CN1976113B - 非水电解质溶液、二次电池以及电化学电容器 - Google Patents
非水电解质溶液、二次电池以及电化学电容器 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1976113B CN1976113B CN2006101729442A CN200610172944A CN1976113B CN 1976113 B CN1976113 B CN 1976113B CN 2006101729442 A CN2006101729442 A CN 2006101729442A CN 200610172944 A CN200610172944 A CN 200610172944A CN 1976113 B CN1976113 B CN 1976113B
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- Prior art keywords
- electrolytic solution
- aqueous electrolytic
- carbonate
- formula
- alkyl
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- -1 siloxanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 55
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical group OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004103 aminoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910014307 bSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001118 alkylidene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Substances CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- BGSFCOHRQUBESL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl prop-2-enyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC=C BGSFCOHRQUBESL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical class COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IANQTJSKSUMEQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=CC2=C1 IANQTJSKSUMEQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910003617 SiB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUKFPAQLGOOCNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(trimethylsilyloxy)silicon Chemical compound C[Si](C)O[Si](C)(C)C XUKFPAQLGOOCNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl chloroformate Chemical compound CCOC(Cl)=O RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- POPACFLNWGUDSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxy(trimethyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(C)C POPACFLNWGUDSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/035—Liquid electrolytes, e.g. impregnating materials
