DE68901991T2 - Verfahren zur herstellung von hydratiertem zirkoniumoxid aus granuliertem kristallinem zirkoniumoxid. - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von hydratiertem zirkoniumoxid aus granuliertem kristallinem zirkoniumoxid.Info
- Publication number
- DE68901991T2 DE68901991T2 DE8989400697T DE68901991T DE68901991T2 DE 68901991 T2 DE68901991 T2 DE 68901991T2 DE 8989400697 T DE8989400697 T DE 8989400697T DE 68901991 T DE68901991 T DE 68901991T DE 68901991 T2 DE68901991 T2 DE 68901991T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- zirconium oxide
- process according
- sodium hydroxide
- hydrated
- sodium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 37
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 96
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 80
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005208 trialkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 30
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 11
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 zirconium silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NZSLBYVEIXCMBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro hypochlorite;zirconium Chemical compound [Zr].ClOCl NZSLBYVEIXCMBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IVORCBKUUYGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethynyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C#C)C(OC)=C1 IVORCBKUUYGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910017917 NH4 Cl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001166 ammonium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloridooxygen Chemical compound ClOCl RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- CMOAHYOGLLEOGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxozirconium;dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.[Zr]=O CMOAHYOGLLEOGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910009112 xH2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003754 zirconium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021512 zirconium (IV) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
- C01G25/02—Oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
- C01P2006/82—Compositional purity water content
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8803681A FR2629072B1 (fr) | 1988-03-22 | 1988-03-22 | Procede de fabrication d'oxyde de zirconium hydrate a partir d'oxyde de zirconium cristallise granulaire |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE68901991D1 DE68901991D1 (de) | 1992-08-13 |
| DE68901991T2 true DE68901991T2 (de) | 1992-12-24 |
Family
ID=9364486
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE8989400697T Expired - Lifetime DE68901991T2 (de) | 1988-03-22 | 1989-03-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von hydratiertem zirkoniumoxid aus granuliertem kristallinem zirkoniumoxid. |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5002749A (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP0334713B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPH01278419A (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN1016413B (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU605965B2 (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR8901272A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1325879C (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE68901991T2 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2034663T3 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2629072B1 (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA892122B (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10325495A1 (de) * | 2003-06-04 | 2004-12-30 | Zf Boge Elastmetall Gmbh | Pedalsystem |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2629071B1 (fr) * | 1988-03-22 | 1991-03-15 | Produits Refractaires | Oxyde de zirconium reactif et sa preparation |
| DE4106536A1 (de) * | 1991-03-01 | 1992-09-03 | Degussa | Thermisch gespaltenes zirkonsilikat, verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verwendung |
| EP0897978A3 (en) * | 1997-08-22 | 2001-10-17 | Becton, Dickinson and Company | Zirconium oxide and related compounds for purification of nucleic acids |
| US6362752B1 (en) | 1998-12-23 | 2002-03-26 | Motorola, Inc. | Keypad with strokes assigned to key for ideographic text input |
| CN1075467C (zh) * | 1999-05-21 | 2001-11-28 | 清华大学 | 超强碱法低温合成二氧化锆超细粉工艺 |
| WO2003008136A1 (en) * | 2001-07-20 | 2003-01-30 | Novator Ab | Numerically controlled orbital machining apparatus |
| US7169297B2 (en) * | 2002-07-15 | 2007-01-30 | Magnesium Elektron, Inc. | pH adjuster-based system for treating liquids |
| US20050077246A1 (en) * | 2002-07-15 | 2005-04-14 | Pardini James J. | Treatment of liquid using porous polymer containment member |
| US7252767B2 (en) | 2002-07-15 | 2007-08-07 | Magnesium Elektron, Inc. | Hydrous zirconium oxide, hydrous hafnium oxide and method of making same |
| US7442310B2 (en) * | 2002-07-15 | 2008-10-28 | Magnesium Elektron, Inc. | Treating liquids with pH adjuster-based system |
| CN103466697A (zh) * | 2013-09-10 | 2013-12-25 | 圣泉（福建）制釉有限公司 | 一种活性二氧化锆的制备方法及其应用 |
| EP3359548B1 (en) | 2015-09-29 | 2020-12-23 | Pryog, LLC | Metal compositions and methods of making same |
| RU2765924C1 (ru) * | 2021-04-02 | 2022-02-04 | Нина Валерьевна Жиренкина | Способ получения порошков гидратированного оксида циркония, обладающих высокой удельной поверхностью |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1755512A (en) * | 1929-02-18 | 1930-04-22 | John Irwin | Production of amphoteric hydrated oxides of metals by hydrolysis |
| FR714284A (fr) * | 1930-07-08 | 1931-11-10 | Bozel Maletra | Procédé d'obtention de zircone à haute teneur |
| FR1602548A (en) * | 1968-11-06 | 1970-12-21 | Hydrated zr contg little sio2 is obtd from - zr sand | |
| US3811907A (en) * | 1971-08-03 | 1974-05-21 | Humphreys Corp | Processing of silicate ores and product thereof |
| US4395384A (en) * | 1980-04-17 | 1983-07-26 | Allied Eneabba Limited | Process for treating zircon |
| CA1262813A (en) * | 1986-06-26 | 1989-11-14 | Corning Glass Works | Preparation of high purity, homogeneous zirconia mixtures |
| IT1197794B (it) * | 1986-07-31 | 1988-12-06 | Montedison Spa | Procedimento per la preparazione di panticelle fini di ossidi metallici |
-
1988
- 1988-03-22 FR FR8803681A patent/FR2629072B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-03-10 CA CA000593396A patent/CA1325879C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-03-14 DE DE8989400697T patent/DE68901991T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-14 ES ES198989400697T patent/ES2034663T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-14 EP EP89400697A patent/EP0334713B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-16 AU AU31407/89A patent/AU605965B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-03-17 US US07/324,708 patent/US5002749A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-20 BR BR898901272A patent/BR8901272A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-03-21 CN CN89101600A patent/CN1016413B/zh not_active Expired
- 1989-03-21 ZA ZA892122A patent/ZA892122B/xx unknown
- 1989-03-22 JP JP1067780A patent/JPH01278419A/ja active Granted
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10325495A1 (de) * | 2003-06-04 | 2004-12-30 | Zf Boge Elastmetall Gmbh | Pedalsystem |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0334713B1 (fr) | 1992-07-08 |
| JPH01278419A (ja) | 1989-11-08 |
| JPH0465017B2 (enExample) | 1992-10-16 |
| AU3140789A (en) | 1989-09-28 |
| CN1036548A (zh) | 1989-10-25 |
| ES2034663T3 (es) | 1993-04-01 |
| US5002749A (en) | 1991-03-26 |
| CA1325879C (en) | 1994-01-11 |
| FR2629072A1 (fr) | 1989-09-29 |
| AU605965B2 (en) | 1991-01-24 |
| BR8901272A (pt) | 1989-11-07 |
| EP0334713A1 (fr) | 1989-09-27 |
| DE68901991D1 (de) | 1992-08-13 |
| ZA892122B (en) | 1989-11-29 |
| FR2629072B1 (fr) | 1990-11-30 |
| CN1016413B (zh) | 1992-04-29 |
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