CN1906336A - 减少纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种消除或减少纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤的方法,首先在10-20%氢气中以5℃/分钟的速率于70-90分钟内将金属氧化物加热至350-500℃;任选地保持该温度10-60分钟;然后引入碳质原料流。
Description
相关申请的相互参考
本申请要求于2003年11月21日提交的美国专利申请10/719,923的优先权。在此将2003年11月21提交的美国专利申请10/719,923引入,作为参考。
本申请是2003年11月21日提交的美国专利申请10/719,923的部分继续申请。
对“MICROFICHE APPENDIX”的参考不适用。
技术领域
本发明涉及纳米碳合成。更具体地,本发明涉及将纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤减少约90%常规加工时间的方法。
背景技术
在以现有技术教导的常规方式合成碳纳米纤维时,要求预还原催化剂,然后涉及钝化,钝化在金属芯上提供了金属氧化物薄覆盖层。这种耗时的步骤通常花费24小时以上。在这种常规方法中,第一步是于400-600℃下在10-20%H2中还原金属氧化物20小时,然后于室温下在2%O2中钝化另一小时。
首先参考R.T.Baker等人的名称为“Growth of Graphite Nanofibers fromthe Iron-Copper Catalyzed Decomposition of CO/H2 Mixtures”的论文,在该文献中披露了纳米碳合成用催化剂是如何用常规方法合成的。由该现有技术教导的制备方法要求,于400-600℃(优选于450-550℃下),在10%氢气中还原金属氧化物20小时,然后于室温下,在少量氧(例如,2%)的存在下钝化,再然后刚好在引入碳质原料以开始纳米碳合成之前,于反应温度下,在10%氢气中进行较短的二次还原。这种时帧描述于图1中,标示为“现有技术”。上述Baker论文以及支持Baker论文的美国专利6,159,538在此作为部分提交的信息披露申明(Information Disclosure Statement)而提供。
发明内容
本发明的方法以直接的方式解决了本领域面临的问题。本发明提供了一种通过以下方式减少纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤的方法:首先在10-20%氢气中以5℃/分钟的速率于70-90分钟内将金属氧化物加热至350-500℃,以还原金属氧化物;任选地保持该温度10-60分钟;然后引入碳质原料流。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种减少纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤的方法;
本发明的另一目的是提供将纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤从常规方法中的20小时减少至1小时的方法;
本发明的另一目的是提供将纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤减少大于和等于90%常规方法涉及的时间的方法;
本发明的另一目的是减少纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤,这提供了连续催化剂制备和纳米碳合成的可能性;
本发明的另一目的是提供预还原纳米碳合成用催化剂的方法,这使得容易按比例扩大纳米碳合成。
附图说明
为了进一步理解本发明的本质、目的和优点,应当参考下述详细描述,并结合附图阅读,其中相同的附图标记表示相同的元件,其中:
图1说明了制备纳米碳合成用催化剂的常规现有技术方法的图;
图2是由图1中描述的常规现有技术方法制备的纳米碳纤维的形态的透射电子显微照片;
图3说明本发明的制备纳米碳合成用催化剂的优选实施方案的图;以及
图4是由图3中描述的本发明方法的优选实施方案制备的纳米碳纤维的形态的透射电子显微照片。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图,图1说明了制备用于纳米碳纤维制备用的催化剂的常规现有技术方法的图,而图2是由图1中描述的常规现有技术方法制备的纳米碳纤维的形态的透射电子显微照片。
图3说明了减少纳米碳合成用催化剂的预还原步骤工艺的优选方法,而图4是由图3中描述的本发明方法的优选实施方案制备的纳米碳纤维的形态的透射电子显微照片。
然而,在讨论本发明优选实施方案的方法之前,参考附图1和2。图1描述了以温度对时间绘图的常规金属氧化物催化剂制备方法的图。如图所示,在约50℃的温度下,开始催化剂的最初还原。从图1中可知,催化剂的温度升高至500-600℃之间,使得在大约20小时的期间内,还原以恒定的温度发生。在最初还原阶段结束时,开始钝化步骤,在钝化步骤中于2%的氧气流中,在约1小时的期间内,将催化剂冷却至约50℃或低于50℃的温度。最后,在10%氢气流中,进行二次还原,催化剂温度返回至500-600℃,在此时开始碳纳米纤维合成。从该图中清楚可知,以常规方式制备催化剂的整个工艺需要二十几小时以上才能完成。
图2是由图1中描述的常规催化剂制备方法中制备的纳米碳纤维的形态的透射电子显微照片。碳产率约为2.40克碳/克催化剂/小时。
现在讨论本发明优选实施方式的方法,首先参考图3,图3说明减少纳米碳合成中催化剂的预还原步骤工艺的优选方法。如图所示,金属氧化物催化剂的温度在约1小时期间内在10-20%氢气中从约50℃升高至400-500℃。此时,存在短暂的任选停留时间。金属氧化物催化剂的温度从400-500℃升高至500-600℃,然后使体积比为1∶4至4∶1的CO/H2混合物经过其上,以开始碳纳米纤维的合成。从图3中可知,整个催化剂制备工艺在少于2小时期间内进行。比较本发明与常规催化剂制备,清楚可知,时间已经从二十多小时减少到至少少于2小时。
图4是由图3中描述的本发明方法的优选实施方案制备的纳米碳纤维的形态的透射电子显微照片。碳产率为约2.56克碳/克催化剂/小时。
在10-20%氢气中,以5℃/分钟的加热速率,将由金属氧化物构成的催化剂加热至350-500℃,所述金属氧化物包括,但不限于,铁、铜、镍、钼的氧化物以及它们的组合。将金属氧化物加热到该温度将需要70-90分钟左右的时间。然后于氮气气氛下将该系统骤升(ramp)至反应温度。对反应气体的改变将开始碳纳米纤维的合成。
