DE69005055D1 - Einheitliches Abgassystem und Methode zur Reduzierung der Feststoffemissionen aus internen Verbrennungsmotoren. - Google Patents
Einheitliches Abgassystem und Methode zur Reduzierung der Feststoffemissionen aus internen Verbrennungsmotoren.Info
- Publication number
- DE69005055D1 DE69005055D1 DE90114038T DE69005055T DE69005055D1 DE 69005055 D1 DE69005055 D1 DE 69005055D1 DE 90114038 T DE90114038 T DE 90114038T DE 69005055 T DE69005055 T DE 69005055T DE 69005055 D1 DE69005055 D1 DE 69005055D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- exhaust system
- combustion engines
- reducing solid
- solid emissions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
- F01N3/0253—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
- F01N3/0256—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases the fuel being ignited by electrical means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
- F01N3/032—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start during filter regeneration only
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
- F01N2250/02—Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/30—Exhaust treatment
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/390,884 US5052178A (en) | 1989-08-08 | 1989-08-08 | Unitary hybrid exhaust system and method for reducing particulate emmissions from internal combustion engines |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69005055D1 true DE69005055D1 (de) | 1994-01-20 |
DE69005055T2 DE69005055T2 (de) | 1994-04-21 |
Family
ID=23544345
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE90114038T Expired - Lifetime DE69005055T2 (de) | 1989-08-08 | 1990-07-23 | Einheitliches Abgassystem und Methode zur Reduzierung der Feststoffemissionen aus internen Verbrennungsmotoren. |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5052178A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0412345B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH07111129B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69005055T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (80)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0441914A (ja) * | 1990-06-01 | 1992-02-12 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の排気処理装置 |
US5212948A (en) * | 1990-09-27 | 1993-05-25 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Trap apparatus with bypass |
AU1676392A (en) * | 1991-04-23 | 1992-11-17 | Donaldson Company Inc. | Hydrocarbon fueled combustion filter |
JP2618764B2 (ja) * | 1991-04-26 | 1997-06-11 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化方法及び装置 |
WO1993000503A2 (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1993-01-07 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Trap apparatus with tubular filter element |
US5250094A (en) | 1992-03-16 | 1993-10-05 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Ceramic filter construction and method |
FI93138C (fi) * | 1992-10-30 | 1995-02-27 | Eero Aitta | Keskipakoisvoimaa hiukkaspartikkelien erottelussa käyttävä katalyyttinen pakokaasupuhdistin dieselmoottoreita varten ja katalyyttinen pakokaasun puhdistusmenetelmä |
US5318755A (en) * | 1992-11-30 | 1994-06-07 | A. Ahlstrom Corporation | Method and apparatus for cleaning flue gases |
US5373733A (en) * | 1992-12-31 | 1994-12-20 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Exhaust filter backpressure indicator |
SE9304371D0 (sv) * | 1993-12-30 | 1993-12-30 | Volvo Ab | An exhaust gas purification device |
US5572866A (en) * | 1994-04-29 | 1996-11-12 | Environmental Thermal Oxidizers, Inc. | Pollution abatement incinerator system |
US5974802A (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 1999-11-02 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Exhaust gas recirculation system employing a fluidic pump |
JP3952561B2 (ja) * | 1997-11-19 | 2007-08-01 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP3557928B2 (ja) * | 1998-12-22 | 2004-08-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リーンNOx触媒を有する内燃機関 |
US6293096B1 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2001-09-25 | Southwest Research Institute | Multiple stage aftertreatment system |
US6615580B1 (en) | 1999-06-23 | 2003-09-09 | Southwest Research Institute | Integrated system for controlling diesel engine emissions |
US6237326B1 (en) * | 1999-08-24 | 2001-05-29 | Ford Global Technolgies, Inc. | Engine control system and method with lean catalyst and particulate filter |
US7052532B1 (en) | 2000-03-09 | 2006-05-30 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | High temperature nanofilter, system and method |
US6776814B2 (en) | 2000-03-09 | 2004-08-17 | Fleetguard, Inc. | Dual section exhaust aftertreatment filter and method |
US7211226B2 (en) * | 2000-03-09 | 2007-05-01 | Fleetgaurd, Inc. | Catalyst and filter combination |
DE10042542A1 (de) * | 2000-08-30 | 2002-03-14 | Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co | Abgasreinigungssystem für Kraftfahrzeuge, insbesondere Diesel-Nutzfahrzeuge |
US6464744B2 (en) * | 2000-10-03 | 2002-10-15 | Corning Incorporated | Diesel particulate filters |
