DE69419941T2 - Verfahren zur isomerisierung von linearen olefinen zu isoolefinen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur isomerisierung von linearen olefinen zu isoolefinenInfo
- Publication number
- DE69419941T2 DE69419941T2 DE69419941T DE69419941T DE69419941T2 DE 69419941 T2 DE69419941 T2 DE 69419941T2 DE 69419941 T DE69419941 T DE 69419941T DE 69419941 T DE69419941 T DE 69419941T DE 69419941 T2 DE69419941 T2 DE 69419941T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- coke
- zeolite
- temperature
- ppm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 219
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 7
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 7
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- JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L palladium(ii) acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Pd+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008279 sol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- HVZJRWJGKQPSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-Amyl methyl ether Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)OC HVZJRWJGKQPSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NUMQCACRALPSHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethyl ether Chemical compound CCOC(C)(C)C NUMQCACRALPSHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005829 trimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006587 β-Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003158 γ-Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
- A61K8/736—Chitin; Chitosan; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
- A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/90—Regeneration or reactivation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
- C07C5/22—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by isomerisation
- C07C5/27—Rearrangement of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon skeleton
- C07C5/2767—Changing the number of side-chains
- C07C5/277—Catalytic processes
- C07C5/2775—Catalytic processes with crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0027—2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucans; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/003—Chitin, i.e. 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-(beta-1,4)-D-glucan or N-acetyl-beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; Chitosan, i.e. deacetylated product of chitin or (beta-1,4)-D-glucosamine; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/54—Polymers characterized by specific structures/properties
- A61K2800/542—Polymers characterized by specific structures/properties characterized by the charge
- A61K2800/5426—Polymers characterized by specific structures/properties characterized by the charge cationic
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/175,010 US5648585A (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1993-12-29 | Process for isomerizing linear olefins to isoolefins |
| PCT/US1994/014863 WO1995018084A1 (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1994-12-23 | Process for isomerizing linear olefins to isoolefins |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69419941D1 DE69419941D1 (de) | 1999-09-09 |
| DE69419941T2 true DE69419941T2 (de) | 2000-04-20 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69419941T Expired - Lifetime DE69419941T2 (de) | 1993-12-29 | 1994-12-23 | Verfahren zur isomerisierung von linearen olefinen zu isoolefinen |
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| US6342191B1 (en) | 1994-12-07 | 2002-01-29 | Apyron Technologies, Inc. | Anchored catalyst system and method of making and using thereof |
| TR200000796T2 (tr) | 1997-07-21 | 2000-07-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Kristalinitesi kesintiye uğramış yüzey aktif madde karışımları içeren deterjan kompozisyonları |
| JP2001511471A (ja) | 1997-07-21 | 2001-08-14 | ザ、プロクター、エンド、ギャンブル、カンパニー | ビニリデンオレフィンを経由して製造された改良アルキルアリールスルホネート界面活性剤を含んでなる洗浄製品およびそれらの製造方法 |
| ID26172A (id) | 1997-07-21 | 2000-11-30 | Procter & Gamble | Proses pembuatan surfaktan-surfaktan alkilbenzenasulfonat dan produk-produknya |
| PH11998001775B1 (en) * | 1997-07-21 | 2004-02-11 | Procter & Gamble | Improved alkyl aryl sulfonate surfactants |
