DE1204767B - Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl - Google Patents

Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl

Info

Publication number
DE1204767B
DE1204767B DEM60373A DEM0060373A DE1204767B DE 1204767 B DE1204767 B DE 1204767B DE M60373 A DEM60373 A DE M60373A DE M0060373 A DEM0060373 A DE M0060373A DE 1204767 B DE1204767 B DE 1204767B
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
salts
mixtures
lubricate
extruding steel
lubricants
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
DEM60373A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dr-Ing Gerhard Naeser
Dipl-Ing Otto Wessel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vodafone GmbH
Original Assignee
Mannesmann AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to DEM60373A priority Critical patent/DE1204767B/de
Application filed by Mannesmann AG filed Critical Mannesmann AG
Priority claimed from DEM60706A external-priority patent/DE1228016B/de
Priority to DE19651594495 priority patent/DE1594495A1/de
Priority to AT205565A priority patent/AT257794B/de
Priority to NL6503091A priority patent/NL6503091A/xx
Priority to ES0310730A priority patent/ES310730A1/es
Priority to GB11798/65A priority patent/GB1107183A/en
Priority to SE03574/65A priority patent/SE325981B/xx
Priority to FR10086A priority patent/FR1448029A/fr
Priority to BE661471D priority patent/BE661471A/xx
Publication of DE1204767B publication Critical patent/DE1204767B/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/32—Lubrication of metal being extruded or of dies, or the like, e.g. physical state of lubricant, location where lubricant is applied
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M7/00—Solid or semi-solid compositions essentially based on lubricating components other than mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils and their use as lubricants; Use as lubricants of single solid or semi-solid substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/02—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
    • C10M2201/062—Oxides; Hydroxides; Carbonates or bicarbonates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
    • C10M2201/063—Peroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C10M2201/081—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C10M2201/082—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
    • C10M2201/084—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/085—Phosphorus oxides, acids or salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/086—Chromium oxides, acids or salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/241—Manufacturing joint-less pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/242—Hot working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/243—Cold working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/245—Soft metals, e.g. aluminum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/246—Iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/247—Stainless steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/015—Dispersions of solid lubricants
    • C10N2050/02—Dispersions of solid lubricants dissolved or suspended in a carrier which subsequently evaporates to leave a lubricant coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/08—Solids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/10—Semi-solids; greasy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
DEM60373A 1964-03-20 1964-03-20 Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl Pending DE1204767B (de)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEM60373A DE1204767B (de) 1964-03-20 1964-03-20 Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl
DE19651594495 DE1594495A1 (de) 1964-03-20 1965-01-26 Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Schmiermittels fuer das Strangpressen von Stahlbloecken
AT205565A AT257794B (de) 1964-03-20 1965-03-08 Verfahren zum Schmieren beim Warmverformen von Metallen und zur Herstellung eines Schmiermittels
NL6503091A NL6503091A (xx) 1964-03-20 1965-03-11
ES0310730A ES310730A1 (es) 1964-03-20 1965-03-18 Un procedimiento para la lubrificacion en la deformacion en caliente de metales, especialmente en la extrusion de acero.
GB11798/65A GB1107183A (en) 1964-03-20 1965-03-19 Lubrication method for the hot working of metals
SE03574/65A SE325981B (xx) 1964-03-20 1965-03-19
FR10086A FR1448029A (fr) 1964-03-20 1965-03-20 Procédé de graissage lors du formage par la chaleur de métaux
BE661471D BE661471A (xx) 1964-03-20 1965-03-22

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEM60373A DE1204767B (de) 1964-03-20 1964-03-20 Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl
DEM60706A DE1228016B (de) 1964-04-21 1964-04-21 Verfahren zum Herstellen von Schmierkoerpern zur Verwendung bei Warmstrangpressen von Stahlbloecken
DEM0063917 1965-01-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE1204767B true DE1204767B (de) 1965-11-11

Family

ID=27211634

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DEM60373A Pending DE1204767B (de) 1964-03-20 1964-03-20 Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl
DE19651594495 Pending DE1594495A1 (de) 1964-03-20 1965-01-26 Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Schmiermittels fuer das Strangpressen von Stahlbloecken

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19651594495 Pending DE1594495A1 (de) 1964-03-20 1965-01-26 Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Schmiermittels fuer das Strangpressen von Stahlbloecken

