CN1817297A - 经皮生物流体的成分取样和测量装置及方法 - Google Patents
经皮生物流体的成分取样和测量装置及方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1817297A CN1817297A CNA2006100037641A CN200610003764A CN1817297A CN 1817297 A CN1817297 A CN 1817297A CN A2006100037641 A CNA2006100037641 A CN A2006100037641A CN 200610003764 A CN200610003764 A CN 200610003764A CN 1817297 A CN1817297 A CN 1817297A
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Abstract
一种用于对至少一种生物流体成分进行取样并测量生物流体内至少一种目标成分的装置和方法。此装置具有至少一个显微操作针,其具有可刺入皮肤中一定深度以使疼痛和流血最少的开口远端。此装置还包括用于对生物流体成分进行取样的位于显微操作针内的亲水性凝胶,以及用于测量取样生物流体成分内目标成分的浓度的电化学电池。在一些实施例中,电化学电池与显微操作针形成一体,使得取样步骤和测量步骤可完全地就地进行。在另一些实施例中,电化学电池位于显微操作针的近端之外。本发明还提供了成分取样和测量系统、方法和整套器具。
Description
本申请为以申请日2002年6月11日并且申请号为02124319.0的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及经皮生物流体的成分取样和分析物测量,更具体地涉及有助于生物流体取样的成分传送介质。
背景技术
生物流体中的分析物检测变得越来越重要。分析物的检测鉴定可用于多种应用,包括临床实验室检验和家庭检验等,其中这种检验的结果在各种病况的诊断和医治中起重要作用。通常所关心的分析物包括如在糖尿病医治中需分析的葡萄糖,以及胆固醇等。
用于采集血液样品以检测分析物的常用技术是至少刺入皮肤的皮下层中,进入到下方的血管内以便在体表产生局部流血。然后将所得到的血液采集到用于传输的小管中,并由检验装置进行分析。检验装置通常为具有反应剂测试带的手持器械,血液样品置于测试带上。由于指尖上分布有大量的小血管,因此指尖是这种采血方法最常用的采血部位。这种方法的一个显著缺点是非常疼,这是因为指尖的皮下组织集中了大量的神经末梢。对于需要经常监测分析物的病人来说,逃避进行血液取样并不少见。例如对糖尿病病人来说,无法经常按处方规定来测量他们的葡萄糖浓度会导致缺乏适当控制葡萄糖浓度所必需的信息。无法控制葡萄糖的浓度是十分危险的,甚至威胁到生命。这种血液取样的技术还存在会传染和传播疾病给病人的危险,尤其当很频繁地进行取样时更是如此。由于在皮肤表面上只有有限的区域供频繁的血液取样使用,因此此技术所存在的问题进一步恶化。
为了克服上述技术的缺点以及与会带来剧烈疼痛有关的其它缺点,已经研制出了一些分析物检测的方案及装置,这些方案及装置采用显微操作针或类似的结构来获得皮肤内的间质液。显微操作针刺入到皮肤中,穿刺深度小于皮下层的深度,从而减轻病人所感觉到的疼痛。然后对间质液进行取样和检验,确定目标成分的浓度。间质液中的某一成分的浓度代表了在其它体液如血液中的那种成分的浓度。
传统的显微操作针取样系统的缺点是,由于人体内的间质液处于约6mm/Hg的负压下,因此通常将一些机械或真空装置结合微穿刺件一起使用。
例如,在国际专利申请WO99/27852中公开了使用真空压力和/或热量来提高在施加了真空或热量的皮肤区域处获得间质液的可能性。真空压力使得真空附近的一部分皮肤变得伸展并充盈有间质液,便于在进入皮肤时抽取流体。另一种公开的方法是在皮肤上放置局部加热元件,使得间质液在此处流得更快,这样就使每单位时间所采集的间质液更多。