以下将讨论的实施例1涉及在常规现有技术方法中制备催化剂。以下也将讨论的实施例2涉及本发明的方法。在实施例1和2中,对两种催化剂而言,碳纳米纤维的制备具有基本上相等的产率。清楚地是,如果催化剂制备时间如本发明所教导的那样减少,那么将加速对连续制备碳纳米纤维工艺的开发。
实施例1
如图1所示,实施例1是常规现有技术催化剂制备。在该实施例中,将包括Fe/Cu重量比为98∶2的0.1克铁和铜氧化物的混合物放置在管式反应器中,在10%氢气(其余为氮气)于600℃还原20小时,冷却至室温,利用2%氧气(其余为氮气)钝化1小时,然后在10%氢气(其余为氮气)下再加热至600℃,历时2小时。然后,将CO/H2的混合物(体积比为1∶4)以200sccm的速率经过其上,生成图3的透射电子显微照片所描述的碳纳米纤维。碳产率为2.40克碳/克催化剂/小时。
将参考下述实施例2,更详细地说明本发明,而所述实施例不应当解释为限制本发明的范围。
实施例2
如图2所示,实施例2是本发明方法的优选实施方案。在该实施例中,催化剂制备包括:将包括Fe/Cu重量比为98∶2的0.1克铁和铜氧化物的混合物放置在管式反应器中,在10%氢气(其余为氮气)中,以5℃/分钟的速率加热至500℃,并保持30分钟。将温度升至600℃,然后将CO/H2的混合物(体积比为1∶4)以200sccm的速率经过其上,生成图4的透射电子显微照片所描述的碳纳米纤维。整个催化剂制备方法需要的时间少于2小时,碳产率为2.56克碳/克催化剂/小时。
应当注意的是,在实施例1和2中,对两种催化剂而言,碳产率基本上相等。而且,实施例1和2中制备的碳的形态如图2和4所示。缩小图4的放大倍数仅为了显示更大的产品区域。显微照片中的背景“网”是支撑栅格。应当注意的是,此处教导的本发明催化剂制备适用于用于制备各种形态的纳米碳的其它催化剂;并且这些克包括,但不限于,铁、铜、镍、钼的氧化物及其它们的组合。
上述实施方案仅借助实施例来表示;而本发明的范围仅由所附权利要求来限制。
Claims (24)
1.制备和利用纳米纤维合成用催化剂的方法,包括下述步骤:
a.在10-20%氢气中,以1-10℃/分钟的加热速率将金属氧化物加热至400-500℃的初始温度,以进行金属氧化物的还原,并保持约10-60分钟;
b.将温度升高至550-700℃;和
c.使CO/H2混合物经过催化剂,以生成纳米碳纤维。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述金属氧化物包括铁氧化物。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述金属氧化物包括铁和铜的氧化物的混合物。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中铁和铜的氧化物的混合物含有重量比为99∶1至50∶50的Fe/Cu。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中金属氧化物选自铁、铜、镍和钼的氧化物以及它们的组合。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(a)中的加热时间少于60分钟。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤a和b是在小于2小时的时间内进行的。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中CO/H2的混合物是以1∶4至4∶1的体积比提供的。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中CO/H2的混合物是以1∶4的体积比提供的。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中碳产率等于或大于2.5克碳/克催化剂/小时。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中所述方法包括:通过减少催化剂的预还原时间,生成催化剂和碳纳米纤维的连续方法。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中氢气由惰性气体平衡。
13.制备和利用纳米纤维合成用催化剂的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
a.在10%氢气中,以5℃/分钟的加热速率将金属氧化物催化剂加热至400-500℃的初始温度,以进行金属氧化物催化剂的还原,并保持少于60分钟;
b.将温度升高至至少550℃;
c.使CO/H2混合物经过催化剂,以生成纳米碳纤维。
14.权利要求11的方法,其中CO/H2的混合物是以1∶4的体积比提供的。
15.权利要求11的方法,其中产生纳米纤维的碳质原料流在从金属氧化物催化剂上升至400-500℃的初始温度起1小时内开始。
16.制备和利用纳米纤维合成用催化剂的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
a.在10-20%氢气中,以5℃/分钟的加热速率将金属氧化物催化剂加热至400-500℃的初始温度,以进行金属氧化物催化剂的还原,并保持约10-60分钟;
b.将温度升高至至少550℃,但不高于700℃;
c.使CO/H2混合物经过催化剂,以生成纳米碳纤维。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中所述方法包括制备纳米纤维合成用催化剂的连续方法。
18.制备纳米纤维合成用催化剂的方法,包括下述步骤:
a.在10-20%氢气中,以1-10℃/分钟的加热速率将金属氧化物加热至400-500℃的初始温度,以进行金属氧化物的还原,并保持约10-60分钟;以及
b.将催化剂的温度增加至550-700℃,以在制备纳米纤维合成中用作催化剂。
19.制备纳米纤维合成用催化剂的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
a.在10%氢气中,以5℃/分钟的加热速率将金属氧化物催化剂加热至400-500℃的初始温度,以进行金属氧化物催化剂的还原,并保持少于60分钟;以及
b.将催化剂的温度增加至至少550℃,以在制备纳米纤维中使用。
20.制备纳米纤维合成用催化剂的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
a.在10-20%氢气中,以5℃/分钟的加热速率将金属氧化物催化剂加热至400-500℃的初始温度,以进行金属氧化物催化剂的还原,并保持约10-60分钟;以及
