及びその製造方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69703255D1 DE69703255D1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
DE69703255T2 true DE69703255T2 (de) | 2001-04-05 |
Family
ID=26352203
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69703255T Expired - Fee Related DE69703255T2 (de) | 1996-01-31 | 1997-01-31 | Druckkopf und Verfahren zum Kontrollieren der Ausbreitung eines Fluids um eine Düsenöffnung |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6257700B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP0787588B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH09267494A (de) |
DE (1) | DE69703255T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6624382B2 (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 2003-09-23 | Anvik Corporation | Configured-hole high-speed drilling system for micro-via pattern formation, and resulting structure |
US6259463B1 (en) | 1997-10-30 | 2001-07-10 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Multi-drop merge on media printing system |
US6193347B1 (en) | 1997-02-06 | 2001-02-27 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Hybrid multi-drop/multi-pass printing system |
JP3768645B2 (ja) * | 1997-06-18 | 2006-04-19 | キヤノン株式会社 | インクジェット記録ヘッド |
US6749296B2 (en) | 1997-07-02 | 2004-06-15 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Ink jet recording apparatus |
US6234613B1 (en) * | 1997-10-30 | 2001-05-22 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Apparatus for generating small volume, high velocity ink droplets in an inkjet printer |
US6193345B1 (en) | 1997-10-30 | 2001-02-27 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Apparatus for generating high frequency ink ejection and ink chamber refill |
US6179413B1 (en) * | 1997-10-31 | 2001-01-30 | Hewlett-Packard Company | High durability polymide-containing printhead system and method for making the same |
FR2779667B1 (fr) * | 1998-06-12 | 2001-06-29 | Eastman Kodak Co | Dispositif pour gerer le deplacement de fluides |
US6435665B2 (en) | 1998-06-12 | 2002-08-20 | Eastman Kodak Company | Device for controlling fluid movement |
GB2338928B (en) | 1998-07-02 | 2000-08-09 | Tokyo Electric Co Ltd | A driving method of an ink-jet head |
GB2338927B (en) * | 1998-07-02 | 2000-08-09 | Tokyo Electric Co Ltd | A driving method of an ink-jet head |
US6421365B1 (en) * | 1999-11-18 | 2002-07-16 | Lambda Physik Ag | Narrow band excimer or molecular fluorine laser having an output coupling interferometer |
US6527370B1 (en) | 1999-09-09 | 2003-03-04 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Counter-boring techniques for improved ink-jet printheads |
BR0106655A (pt) * | 2000-06-19 | 2002-06-18 | Ross Operating Valve Co | Sistema de controle de pressão intrinsecamente seguro, e respectivo equipamento regulador de pressão controlado por microprocessador intrinsecamente seguro |
KR100408268B1 (ko) * | 2000-07-20 | 2003-12-01 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 버블 젯 방식의 잉크 젯 프린트 헤드 및 그 제조방법 |
US6443564B1 (en) | 2000-11-13 | 2002-09-03 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Asymmetric fluidic techniques for ink-jet printheads |
DE10207292B4 (de) * | 2002-02-21 | 2005-08-11 | Siemens Ag | Piezostack und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Piezostacks |
US6987348B2 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2006-01-17 | Palo Alto Research Center Inc. | Piezoelectric transducers |
US6967431B2 (en) | 2002-12-13 | 2005-11-22 | Palo Alto Research Center Inc. | Piezoelectric transducers and methods of manufacture |
DE60324654D1 (de) * | 2002-12-13 | 2008-12-24 | Xerox Corp | Piezoelektrische Wandler |
US6938988B2 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2005-09-06 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Counter-bore of a fluid ejection device |
JP4711280B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-14 | 2011-06-29 | オリンパス株式会社 | 画像記録装置 |
CN1878677B (zh) * | 2003-11-04 | 2010-06-09 | 统宝光电股份有限公司 | 提高微滴定位精度的方法及其得到的喷墨打印头、打印盒和打印装置 |
JP2006182014A (ja) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-07-13 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 撥液増大構造体およびその製造方法、液体吐出ヘッドならびに防汚フィルム |