还研制了可完全避免皮肤穿刺的其它检测装置。在此装置中用更间接的装置“干扰”皮肤的最外层即角质层,以获得或抽取皮肤中的生物流体。这种装置包括采用振动能量,以及在皮肤表面涂敷化学反应剂等。例如,国际专利申请WO98/34541中公开了采用振动集中器如操作针或金属线,其位于离皮肤表面一定距离的位置处,并通过机电换能器来产生振动。操作针浸入到装有与皮肤相接触的液体介质的容器中。操作针的机械振动传给液体,在皮肤表面上产生液压应力,此应力足以干扰角质层的细胞结构。国际专利申请WO97/42888和WO98/00193中还公开了采用超声振动进行间质液检测的方法。
因此,尽管在分析物检测领域中已进行了许多工作,但是人们对能更容易满足相关市场需求的新型分析物检测鉴定方法的兴趣仍在持续。尤其引起人们兴趣的是微创式分析物检测系统的研制,这种系统实用、易于制造、准确,并容易使用,而且安全有效。
相关的文献包括美国专利:5582184,5746217,5820570,5942102,6091975和6162611。其它有关的专利文献和出版物包括:WO97/00441,WO97/42888,WO98/00193,WO98/34541,WO99/13336,WO99/27852,WO99/64580,WO00/35530,WO00/57177和WO00/74765A1。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种经皮生物流体的取样和分析物测量系统与装置及其使用方法。题述装置的一个特征是采用了成分传送介质,其可以进行取样,并至少将在皮肤内可获得的生物流体的目标成分传送到用于测量流体试样中的目标成分的电化学电池中。本发明可应用于获得生物流体如血液和间质液,以及用于检测和测量所获得的生物流体中的各种分析物,如葡萄糖、胆固醇、电解质、药物或不正当药品等。本发明特别适用于对间质液成分如葡萄糖进行取样和测量。
通常来说,题述取样和测量装置包括可获得生物流体的细长的皮肤穿刺装置、至少一个采用成分传送介质形式的取样装置,以及采用电化学测量电池的形式且与成分传送介质流体相通的测量装置。
皮肤穿刺装置包括至少一个显微操作针,其形成了通过显微操作针结构内部的至少一部分的基本环状的孔或通道,并具有位于远端的进入开口,一种或多种生物流体成分通过此开口进入到装置中。在多个实施例中,皮肤穿刺装置包括这种显微操作针的阵列。
电化学测量电池包括间隔开的工作电极和基准电极,电极位于显微操作针结构中,和/或进一步限定了显微操作针结构。电极之间的区域形成反应区,在其中进行对分析物浓度的实际测量。在一些实施例中,电极同轴地设置且相互间同心地隔开,其中至少外电极为中空的圆柱形结构,并至少部分地形成了显微操作针结构。内电极位于外电极的圆柱形壁内,也可具有圆柱形外形,或者是填充了芯型材料的中空圆柱体,或者是实心圆柱体。在另一些实施例中,电化学电池形成了显微操作针结构的近端,其形式为基本垂直于显微操作针的纵向轴线的两个平行隔开的平面。
在操作中,电化学电池的一个电极用作基准电极,输入基准信号通过基准电极从信号发生装置提供给传感器。另一电极用作工作电极,其将来自传感器的输出信号提供给信号接收装置。基准电极最好位于底部,而工作电极最好位于装置的顶部。输出信号代表了所获得的生物流体中的目标分析物的浓度。
在电化学电池中可采用氧化还原反应剂系统或材料,从而有助于选定所要分析的分析物。所采用的特定氧化还原反应剂材料根据所要测量的目标分析物来选择。