| TR200000883T2 (tr) | 1997-07-21 | 2000-07-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Geliştirilmiş alkilbenzensülfonat yüzey etkin maddeler |
| CN100475785C (zh) | 1997-08-08 | 2009-04-08 | 宝洁公司 | 经吸附分离用于制备表面活性剂的改进方法及其产物 |
| US6774099B1 (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2004-08-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Dishwashing detergent compositions containing mixtures or crystallinity-disrupted surfactants |
| EP1144574A1 (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2001-10-17 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Dishwashing compositions containing alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants |
| EP1022325A3 (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2003-01-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Hard surface cleaning compositions comprising modified alkylbenzene sulfonates |
| EP1022326A1 (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-07-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Hard surface cleaning compositions comprising modified alkylbenzene sulfonates |
| US6383273B1 (en) | 1999-08-12 | 2002-05-07 | Apyron Technologies, Incorporated | Compositions containing a biocidal compound or an adsorbent and/or catalyst compound and methods of making and using therefor |
| US7202205B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2007-04-10 | Daniel Stedman Connor | Processes for making surfactants via adsorptive separation and products thereof |
| US6472441B1 (en) | 2000-07-24 | 2002-10-29 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Methods for optimizing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons in the distillate fuel and/or lube base oil ranges |
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| JP2002263501A (ja) * | 2001-03-05 | 2002-09-17 | Toyota Motor Corp | 一酸化炭素選択酸化触媒およびその製造方法 |
| DE10161665A1 (de) * | 2001-12-14 | 2003-06-26 | Lurgi Ag | Verfahren zur thermischen Entkokung eines Zeolith-Katalysators |
| US20040176655A1 (en) * | 2003-02-05 | 2004-09-09 | Ayoub Paul Marie | Methods of preparing branched alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons |
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| US7789160B2 (en) * | 2007-10-31 | 2010-09-07 | Rhodia Inc. | Addition of nonionic surfactants to water soluble block copolymers to increase the stability of the copolymer in aqueous solutions containing salt and/or surfactants |
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| CN116490483A (zh) * | 2020-11-05 | 2023-07-25 | 利安德化学技术有限公司 | 用小微晶沸石催化剂进行的烯烃异构化 |
| CN116457322B (zh) * | 2020-11-05 | 2024-03-19 | 利安德化学技术有限公司 | 改进烯烃异构化的方法 |
| EP4532566A1 (en) * | 2022-06-29 | 2025-04-09 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Method to reduce alkoxy ether release from cellulose ethers |
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| IT1017878B (it) * | 1974-08-02 | 1977-08-10 | Snam Progetti | Processo per la isomerizzazione di alcheni |
| EP0032543A1 (de) * | 1980-01-10 | 1981-07-29 | Chemische Werke Hüls Ag | Verfahren zur Isomerisierung von n-Alkenen |
| ZA813808B (en) * | 1980-06-12 | 1983-01-26 | British Petroleum Co | Isobutene by dehydroisomerisation of normal butane |
| FR2506297B1 (fr) * | 1981-05-21 | 1986-05-02 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede d'isomerisation d'olefines |
| US4503282A (en) * | 1982-09-24 | 1985-03-05 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Process to convert linear alkenes selectively using high concentrations of AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate catalyst |
| US4719189A (en) * | 1984-04-26 | 1988-01-12 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Reactivation of noble metal-containing zeolite catalyst materials |
| US4795623A (en) * | 1986-08-05 | 1989-01-03 | Shell Oil Company | Time effective method for preparing ferrierite |
| US4689312A (en) * | 1986-03-25 | 1987-08-25 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Procedure for regenerating platinum containing zeolite catalyst compositions |
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| US4855529A (en) * | 1988-04-25 | 1989-08-08 | Shell Oil Company | Isomerization process with preliminary normal paraffin and mono-methyl paraffin feed capture step |
| US5057635A (en) * | 1990-02-08 | 1991-10-15 | Uop | Process for isomerizing olefins in gasoline streams |