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
一种碳酸酯改性的硅烷或硅氧烷与非水溶剂和电解质盐结合形成非水电解质溶液,其可用于构成具有改进的充/放电特性的二次电池。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种非水电解质溶液,其包括碳酸酯改性的硅烷和/或硅氧烷。本发明还涉及使用该非水电解质溶液的能量装置,特别是二次电池和电化学电容器,尤其是锂离子二次电池。
背景技术
由于具有高能量密度,锂离子二次电池近年来越来越多地用于膝上型计算机、移动电话、数字式照相机和数字式摄像机等的便携式可再充电能源。还付出了很大的努力来开发使用非水电解质溶液的锂离子二次电池和电双层电容器,其用作电动车和混合动力车的辅助能源,作为对环境保护的汽车希望它们能达到实际上可以接受的水平。
虽然锂离子二次电池具有高性能,但在苛刻环境中,尤其是在低温环境中的放电特性不能令人满意,而且在短的持续时间内需要大量的电的高输出水平下的放电特性也不能令人满意。另一方面,电双层电容器存在的问题包括承受电压不够和电容量会随着时间下降。大多数电池采用基于低闪点溶剂的非水电解质溶液,典型的是碳酸二甲酯和碳酸二乙酯。在电池放热时,电解质溶液会蒸发和分解,增加了电池破裂和起火的风险。然后,IC电路一般作为非正常状态下切断电流的装置结合在电池中,并且还结合安全阀以避免由于产生烃类气体而引起电池内压的上升。因此,为了改善安全性、减轻重量和降低成本,需进一步改进电解质溶液。
在这种情况下,聚醚改性的硅氧烷由于其化学稳定性和与电解质溶液的相容性而引起很大的注意。由于它们能将电解质如LiPF6完全溶解在其中,以及它们固有的表面活性,因此聚醚改性的硅氧烷能有效地提高电极或隔膜的润湿性。众所周知,在电解质溶液中只加入少量百分比的聚醚改性的硅氧烷就能提高充/放电循环性能。然而,这些作用还不够。此外,聚醚改性的硅氧烷缺乏热稳定性,而且具有相对高的熔点使得它们在低温下使用时遇到一些问题。这需要有更稳定且与电解质溶液更相容的添加剂。
参考JP-A 11-214032、JP-A 2000-58123以及相应的USP 6,124,062、JP-A 2001-110455和JP-A 2003-142157。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种非水电解质溶液,其提供改进的充/放电特性和改进的安全性。另一个目的是提供采用该非水电解质溶液的能量装置,特别是电池和电容器。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了在能量装置中使用非水电解质溶液,该电解质溶液包括特定的碳酸酯改性的硅烷和/或硅氧烷,该能量装置的充/放电特性和安全性得到了提高。
本发明提供了一种非水电解质溶液,其包括非水溶剂、电解质盐、以及选自具有式(1)的碳酸酯改性的硅烷和具有式(2)的碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷中的至少一种化合物作为基本成分。
R1 (4-x)R2 xSi(1)
R1 aR2 bSiO(4-a-b)/2(2)
其中R1彼此独立地选自羟基、碳原子数为1-30的烷基、芳基、芳烷基、氨基取代的烷基、羧基取代的烷基、烷氧基以及芳氧基,其可被卤素原子取代。R2为式(3)表示的碳酸酯基:
其中R3彼此独立地表示碳原子数为1-30的烷基、芳基和芳烷基,其可被卤素原子取代;A是碳原子数为2-20的二价有机基,其可包含醚键或酯键。下标x是1-4的整数,a是1.0-2.5的正数,b是0.001-1.5的正数,并且a+b的和为1.001-3。
本发明还提供了一种二次电池、电化学电容器以及锂离子二次电池,它们包含上述定义的非水电解质溶液。
本发明的优点
含有碳酸酯改性的硅烷和/或硅氧烷的非水电解质溶液能溶解电解质盐并能有效地提高充/放电特性。
优选实施方案
本发明的非水电解质溶液含有具有式(1)的碳酸酯改性的硅烷和具有式(2)的碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷中的一种或多种。
R1 (4-x)R2 xSi(1)
R1 aR2 bSiO(4-a-b)/2(2)