取样装置的成分传送介质占据了两个电极之间的被称为反应区的区域以及各显微操作针通道的至少一部分。成分传送介质由水凝胶或亲水性的凝胶材料或基质制成,其对生物流体中的离子和负离子微粒具有亲和力。作为选择,凝胶基质可以制成只传送分子量小于指定重量的微粒。凝胶可至少将位于显微操作针的进入开口处的目标生物流体成分传送到反应区。换句话说,目标成分通过凝胶基质移动,直到组织中的成分浓度和凝胶基质中的成分浓度之间达到平衡为止。与采用只依靠施加在生物流体上的毛细作用力的中空显微操作针来作为将生物流体传送到电化学电池中的装置相比,本发明的成分传送介质可设成(即处于完全饱和状态)不传送所获得的生物流体中所含的水和其它流体,而是只传送生物流体中的成分。电化学电池的结构可从残留的用于检验的成分中选择出目标成分。
本发明的凝胶基质的特征在于,浓度梯度按照一阶系统变化。这就允许通过一阶系统的指数特性来计算离子和非离子元素的浓度。
题述传感器装置可作为分析物感应系统的一部分,分析物感应系统包括用于控制传感器装置的装置。具体地说,设置了控制器,在控制器中控制装置与传感器装置相耦合,控制器可产生输入信号并将其传送给电化学电池,以及从电化学电池中接收输出信号。这些功能及其它功能由编制于控制器内的软件算法来执行,此软件算法可在接收到来自电化学电池的输出信号时自动地计算和确定生物试样内目标分析物的浓度。
本发明的示例性方法包括采用至少一个题述传感器装置,其包括一个或多个中空的显微操作针,显微操作针具有一个开口的远端,形成了通向连接成一体的电化学电池的成分传送通道。在显微操作针和电化学电池的内部填充了亲水性的凝胶材料。显微操作针插入皮肤中一段选定深度,最好是不接触神经末梢和血管的深度。接着,位于显微操作针开口远端处的生物流体中的至少目标成分通过毛细作用流入凝胶材料中,并被传送到电化学电池中的反应区。然后在工作电极和基准电极之间进行电化学测量,其提供代表试样中成分浓度的电信号。然后从所得电信号中获得病人血液中的成分浓度。然后在显示装置上显示出代表此浓度的数值。可以采用作为本装置一部分的软件算法,例如在装置中的控制器内所编制的软件算法,来确定由控制器传送给电化学电池的信号电平,并获得目标分析物的浓度水平。
题述装置、系统和方法可用于多种分析物的分析物浓度测量,特别适用于测量间质液中的葡萄糖浓度。
附图说明
图1包括图1A,1B,1C和1D,其中图1A是本发明的显微操作针的一个实施例沿长度方向的剖开视图,图1B是图1A的显微操作针沿箭头b-b的剖视图,图1C是图1A的显微操作针沿箭头c-c的剖视图,图1D是图1A的显微操作针沿箭头d-d的顶视图;
图2包括图2A和2B,其中图2A是本发明的显微操作针的另一实施例沿长度方向的剖开视图,图2B是图2A的显微操作针沿箭头b-b的剖视图;
图3是本发明的凝胶基质的一阶系统的曲线图;和
图4是本发明的取样和测量装置的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了经皮生物流体如间质液的取样和分析物测量的传感器装置和系统及其使用方法。本发明可用于对生物流体例如血液和间质液中的成分进行取样,并检测和测量多种不同的分析物,例如葡萄糖、胆固醇、电解质、药物和不正当药品等。
通常来说,题述装置包括皮肤穿刺装置、采用成分传送介质形式的生物流体成分取样装置,以及采用电化学电池的形式且与成分传送介质流体相通的成分浓度测量装置。这些部件最好集成在一个单一结构中。
在进一步介绍本发明之前,应当理解,由于可以对特定实施例进行修改而且这些修改仍在所附权利要求的范围内,因此本发明并不限于下述的特定实施例。还应理解,所采用的用语是为了介绍这些实施例,而不是限制性的。相反,本发明的范围由所附权利要求建立。
在提供数值的范围时,应当理解,在此范围的上限值和下限值之间的各插入值以及在所给出的范围内的任何其它给出值或插入值都包含在本发明内,除非上下文中另有清晰的说明,否则这些插入值是以下限值单位的十分之一的量来插入的。在给出范围内排除了任何指定的排除值的条件下,可独立地包括在较小范围内的这些较小范围的上限值和下限值也包含在本发明内。在所给出的范围包括了一个或两个限值的情况下,将这些所包括的限值排除在外的范围也包含在本发明内。