| GB9024342D0 (en) * | 1990-11-08 | 1990-12-19 | British Petroleum Co Plc | Process for the preparation of branched olefins |
| GB9103989D0 (en) * | 1991-02-26 | 1991-04-10 | Shell Int Research | Process for the conversion of a feedstock comprising linear olefins |
| CN1032059C (zh) * | 1991-06-05 | 1996-06-19 | 莱昂德尔石油化学公司 | 将直链烯烃异构成异烯烃的方法 |
| EP0523838B9 (en) * | 1991-06-05 | 2001-10-24 | Equistar Chemicals, LP | Process for isomerizing linear olefins to isoolefins |
| US5227569A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1993-07-13 | Texaco Inc. | Skeletal isomerization of n-butylenes to isobutylene on boron-beta zeolites |
| DE4139552C2 (de) * | 1991-11-30 | 1996-05-30 | Chemtec Leuna Ges Fuer Chemie | Verfahren zur Skelettisomerisierung von n-Alkenen |
| US5221776A (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1993-06-22 | Amoco Corporation | selective isomerization of olefinic hydrocarbons |
| US5393717A (en) * | 1993-05-18 | 1995-02-28 | Mobil Oil Corp. | Regeneration of noble metal containing zeolite catalysts via partial removal of carbonaceous deposits |
| US5489726A (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1996-02-06 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Highly selective N-olefin isomerization process using multiple parallel reactors |
-
1993
- 1993-12-29 US US08/175,010 patent/US5648585A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-12-23 BR BRPI9408464-5A patent/BR9408464A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-12-23 AT AT95905464T patent/ATE182870T1/de active
- 1994-12-23 CN CNB991052129A patent/CN1145529C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 CA CA002180276A patent/CA2180276C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 SG SG1996003910A patent/SG52393A1/en unknown
- 1994-12-23 RU RU96116838A patent/RU2140410C1/ru active
- 1994-12-23 DE DE69419941T patent/DE69419941T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 EP EP95905464A patent/EP0737176B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 ES ES95905464T patent/ES2137489T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 AU AU14070/95A patent/AU697265B2/en not_active Expired
- 1994-12-23 KR KR1019960703568A patent/KR100350180B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 WO PCT/US1994/014863 patent/WO1995018084A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-12-23 JP JP51815495A patent/JP3935202B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-23 CN CN94195040A patent/CN1046929C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-24 TW TW083112448A patent/TW267998B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-12-29 ZA ZA9410399A patent/ZA9410399B/xx unknown
- 1994-12-29 MY MYPI94003555A patent/MY111811A/en unknown
-
1996
- 1996-06-28 FI FI962683A patent/FI115969B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-28 NO NO19962770A patent/NO313742B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-09-04 NO NO20024215A patent/NO332081B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3935202B2 (ja) | 2007-06-20 |
| MY111811A (en) | 2001-01-31 |
| EP0737176A1 (en) | 1996-10-16 |
| JPH09509406A (ja) | 1997-09-22 |
| CA2180276A1 (en) | 1995-07-06 |
| US5648585A (en) | 1997-07-15 |
| ATE182870T1 (de) | 1999-08-15 |
| NO962770L (no) | 1996-06-28 |
| CN1143356A (zh) | 1997-02-19 |
| CN1236671A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
| ZA9410399B (en) | 1995-09-11 |
| NO20024215D0 (no) | 2002-09-04 |
| FI962683A0 (fi) | 1996-06-28 |
| RU2140410C1 (ru) | 1999-10-27 |
| WO1995018084A1 (en) | 1995-07-06 |
| SG52393A1 (en) | 1998-09-28 |
| FI115969B (fi) | 2005-08-31 |
| NO20024215L (no) | 1996-06-28 |
| FI962683A7 (fi) | 1996-08-28 |
| DE69419941D1 (de) | 1999-09-09 |
| CN1145529C (zh) | 2004-04-14 |
| AU1407095A (en) | 1995-07-17 |
| ES2137489T3 (es) | 1999-12-16 |
| CA2180276C (en) | 2006-02-21 |
| AU697265B2 (en) | 1998-10-01 |
| EP0737176B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 |
| TW267998B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 1996-01-11 |
| CN1046929C (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
| BR9408464A (pt) | 1997-08-26 |
| NO332081B1 (no) | 2012-06-18 |
| KR100350180B1 (ko) | 2002-12-06 |
| NO313742B1 (no) | 2002-11-25 |
| NO962770D0 (no) | 1996-06-28 |
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