式(1)和(2)中,R1可相同或不同,其选自羟基、碳原子数为1-30的烷基、芳基、芳烷基、氨基取代的烷基、羧基取代的烷基、烷氧基以及芳氧基,碳原子数优选为1-12,更优选为1-6,其可被卤素原子取代。实例包括但不限于,烷基例如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基、环戊基和环己基;芳基例如苯基和甲苯基;芳烷基例如苯甲基和苯乙基;氨基取代的烷基例如3-氨丙基和3-[(2-氨乙基)氨基]丙基;以及羧基取代的烷基例如3-羧基丙基。还包括卤代烷基,其中一个或更多氢原子被卤素原子取代,典型的是氟原子,例如三氟丙基和九氟辛基(nonafluorooctyl)。合适的烷氧基包括甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基和异丙氧基。典型的芳氧基为苯氧基。在这些化合物中,优选的是1-6个碳原子的烷基和氟烷基。最优选的是甲基和乙基。尤其优选的是至少80mol%的R1为甲基或乙基。
在式(1)和式(2)中,R2为具有通式(3)的直链结构的碳酸酯基。
其中R3彼此独立地表示碳原子数为1-30烷基、芳基和芳烷基,碳原子数优选为1-12,更优选为1-6,其可被卤素原子取代。实例如上述R1的例子。在这些化合物中,优选的是1-6个碳原子的烷基和氟烷基。最优选的是甲基和乙基。“A”选自碳原子数为2-20的二价有机基,碳原子数优选为2-11,典型地可为直链或支链亚烷基,其可包含醚键(-O-)或酯键(-COO-)。合适的有机基包括-(CH2)2-、-(CH2)3-、-(CH2)4-、-CH2CH(CH3)CH2-、-(CH2)5-、-(CH2)6-、-(CH2)7-、-(CH2)8-、-(CH2)11-、-(CH2)2 CH(CH2CH2CH3)-、-CH2CH(CH2CH3)-、-(CH2)3-O-CH2-、-(CH2)3-O-(CH2)2-、-(CH2)3-O-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-、-(CH2)3-O-CH2CH(CH3)-和CH2CH(CH3) COO(CH2)2-。也包括前述取代形式,其中一个、多个或全部氢原子被氟原子取代,例如氟代醚基和全氟醚基(perfluoroether)。在上述化合物中,更优选的是1,2-亚乙烯基和三亚甲基,最优选的是三亚甲基。
式(1)中,x是1-4的整数。优选的是x等于1或2,尤其是等于1,因为如果x为3或4,碳酸酯基含量就会相应增加从而降低了硅的特性。
式(2)中,a为1.0-2.5的正数,即1.0≤a≤2.5,优选的是1.5≤a≤2.5。如果a小于1.0,碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷就可能具有足够高的粘度从而降低了电解质溶液中的离子活动性,因而不能提高润湿性。如果a大于2.5,碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷与电解质溶液的相容性会变小而难以以稳定的形式溶解电解质。下标b是0.001-1.5的正数,即0.001≤b≤1.5,优选的是0.1≤b≤1.0。如果b小于0.001,碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷就具有较低的碳酸酯含量,使得其与电解质溶液的相容性变小而难以以稳定的形式溶解电解质。如果b大于1.5,碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷就可能具有足够高的粘度从而降低了电解质溶液中的离子活动性,因而不能提高润湿性。a+b的和为1.001-3,即1.001≤a+b≤3,优选的是1.1≤a+b≤2.7,更优选的是1.5≤a+b≤2.5。
式(2)的硅氧烷可具有任意的分子结构,例如直链、环链、支链或三维网状结构。式(2)的硅氧烷优选具有2-200,更优选为具有2-60个的硅原子。
碳酸酯改性的硅烷(1)和碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷(2)的具体例子包括下面所示的化合物[I]-[IX]。