US6544310B2 (en) | 2001-05-24 | 2003-04-08 | Fleetguard, Inc. | Exhaust aftertreatment filter with particulate distribution pattern |
CN1535351A (zh) * | 2001-07-26 | 2004-10-06 | �����Զ�����ҵ��ʽ���� | 排气净化装置 |
US6540816B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2003-04-01 | Fleetguard, Inc. | Regenerable filter with localized and efficient heating |
US20050247051A1 (en) * | 2001-12-10 | 2005-11-10 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Exhaust treatment control system for an internal combustion engine |
US6901751B2 (en) | 2002-02-01 | 2005-06-07 | Cummins, Inc. | System for controlling particulate filter temperature |
US20040116276A1 (en) * | 2002-02-12 | 2004-06-17 | Aleksey Yezerets | Exhaust aftertreatment emission control regeneration |
FR2836956B1 (fr) * | 2002-03-08 | 2004-09-17 | Renault | Procede de regeneration de filtre a particules pour vehicule automobile |
JP2004138013A (ja) * | 2002-10-21 | 2004-05-13 | Suzuki Motor Corp | 排ガス浄化構造 |
JP2004162626A (ja) * | 2002-11-14 | 2004-06-10 | Hitachi Ltd | 排ガス浄化装置 |
DE10254764A1 (de) * | 2002-11-22 | 2004-06-03 | Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh | Abgasanlage |
EP1431532B1 (de) * | 2002-12-19 | 2010-02-10 | Ford Global Technologies, LLC | Katalytischer Umwandler |
SE527115C2 (sv) * | 2003-04-14 | 2005-12-27 | Scania Cv Abp | Förfarande och anordning vid ett partikelfilter för ett avgassystem, ljuddämpare innehållande en dylik anordning samt ett förbränningsmotordrivet fordon |
JP2005090256A (ja) | 2003-09-12 | 2005-04-07 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置における圧力検出機構 |
US6974537B2 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-12-13 | Ali Hasan Hamdan Abdelqader | Diesel fuel purifier |
US7464543B2 (en) * | 2004-05-25 | 2008-12-16 | Cameron International Corporation | Two-stroke lean burn gas engine with a silencer/catalytic converter |
DE502005007492D1 (de) * | 2004-10-01 | 2009-07-30 | Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co | Abgasanlage für eine Brennkraftmaschine und zugehöriges Betriebsverfahren |
US7393386B2 (en) * | 2004-10-06 | 2008-07-01 | Fleetguard, Inc. | Exhaust aftertreatment filter with residual stress control |
US7481048B2 (en) * | 2005-06-30 | 2009-01-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Regeneration assembly |
US7406822B2 (en) * | 2005-06-30 | 2008-08-05 | Caterpillar Inc. | Particulate trap regeneration system and control strategy |
US7614222B2 (en) * | 2005-07-29 | 2009-11-10 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | System and method for directing fluid flow |
US20070158466A1 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-07-12 | Harmon Michael P | Nozzle assembly |
FR2897100B1 (fr) * | 2006-02-08 | 2008-04-18 | Faurecia Sys Echappement | Element d'echappement de ligne d'echappement des gaz |
US7503168B2 (en) | 2006-03-24 | 2009-03-17 | Cumming Filtration Ip, Inc | Apparatus, system, and method for particulate filter regeneration |
US20070228191A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Cooled nozzle assembly for urea/water injection |
US20070235556A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-11 | Harmon Michael P | Nozzle assembly |
US8209969B2 (en) * | 2006-06-15 | 2012-07-03 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for burning reformate in an engine exhaust stream |
US7716922B2 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2010-05-18 | International Truck Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Diesel particulate filter (DPF) in-chassis cleaning method |
US8156733B2 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2012-04-17 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method of operating an internal combustion engine to heat up a selective catalyst reducer |
JP5667572B2 (ja) * | 2008-10-31 | 2015-02-12 | エメラケム エルエルシーEmerachem,Llc | ガス流中の微粒子状物質を減少させるための方法およびシステム |
JP4686623B2 (ja) | 2009-07-17 | 2011-05-25 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁気記録媒体の製造方法 |
WO2011114501A1 (ja) | 2010-03-15 | 2011-09-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
WO2011114499A1 (ja) | 2010-03-15 | 2011-09-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
WO2011125198A1 (ja) * | 2010-04-01 | 2011-10-13 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
US9108153B2 (en) | 2010-07-28 | 2015-08-18 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine |
CN103180558B (zh) | 2010-08-30 | 2017-04-05 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机的排气净化装置 |
CN103003539B (zh) | 2010-08-30 | 2015-03-18 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机的排气净化装置 |
EP2530267B1 (de) | 2010-10-04 | 2016-07-06 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Verfahren zur abgasreinigung in einer abgasreinigungsvorrichtung eines verbrennungsmotors |
EP2472078B1 (de) | 2010-10-04 | 2018-05-16 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Abgasreinigungssystem für einen verbrennungsmotor |
US9010090B2 (en) | 2010-10-18 | 2015-04-21 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine |
US8516802B2 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2013-08-27 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | High volume exhaust gas treatment system |
CN103221648B (zh) | 2010-12-06 | 2016-08-24 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机的排气净化装置 |
CN103492684B (zh) | 2010-12-20 | 2016-02-03 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机的排气净化装置 |
BRPI1014480B1 (pt) | 2010-12-24 | 2022-02-22 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Sistema de purificação do escapamento de motor de combustão interna |
US9109491B2 (en) | 2011-02-07 | 2015-08-18 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine |
CN103348102B (zh) | 2011-02-10 | 2016-01-20 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机的排气净化装置 |
JP5152417B2 (ja) | 2011-03-17 | 2013-02-27 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP5218672B2 (ja) | 2011-04-15 | 2013-06-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
US20120285902A1 (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2012-11-15 | Cummins Filtration Ip Inc. | Filter with Shaped Flow Path Combinations |
EP2628912B1 (de) | 2011-11-07 | 2017-05-03 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung für einen verbrennungsmotor |
WO2013069115A1 (ja) | 2011-11-09 | 2013-05-16 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
US9175590B2 (en) | 2011-11-30 | 2015-11-03 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine |
JP5273304B1 (ja) | 2011-11-30 | 2013-08-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP5392411B1 (ja) | 2012-02-07 | 2014-01-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP6650675B2 (ja) * | 2014-02-26 | 2020-02-19 | エフピーティー インダストリアル エス ピー エー | 内燃機関の排気ガス後処理システムの管路内の未燃焼炭化水素の蓄積を防ぐシステム |
US9388718B2 (en) | 2014-03-27 | 2016-07-12 | Ge Oil & Gas Compression Systems, Llc | System and method for tuned exhaust |
CN108201741A (zh) * | 2016-12-17 | 2018-06-26 | 重庆市银盛模具有限公司 | 废气排放结构 |
DE102018104588B4 (de) | 2018-02-28 | 2022-07-07 | Tenneco Gmbh | Abgasreinigungseinheit, Abgasreinigungssystem und Verfahren zum Reinigen |
WO2020068111A1 (en) | 2018-09-28 | 2020-04-02 | Cummins Emission Solutions Inc. | Systems and methods for dynamic control of filtration efficiency and fuel economy |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US33118A (en) * | 1861-08-20 | Island | ||
GB2040182B (en) * | 1978-07-27 | 1983-01-12 | Shimizu Construction Co Ltd | Device for purifying exhaust gas of diesel engine |
JPS56118514A (en) * | 1980-02-25 | 1981-09-17 | Nippon Soken Inc | Cleaner for carbon particles of internal combustion engine |
US4345431A (en) * | 1980-03-25 | 1982-08-24 | Shimizu Construction Co. Ltd. | Exhaust gas cleaning system for diesel engines |
JPS618177Y2 (de) * | 1980-05-21 | 1986-03-13 | ||
JPS5765812A (en) * | 1980-10-09 | 1982-04-21 | Nippon Soken Inc | Purifier for removing particle from exhaust gas of in ternal combustion engine |
JPS5879611A (ja) * | 1981-11-05 | 1983-05-13 | Nippon Soken Inc | デイ−ゼルエンジンの排気ガス浄化装置 |
US4449362A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1984-05-22 | Robertshaw Controls Company | Exhaust system for an internal combustion engine, burn-off unit and methods therefor |
JPS59113232A (ja) * | 1982-12-20 | 1984-06-29 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 排気微粒子処理装置の作動制御装置 |
US4485621A (en) * | 1983-01-07 | 1984-12-04 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | System and method for reducing particulate emissions from internal combustion engines |
US4686827A (en) * | 1983-02-03 | 1987-08-18 | Ford Motor Company | Filtration system for diesel engine exhaust-II |
DE3328491A1 (de) * | 1983-08-06 | 1985-02-21 | Wolfgang 4030 Ratingen Wild | Abgasweiche fuer die moeglichkeit einer trennung eines abgaskatalysators aus dem weg der abgase eines verbrennungsmotors |
EP0318462B1 (de) * | 1984-08-13 | 1991-10-23 | Arvin Industries, Inc. | Abgasreiniger |
US4677823A (en) * | 1985-11-01 | 1987-07-07 | The Garrett Corporation | Diesel engine particulate trap regeneration system |
JPH01159029A (ja) * | 1987-12-16 | 1989-06-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | ディーゼルエンジンの排気浄化装置 |
GB8818463D0 (en) * | 1988-08-03 | 1988-09-07 | Loughborough Consult Ltd | Apparatus & method for removing particulate matter from exhaust gases of i c engine |
US4961314A (en) * | 1988-08-15 | 1990-10-09 | Arvin Industries, Inc. | Tuned exhaust processor assembly |
-
1989
- 1989-08-08 US US07/390,884 patent/US5052178A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-07-23 EP EP90114038A patent/EP0412345B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-23 DE DE90114038T patent/DE69005055T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-02 JP JP20404190A patent/JPH07111129B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH04128509A (ja) | 1992-04-30 |
DE69005055T2 (de) | 1994-04-21 |
EP0412345B1 (de) | 1993-12-08 |
JPH07111129B2 (ja) | 1995-11-29 |
US5052178A (en) | 1991-10-01 |
EP0412345A1 (de) | 1991-02-13 |
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