b.将催化剂的温度增加至至少550℃,但不高于700℃,以使催化剂可用于制备纳米碳纤维。
21.权利要求18的方法,其中使CO/H2混合物经过催化剂,以生成纳米碳纤维。
22.权利要求19的方法,其中使CO/H2混合物经过催化剂,以生成纳米碳纤维。
23.权利要求20的方法,其中使CO/H2混合物经过催化剂,以生成纳米碳纤维。
24.基本上显示和描述的本发明。
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US10/719,923 US20050112050A1 (en) | 2003-11-21 | 2003-11-21 | Process to reduce the pre-reduction step for catalysts for nanocarbon synthesis |
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CN (1) | CN1906336A (zh) |
AR (1) | AR046649A1 (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0416828A (zh) |
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US20060122056A1 (en) * | 2004-12-02 | 2006-06-08 | Columbian Chemicals Company | Process to retain nano-structure of catalyst particles before carbonaceous nano-materials synthesis |
KR102061919B1 (ko) | 2011-11-21 | 2020-01-02 | 브레우어 사이언스 인코포레이션 | Euv 리소그래피용 보조층 |
CN104718170A (zh) | 2012-09-04 | 2015-06-17 | Ocv智识资本有限责任公司 | 碳强化的增强纤维在含水或非水介质内的分散 |
US20160207772A1 (en) * | 2013-08-28 | 2016-07-21 | National University Corporation Shizuoka University | Production apparatus for carbon nanotubes, feed unit for being part of production apparatus, and production method for carbon nanotubes |
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CN1211199C (zh) * | 1996-05-15 | 2005-07-20 | 海珀里昂催化国际有限公司 | 刚性多孔碳结构材料、其制法、用法及含该结构材料的产品 |
JP3415038B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-25 | 2003-06-09 | 株式会社島津製作所 | カーボンの製造方法 |
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US6159538A (en) * | 1999-06-15 | 2000-12-12 | Rodriguez; Nelly M. | Method for introducing hydrogen into layered nanostructures |
US20020054849A1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-05-09 | Baker R. Terry K. | Crystalline graphite nanofibers and a process for producing same |
US6537515B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2003-03-25 | Catalytic Materials Llc | Crystalline graphite nanofibers and a process for producing same |
US6706248B2 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2004-03-16 | General Electric Company | Carbon nitrogen nanofiber compositions of specific morphology, and method for their preparation |
US6849245B2 (en) * | 2001-12-11 | 2005-02-01 | Catalytic Materials Llc | Catalysts for producing narrow carbon nanostructures |
US6887451B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2005-05-03 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Of Her Majesty's Canadian Government | Process for preparing carbon nanotubes |
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KR20060113956A (ko) | 2006-11-03 |
WO2005052228A1 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
CA2588212A1 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
US20100029475A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
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