TWI285176B (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2007-08-11 | Benq Corp | Method of sealing the nozzle |
US7377620B2 (en) * | 2005-05-26 | 2008-05-27 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Hydrophobic nozzle exit with improved micro fluid ejection dynamics |
US7926177B2 (en) * | 2005-11-25 | 2011-04-19 | Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. | Method of forming hydrophobic coating layer on surface of nozzle plate of inkjet printhead |
JP2007237718A (ja) * | 2006-03-13 | 2007-09-20 | Seiko Epson Corp | インクジェットヘッドの製造方法 |
US7771012B2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2010-08-10 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Liquid ejecting head and liquid ejecting apparatus |
JP5315697B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-31 | 2013-10-16 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液体噴射ヘッド、及び、液体噴射装置 |
JP5957880B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-27 | 2016-07-27 | 株式会社リコー | 液滴吐出装置および画像形成装置 |
JP6122298B2 (ja) * | 2013-01-09 | 2017-04-26 | エスアイアイ・プリンテック株式会社 | ヘッドチップの製造方法 |
JP2014208447A (ja) * | 2013-03-28 | 2014-11-06 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液体噴射ヘッドおよび液体噴射装置 |
WO2015163888A1 (en) * | 2014-04-24 | 2015-10-29 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Fluidic ejection device with layers having different light sensitivities |
WO2017015414A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 | 2017-01-26 | Zito Jr Arthur J | Responsive dispersion from compartment in aqueous solution |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS56146783A (en) * | 1980-04-18 | 1981-11-14 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Ink jet deflecting electrode |
US4746935A (en) * | 1985-11-22 | 1988-05-24 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Multitone ink jet printer and method of operation |
JPH02121843A (ja) * | 1988-10-31 | 1990-05-09 | Canon Inc | 液体噴射記録ヘッドおよび該ヘッドの製造方法 |
US5212050A (en) * | 1988-11-14 | 1993-05-18 | Mier Randall M | Method of forming a permselective layer |
JPH0564889A (ja) * | 1990-12-14 | 1993-03-19 | Ricoh Co Ltd | インク飛翔記録方法及び装置及び該装置の製作方法 |
JPH04355151A (ja) * | 1991-06-03 | 1992-12-09 | Seiko Epson Corp | インクジェット記録ヘッドおよびその製造方法 |
GB9202434D0 (en) * | 1992-02-05 | 1992-03-18 | Xaar Ltd | Method of and apparatus for forming nozzles |
JP3196796B2 (ja) * | 1992-06-24 | 2001-08-06 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | インクジェット記録ヘッドのノズル形成方法 |
AU676214B2 (en) | 1992-10-19 | 1997-03-06 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Ink jet head having improved jet port surface, and ink jet apparatus equipped with the ink jet head |
JPH07117237A (ja) * | 1993-10-26 | 1995-05-09 | Sony Corp | インクジェットプリントヘッドおよびインクジェットプリンタ |
US6036295A (en) | 1993-11-26 | 2000-03-14 | Sony Corporation | Ink jet printer head and method for manufacturing the same |
US5429909A (en) * | 1994-08-01 | 1995-07-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Overcoat layer for laser ablative imaging |
JPH08323982A (ja) * | 1995-03-29 | 1996-12-10 | Sony Corp | 液体噴射記録装置 |
US5811019A (en) * | 1995-03-31 | 1998-09-22 | Sony Corporation | Method for forming a hole and method for forming nozzle in orifice plate of printing head |
US6086196A (en) * | 1995-04-14 | 2000-07-11 | Sony Corporation | Printing device |
-
1996
- 1996-11-28 JP JP8318185A patent/JPH09267494A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-01-24 US US08/787,269 patent/US6257700B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-01-31 DE DE69703255T patent/DE69703255T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-01-31 EP EP97400232A patent/EP0787588B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-07-09 US US09/349,982 patent/US6276057B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0787588A2 (de) | 1997-08-06 |
US6276057B1 (en) | 2001-08-21 |
EP0787588A3 (de) | 1998-03-18 |
EP0787588B1 (de) | 2000-10-11 |
US6257700B1 (en) | 2001-07-10 |
DE69703255D1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
JPH09267494A (ja) | 1997-10-14 |
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