除非另有说明,否则这里所用的所有技术和科学用语与本领域的普通技术人员所普遍理解的意义相同。虽然在本发明的实施或检验中可采用与这里介绍的方法和材料类似或等效的任何方法和材料,但是下面将介绍的是优选的方法和材料。通过参考与所引用的出版物有关的所公开和介绍的方法和/或材料,将这里所提及的所有出版物结合于本文中。
必须注意的是,在这里和所附权利要求中使用的单数形式“一个”和“这个”包括了复数的形式,除非上下文中另有清晰的说明。因此,例如,“一条测试带”包括了多条这种测试带,“这个处理器”包括一个或多个处理器和本领域的技术人员已知的等效物,等等。
这里所论及的出版物只是因为它们的公开早于本发明的提交日而提供。这里的所有说明都不能被解释为,由于存在这些现有发明,本发明不能先于此出版物而被授权。另外,这里提供的出版物的日期可能和实际的出版日期不同,可能需要单独加以证实。
皮肤穿刺装置
皮肤穿刺装置包括至少一个微型穿刺件,其最好采用显微操作针的形式,用来穿刺皮肤到一定深度,使疼痛和流血最小,最好是没有疼痛和不流血。因此,显微操作针最好穿刺到神经上方的位置。这样,本发明的穿刺件所刺入的目标皮肤层包括真皮、表皮和角质层(即表皮的最外层)。
显微操作针形成了通过窄的细长结构内部的基本环状的孔或通道,其具有远端的进入开口,生物流体成分通过此开口可以进入到显微操作针中。在本发明的传感器装置的一些实施例中,皮肤穿刺件包括这种显微操作针的阵列。
题述显微操作针设置成在机械上是稳定的且足够坚固,可穿透角质层而不会断裂或弯曲。显微操作针最好由生物相容的材料制成,以便不会刺激皮肤或引起不良的组织反应。虽然传感器装置可以是一次性的,但对于可重复使用的实施例来说,显微操作针和/或显微操作针阵列的材料最好能承受多次消毒操作。
显微操作针和/或显微操作针阵列可由绝缘材料形成,或涂敷有绝缘材料,例如陶瓷、玻璃、硅石、聚合物和塑料等。聚合物的例子有聚丙烯酸酯、环氧树脂、聚酯聚醚醚酮、液态结晶聚酯,或者它们的合成物。陶瓷的例子包有氧化铝、碳化硅和氧化锆。适当的金属材料包括不锈钢、钛、贵金属,或者它们的合金等。
现在将参考图1和2来介绍本发明的示例性显微操作针的一般结构。图1A和图2A分别显示了显微操作针100和200,其具有沿纵向轴线基本为直的和横截面基本为圆形的结构。然而也可以采用任何适当的横截面形状,包括但不限于其它的环形如椭圆形或长圆形,或者多边形形状如正方形或矩形。显微操作针最厚处的外径在约200μm到300μm之间,通常不超过约350μm。在一些实施例中,外径通常约为250μm。
本发明的一个重要方面是可消除或至少极大地减轻了在取样过程中病人所受的疼痛和流血。因此,显微操作针的穿刺长度和直径必须处于能实现此目的的一定范围内。当然,这些值根据所取样的生物流体(如间质液、血液或两者)的类型以及所检验的特定病人的皮肤层的厚度而变化。
皮肤包括三层不同的层,即称为表皮的顶层,称为真皮的中间层,以及称为皮下层的底层。表皮约为60到120μm(微米)厚,包括四层不同的层:称为角质层的10到20μm厚的外层,随后为颗粒层、马氏层和生发层。角质层包括充满了成束交联的角蛋白和由脂质细胞外基质所围绕的角质透明蛋白的细胞。内三层统称为生长表皮,其总厚度在约50到100μm的范围内。生长表皮与表皮之间相互扩散代谢产物。表皮中不含有血细胞或神经末梢。真皮比表皮厚得多,其厚度在约2000到3000μm的范围内。真皮层通常由致密结缔组织层组成,包括胶原纤维和分散在这些纤维之间的间质液。在真皮层下为皮下组织,其包括毛细血管和皮肤内的大多数神经末梢。
因此,本发明的显微操作针最好具有一定的穿刺长度,在完全插入皮肤中时此穿刺长度不会比真皮层更深,以减轻疼痛。然而,此穿刺长度如有必要可以更长一些,以进行特定的取样应用。显微操作针的长度-直径比是决定题述显微操作针的最优长度的另一因素。为了有效地和防止损伤地穿刺皮肤,显微操作针的长度通常至少是显微操作针直径的约5倍,但也可大一些或小一些。显微操作针的最小直径取决于电极之间的必要间距和电化学电池中其它部件的直径。