Country Status (8)

Country Link
AT (1) AT257794B (xx)
BE (1) BE661471A (xx)
DE (2) DE1204767B (xx)
ES (1) ES310730A1 (xx)
FR (1) FR1448029A (xx)
GB (1) GB1107183A (xx)
NL (1) NL6503091A (xx)
SE (1) SE325981B (xx)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090020187A1 (en) * 2007-07-17 2009-01-22 Russell Steven W Method and apparatus for protecting metal from oxidaton

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2751312A (en) * 1950-08-01 1956-06-19 Metallurg Processes Co Lubricant composition containing powdered lithium carbonate and method of its application to metal bodies
GB903957A (en) * 1960-02-03 1962-08-22 Ti Group Services Ltd Lubrication of hot deformation processes on metals

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2751312A (en) * 1950-08-01 1956-06-19 Metallurg Processes Co Lubricant composition containing powdered lithium carbonate and method of its application to metal bodies
GB903957A (en) * 1960-02-03 1962-08-22 Ti Group Services Ltd Lubrication of hot deformation processes on metals

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE325981B (xx) 1970-07-13
NL6503091A (xx) 1965-09-21
ES310730A1 (es) 1965-08-16
DE1594495A1 (de) 1971-06-09
FR1448029A (fr) 1966-08-05
BE661471A (xx) 1965-07-16
GB1107183A (en) 1968-03-20
AT257794B (de) 1967-10-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE1276268B (de) Waermebestaendiges, oel- und fettfreies, wasserloesliches Phosphat und Borat enthaltendes Schmiermittel
DE2430249A1 (de) Hochtemperaturschmierstoff fuer die heissumformung von metallen
DE1204767B (de) Verwendung von Salzen oder Salzgemischen zum Schmieren beim Strangpressen von Stahl
DE2249642A1 (de) Verfahren zur zweistufigen oberflaechenhaertung von werkstuecken aus eisen- und stahllegierungen
US4235947A (en) Method for the manufacture of a steel sheet adapted for use in ironing processing having good lubrication property
US3372113A (en) Lubrication of metal during hot working
DE2154232A1 (de) Hochtemperaturschmierstoff fuer die warmumformung von metallen
DE102008016348B4 (de) Hochtemperaturschmiermittel und dessen Verwendung in einem Verfahren zum Warmumformen von Metallen
DE1452246B2 (de) Verwendung einer Suspension aus Fett und Glaspulver zum Warmstrangpressen von Metallen
DE891279C (de) Auf gleitende Reibung beanspruchte Bauteile, z. B. Gleitlager, aus gesintertem Werkstoff
DE960448C (de) Schmiermittel zum Strangpressen von Eisen und Stahl
AT278223B (de) Hochtemperaturschmiermittel auf phosphatbasis fuer die warmverformung von metallen
DE19740109A1 (de) Schmiermittel für die Heißverformung von Metallen
DE1594335A1 (de) Hochtemperaturschmier- und -schutzmittel zum Heissbearbeiten,insbesondere Strangpressen von Metallen
DE1257334B (de) Schmiermittel-Plattenvorlage zum Auspressen von Kohlenstoff-Stahlbloecken aus Strangpressen
DE1014577B (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Warmarbeitswerkzeugen unter Verwendung einer aushaertenden Stahllegierung
DE727301C (de) Saure Stampfmasse fuer Elektro-, insbesondere Hochfrequenzoefen
AT248584B (de) Öl- und fettfreies, anorganisches, Alkaliphosphat enthaltendes Schmiermittel
AT202838B (de) Verfahren zur Verringerung des Preßrestes beim Warmstrangpressen von Metallen
DE2335985A1 (de) Warmfester und -zaeher stahl
DE1644976B1 (de) Hochtemperaturschmiermittel
DE567450C (de) Salzschmelzbaeder fuer die Waermebehandlung von Magnesium und Magnesiumlegierungen
AT163600B (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reibkörpern
DE887515C (de) Eisenlegierung fuer duennwandige Kokillen fuer das Stranggiessen hochschmelzender Metalle
AT203131B (de) Schmiermittel zum Verbessern der Arbeitsbedingungen beim Strangpressen und Warmbearbeiten von Metallen