碳酸酯改性的硅烷(1)或碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷(2)可通过具有与硅键合的氢原子(例如,SiH基)的有机氢硅烷(organohydrogensilane)或有机氢聚硅氧烷(organohydrogenpolysiloxane)与具有碳碳双键的碳酸酯的加成反应而得到。例如,该碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷,参考如下式的化合物[II]:
可通过五甲基二硅氧烷(pantamethyldisiloxane)(其为具有SiH基(radical-bearing)的硅氧烷)与碳酸烯丙基乙酯(allyl ethyl carbonate)的加成反应得到。需说明的是碳酸烯丙基乙酯可通过商业购得的氯甲酸乙酯与烯丙醇之间的脱氯化氢反应而容易地合成。
期望的是在铂或铑催化剂存在的情况下实现加成反应。这里所用的合适的催化剂包括氯铂酸、乙醇改性的氯铂酸以及氯铂酸-乙烯基硅氧完络合物。而且可添加乙酸钠或柠檬酸钠作为助催化剂或pH缓冲剂。按催化的量使用催化剂,相对于含SiH基硅氧烷和具有碳-碳双键的碳酸酯的总重量,铂或铑的量优选的是至多50ppm,更优选的是至多20ppm。
如果需要,可在有机溶剂中实现加成反应。合适的有机溶剂包括脂肪醇如甲醇、乙醇、2-丙醇和丁醇;芳烃如甲苯和二甲苯;脂肪烃或脂环烃如正戊烷、正-己烷和环己烷;以及卤代烃如二氯甲烷、氯仿和四氯化碳。
加成反应的条件没有特别的限制。典型的加成反应可在回流大约1-10小时的条件下实现。
作为替代过程,碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷(2)可通过烷氧基硅烷或卤代硅烷的水解合成。例如,碳酸酯改性的硅烷可通过上述的三甲氧基硅烷(H(MeO)3Si)、甲基二甲氧基硅烷(HMe(MeO)2Si)和/或二甲基甲氧基硅烷(HMe2(MeO)Si)与碳酸烯丙基乙酯(allyl ethyl carbonate)的加成反应合成。然后碳酸酯改性的硅烷与烷氧基硅烷结合,在硫酸或甲磺酯酸(methanesulfonic)的存在下水解,该烷氧基硅烷选自四甲氧基硅烷、甲基三甲氧基硅烷、二甲基二甲氧基硅烷和三甲基甲氧基硅烷。当烷氧基为乙氧基时也可以。当使用卤代硅烷时,碳酸酯改性的卤代硅烷可通过上述的加成反应后滴加大量的水和适当选择的氯硅烷而合成。在这些反应路径的任一种中,溶剂例如乙醇很方便地用作相容剂。
在非水电解质溶液中,碳酸酯改性的硅烷或硅氧烷的优选的量的是至少0.001体积%。如果碳酸酯改性的硅烷或硅氧烷的含量低于0.001体积%,所述的作用发挥不出来。其优选的量是至少0.1体积%。其含量的上限随着非水电解质溶液中所用溶剂的具体类型而变化,但需明确的是可使锂离子在非水电解质溶液中的迁移等于和大于实际可接受的水平。该含量通常为非水电解质溶液的至多80体积%,优选的是至多60体积%,更优选的是至多50体积%。同时,当普遍用于这种类型的非水电解质溶液中的挥发性溶剂可忽略时,在非水电解质溶液中,硅烷或硅氧烷的含量为100体积%是可以接受的。
对于碳酸酯改性的硅烷或硅氧烷的粘度没有特别的限制。为便于锂离子在非水电解质溶液中的迁移,该化合物优选的是具有至多2,000mPa-s的粘度,更优选的是至多1,000mPa-s,该粘度在25℃下用旋转粘度计测得。
本发明的非水电解质溶液还含有电解质盐和非水溶剂。这里所用的电解质盐的实例为轻金属盐。轻金属盐的例子包括碱金属如锂、钠和钾的盐;碱土金属如镁和钙等的盐;以及铝盐。可根据具体的目的在这些盐和混合物中进行选择。合适的锂盐的例子包括LiBF4、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、C4F9SO3Li、CF3CO2Li、(CF3CO2)2NLi、C6F5SO3Li、C8F17SO3Li、(C2F5SO2)2NLi、(C4F9SO2)(CF3SO2)NLi、(FSO2C6F4)(CF3SO2)NLi、((CF3)2CHOSO2)2NLi、(CF3SO2)3CLi、(3,5-(CF3)2C6F3)4BLi、LiCF3、LiAlCl4和C4BO8Li,它们可以单独使用或混合使用。
从导电方面考虑,非水电解质溶液中电解质盐的浓度优选为0.5-2.0摩尔/升。非水电解质溶液优选的是在25℃下的导电率至少为0.01S/m,其可根据电解质盐的类型和浓度调节。
这里所用的非水溶剂没有特别的限制,只要能用于非水电解质溶液即可。合适的溶剂包括质子惰性的高介电常数的溶剂如碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚丁酯和γ-丁内酯;以及质子惰性的低粘度溶剂如碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙基酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲基丙基酯、碳酸二丙酯、二乙醚、四氢呋喃、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、1,3-二氧戊环、环丁砜(sulfolane)、甲基环丁砜、乙腈、丙腈(propionitrile)、苯甲醚、乙酸酯如乙酸甲酯以及丙酸酯。采用适当比例的质子惰性的高介电常数的溶剂和质子惰性的低粘度的溶剂的混合物是令人满意的。采用含有咪唑鎓、铵和吡啶鎓阳离子的离子性液体也是可接受的。其抗衡阴离子(counter anions)没有特别的限制,可包括BF4 -、PF6 -和(CF3SO2)2N-。离子性液体可与前述的非水溶剂混合使用。
当需要使用固体电解质或凝胶电解质时,可包括聚合物形式的硅树脂凝胶、硅树脂聚醚凝胶、丙烯酸类凝胶、丙烯腈凝胶、聚偏二氟乙烯或类似物。这些成分可在铸模前或后聚合。它们可单独使用或混合使用。
如果需要,可在本发明的非水电解质溶液中加入不同的添加剂。例子包括提高循环寿命的添加剂,如碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸甲基亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙基亚乙烯酯和碳酸4-乙烯基亚乙酯(4-vinylethylene);防止过量充电的添加剂,如联苯、烷基联苯(alkylbiphenyl)、环己基苯(cyclohexylbenzene)、叔丁苯、二苯醚和苯并呋喃;以及各种用于除酸和除水的碳酸盐化合物、羧酸酐、含氮和含硫的化合物。
本发明的还有一个实施方案是包括正极、负极、隔膜和电解质溶液的二次电池,其中电解质溶液采用上述的非水电解质溶液。
正极活性物质包括能吸留和释放锂离子的氧化物和硫化物。它们可单独使用或混合使用。例子包括除锂之外的金属硫化物和氧化物,如TiS2、MoS2、NbS2、ZrS2、VS2、V2O5、MoO3和Mg(V3O8)2,以及锂和含锂的复合氧化物。也可采用复合金属如NbSe2。为了提高能量密度,优选基于LipMetO2的锂复合氧化物,其中Met优选为钴、镍、铁和锰中的至少一种元素,p值范围为0.05≤p≤1.10。锂复合氧化物的示例包括LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiFeO2和具有层状结构的LiqNirCo1-rO2(其中q和r的值根据电池的充/放电状态而不同,一般采用的范围是:0<q<1,0.7<r≤1)、具有尖晶石结构的LiMn2O4以及斜方体LiMnO2。为了得到高的工作电压也可采用取代的尖晶石型锰化合物LiMetsMn1-sO4,其中Met为钛、铬、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌或类似物,s值的范围为0<s<1。
需说明的是制备上述锂复合氧化物,例如是根据所需的组分,将锂的碳酸盐、硝酸盐、氧化物或氢氧化物与过渡金属的碳酸盐、硝酸盐、氧化物或氢氧化物研磨并混合,在氧气氛围中、600-1000℃的温度范围内烧制。
有机材料也可用作正极活性物质。例子包括聚乙炔、聚吡咯、聚对亚苯基、聚苯胺、聚噻吩、聚烯烃(polyacene)和聚硫化物(polysulfide)。
能吸留和释放锂离子的负极材料包括含碳材料、金属元素和类金属元素、金属复合氧化物以及聚合物如聚乙炔和聚吡咯。
根据碳化过程分类,合适的含碳材料包括碳类和通过气相过程合成的人造石墨类如乙炔黑、热解碳和天然石墨;通过液相过程合成的碳类,包括焦炭如石油焦炭和沥青焦炭;热解碳,通过煅烧聚合物、木制材料、酚醛树脂和碳膜而得到的;以及通过固相过程合成的碳类如木炭、玻璃碳和碳纤维。
能吸留和释放锂离子的负极材料还包括可与锂形成合金的金属元素和类金属元素,其可以以元素、合金或化合物的形式存在。它们的状态包括固溶体、共晶和金属间化合物,可以两种或更多的状态任意共存。它们可单独使用,或两种或多种混合使用。
合适的金属元素和类金属元素的例子包括锡、铅、铝、铟、硅、锌、铜、钴、锑、铋、钙、镁、硼、镓、锗、砷、硒、碲、银、铪、锆和钇。尤其是优选4B族金属元素的元素、合金或化合物形式。更优选硅和锡或它们的合金或化合物。它们可为晶体和无定形体。
这些合金和化合物的示例包括LiAl、AlSb、CuMgSb、SiB4、SiB6、Mg2Si、Mg2Sn、Ni2Si、TiSi2、MoSi2、CoSi2、NiSi2、CaSi2、CrSi2、Cu5Si、FeSi2、MnSi2、NbSi2、TaSi2、VSi2、WSi2、ZnSi2、SiC、复合Si/SiC、Si3N4、Si2N2O、SiOv(其中0<v≤2)、复合SiO/C、SnOw(其中0<w≤2)、SnSiO3、LiSiO和LiSnO。
可采用任何预期的方法制备正极和负极。制备电极的过程一般如下:将活性物质、粘结剂、导电剂及其类似物添加到溶剂中形成浆料,将该浆料施加到集流体片上,干燥并压制粘合。这里采用的粘结剂通常选自聚偏二氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、异戊二烯橡胶和各种聚酰亚胺树脂。这里采用的导电剂通常选自含碳材料如石墨和碳黑、金属材料如铜和镍。对于集流体,正极通常采用铝和铝合金,负极通常采用金属如铜、不锈钢和镍以及它们的合金。
插在正极和负极之间的隔膜没有特别的限制,只要其能在电解质溶液中稳定并能有效地保持溶液即可。最常用的隔膜是聚烯烃,如聚乙烯和聚丙烯的多孔片或无纺布。也可采用多孔玻璃和陶瓷。
二次电池可采用任何想要的形状。通常,电池为硬币型,其中电极和隔膜都冲压成硬币形,然后组装;或者为圆柱形,其中电极片和隔膜螺旋形卷绕。
本发明的非水电解质溶液也可用于包括电极、隔膜和电解质溶液的电化学电容器,尤其是电双层电容器或模拟电双层电容器、不对称电容器以及氧化还原电容器。
电容器中的至少一个电极为可极化的电极,其主要由含碳材料构成。该可极化的电极通常由含碳材料、导电剂和粘结剂形成。可根据与用于锂二次电池的相同的配方制备可极化的电极。例如,可通过下述方法制备:将粉末状或纤维状的活性炭与导电剂如碳黑或乙炔黑混合,添加聚四氟乙烯作为粘结剂,然后将混合物施加或挤压到不锈钢或铝制的集流体上。类似地,隔膜和电解质溶液偏向于采用可高度渗透离子的材料,并且可以以基本上相同的方式采用在锂二次电池中使用的材料。其形状可为硬币型、圆柱形或长方形。
实施例
下面给出的本发明的实施例进一步解释本发明,但它们并不构成为限制本发明。粘度是在25℃下用旋转粘度计测得的。
实施例1-9和比较例1-3
具有碳-碳双键的碳酸酯的合成
在配有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝器的反应器中加入469g烯丙醇、693g嘧啶和1,200gTHF。当内部温度控制在-5℃时,一边搅拌一边将797g氯甲酸乙酯滴加到混合物中。滴加结束后,在室温下将反应溶液停放2小时以使反应完全。反应溶液用盐酸水溶液中和。将其加入到1,000ml的己烷中并用水清洗,然后分离己烷层并用无水硫酸钠干燥。精馏溶液,收集沸点为149-150℃的馏分。得到烯丙基乙基碳酸酯(allyl ethyl carbonate)769g,产出率为81%。通过气相色谱分析测得其纯度为99.5%。在重氯仿中用1H-NMR分析,峰值出现在1.28ppm(3H,t)、4.14ppm(2H,q)、4.57ppm(2H,d)、5.3ppm(2H,m)和5.9ppm(1H,m)。在重丙酮中用13C-NMR分析,在14.4、64.2、68.4、118.2、133.2和155.5ppm观察到信号。在IR分析中,在1748cm-1处观察到羰基的强烈信号。通过这些数据,可确定该产物是烯丙基乙基碳酸酯(allyl ethylcarbonate)。
碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷的合成
(1)具有下式的硅氧烷,参见化合物[II],可通过下列方法合成。
在配有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝器的反应器中加入118g烯丙基乙基碳酸酯(allyl ethyl carbonate)、100g甲苯和0.05g含0.5wt%氯铂酸的甲苯溶液。在80℃下一边搅拌一边将134g五甲基二硅氧烷(pantamethyldisiloxane)滴加到混合物中。当终端不饱和基与SiH基的摩尔比约为1.0时,反应发生。滴加结束后,将反应溶液在80℃下停放2小时以使反应完全。在真空下精馏反应溶液,收集85℃/100Pa下的馏分。用这种方法,得到了具有式[II]的碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷,产出率为42%。其粘度为7mPa-s,比重为0.926,通过气相色谱分析测得的纯度为99.5%。
(2)具有下式的硅氧烷,参见化合物[VIII],可通过下列方法合成。
在配有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝器的反应器中加入98g烯丙基乙基碳酸酯(allyl ethyl carbonate)、100g甲苯和0.05g含0.5wt%氯铂酸的甲苯溶液。在80℃下一边搅拌一边将110g三甲氧基硅烷(trimethoxysilane)滴加到混合物中。当终端不饱和基与SiH基的摩尔比约为0.83时,反应发生。滴加结束后,将反应溶液在80℃下停放2小时以使反应完全。在真空下蒸馏反应溶液,收集103℃/100Pa下的馏分。用这种方法,得到了碳酸酯改性的三甲氧基硅烷(trimethoxysilane),产出率为66%。
随后,在配有搅拌器、温度计和回流冷凝器的反应器中加入100g碳酸酯改性的三甲氧基硅烷(trimethoxysilane)、124g三甲基甲氧基硅烷和60g甲醇,并冷却至-10℃。在反应器中加入4g浓.硫酸。当在-10℃下冷却时,将30g去离子水缓慢加入混合物中,以进行水解。搅拌混合物2小时,其后允许恢复到室温,加入甲苯并用水清洗。分离甲苯层并用无水硫酸钠干燥,在真空中蒸馏2小时,收集100℃/50Pa下的馏分。用这种方法,得到了具有式[VIII]的碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷。其粘度为12mPa-s,比重为0.971。
非水电解质溶液的制备
非水电解质溶液的制备是通过将碳酸酯改性的硅烷或硅氧烷[I]-[IX]溶解在碳酸亚乙酯(EC)和碳酸二乙酯(DEC)的混合物中,EC和DEC的比例在表1中列出,还在其中溶解LiPF6,其浓度为1摩尔/升。为了比较,制备了不含硅氧烷的非水电解质溶液以及含有3%体积和6%体积、作为替代的聚醚改性的硅树脂的非水电解质溶液。
表1
应说明的是聚醚改性的硅树脂记载在JP-A 11-214032中,并具有下述分子式。
电池材料的准备
所用正极材料为单层片,其用LiCoO2作活性物质,用铝箔作集流体(商品名为Pioxcel C-100,Pionics有限公司生产)。所用负极材料为单层片,其用石墨作活性物质,用铜箔作集流体(商品名Pioxcel A-100,Pionics有限公司生产)。所用隔膜为玻璃纤维滤纸(商品名GC50,Advantec有限公司生产)。
电池组装
在填充有氩气的干燥箱中组装2032硬币型电池,采用了前述的电池材料、不锈钢壳体、不锈钢密封板和绝缘垫圈,不锈钢壳体也用作正极导体,不锈钢密封板也用作负极导体。
电池测试(循环性能)
在0℃和25℃下,重复充电步骤(恒流0.6mA至多充至4.2V)和放电步骤(恒流0.6mA放至2.5V)重复100次。应注意的是,在转换到0℃测试前在25℃下进行3个充/放电循环。用第100次循环时的放电容量除以最初的放电容量,计算放电容量的百分比保持率。结果显示在表2中。
表2
对循环100次后的放电容量保持率的比较表明碳酸酯改性的硅烷和硅氧烷电解质溶液优于不含硅氧烷的电解质溶液和聚醚改性硅树脂的电解质溶液。
Claims (9)
1.一种非水电解质溶液,包括非水溶剂、电解质盐,以及选自具有式(1)的碳酸酯改性的硅烷和具有式(2)的碳酸酯改性的硅氧烷中的至少一种化合物:
R1 (4-x)R2 xSi (1)
R1 aR2 bSiO(4-a-b)/2 (2)
其中R1彼此独立地选自碳原子数为1-30的烷基、芳基、芳烷基、氨基取代的烷基和羧基取代的烷基,其可被卤素原子取代;
R2为式(3)表示的碳酸酯基:
其中R3彼此独立地表示碳原子数为1-30的烷基、芳基或芳烷基,其可被卤素原子取代,A是碳原子数为2-20的亚烷基,
x是1-4的整数,a是1.0-2.5的正数,b是0.001-1.5的正数,并且a+b的和为1.001-3。
2.根据权利要求1的非水电解质溶液,其中,式(1)和式(2)中的R1为碳原子数为1-6的烷基或氟烷基。
3.根据权利要求1的非水电解质溶液,其中式(3)中的A为三亚甲基。
4.根据权利要求1的非水电解质溶液,其中至少一种化合物存在的量为全部非水电解质溶液的至少0.001体积%。
5.根据权利要求1的非水电解质溶液,其中电解质盐为锂盐。
7.二次电池,包括权利要求1的非水电解质溶液。
8.电化学电容器,包括权利要求1的非水电解质溶液。
9.锂离子二次电池,包括权利要求1的非水电解质溶液。
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