因此,题述显微操作针的长度通常在约500到4000μm的范围内,更典型地在约600到3000μm的范围内,最好在约1000到2000μm的范围内;然而,这些长度根据所检验的特定病人的皮肤层厚度而在病人之间变化。虽然显微操作针的长度可以大于目标皮肤层的深度,但是显微操作针穿刺到皮肤中的深度(称为穿刺深度)小于显微操作针结构的长度。因此,为了减轻病人的疼痛,显微操作针的穿刺长度应在约50到4000μm的范围内,最好在约100到3000μm的范围内。例如,对于只需要穿透到表皮层中的取样操作来说,显微操作针的穿刺长度通常在约50到120μm的范围内。对于要求穿刺到真皮层中但深度不超过真皮层的取样操作来说,显微操作针的穿刺长度通常在约2000到3000μm的范围内。
显微操作针100和200分别终止于远端104和204处,最好分别终止于尖端102和202处。尖端具有如图1D所示的倾斜或切开的外形,以便更容易地刺入皮肤。然而,尖端102和202也可具有其它合适的外形,例如不是锥形的形状,并形成位于正交于显微操作针纵向轴线的平面内的边缘(未示出)。
本发明可采用任何适当数量的阵列形式的显微操作针。所用显微操作针的数量取决于各种因素,包括被检测的反应剂,显微操作针所插入的体表位置、取样部位和流体的量等。显微操作针阵列可包括具有不同形状、长度、宽度和尖端外形的显微操作针。
电化学电池
本发明的电化学电池包括由一个工作电极和一个基准电极组成的电极结构,基准电极为取样的生物流体成分提供输入基准信号,并提供代表了取样流体中的目标成分或分析物的浓度的输出信号。两个电极间隔开,使得一个电极的表面朝向另一电极的表面。两个电极之间的间隙形成了反应区,取样成分被传送到反应区中,并对其目标分析物的浓度进行检验。
本发明可采用在分析物检测和测量领域中已公知的多种电化学系统和方法,包括电流分析系统(即测量电流)、电量分析系统(测量电荷)或电位分析系统(即测量电压)。在美国专利No.4224125,No.4545382,No.5266179和国际专利申请WO97/18465,WO99/49307中介绍了这些类型的电化学测量系统的示例,这些公开文献通过引用结合于本文中。
图1和2表示了本发明的电化学电池的两个示例性实施例。尤其是,图1A到1C表示了具有两个完全位于显微操作针内的轴向对准且同心隔开的电极的电化学电池的实施例。图2A和2B显示了具有两个位于显微操作针近端且平行地间隔开的基本平面形状的电极的电化学电池的实施例。
现在来看图1A到1C所示的实施例,显微操作针100包括电化学电池,其可提供代表了取样生物流体成分中要测量的分析物浓度的电信号。电化学电池包括相互间同心设置的多个部件或层。具体地说,此同心设置也可以是圆周的或同轴的。
从图1A的纵向看去和从图1B的横截面看去,显微操作针100包括实心的线芯106和外镀管114。实心线芯106为显微操作针结构提供了刚性,而且可以是相邻电极的一部分。外镀管114可由不锈钢等制成。在实心线芯106和外镀管114之间设有本发明的电化学电池,其包括第一电极或内电极108,第二电极或外电极112,以及位于它们之间的反应区110。第二电极112和外镀管114延伸而形成了显微操作针110的边缘116和尖端102。
如沿图1A中箭头c-c剖开的图1C的近端视图所示,所示第一电极或内电极108覆盖住实心线芯106的近端;然而,近端也可以暴露出来。第一电极108和实心线芯106均匀地延伸到点118(接近于远端104),其中这两层的末边缘相互平齐。这些平齐的边缘形成了腔部分120的封闭的近端,腔120具有由第二电极112和外镀管114形成的腔壁,腔壁延伸到远端边缘116的远端开口处,如图1A所示。
显微操作针100内由腔120和反应区110形成的开口或中空空间中填充了成分传送介质,在这里是如上所述的亲水性凝胶材料。凝胶可吸收尖端102处的生物流体的成分,并将其传送到腔120中,然后再传送到反应区110中。
图1所示电化学电池的各部件的合适尺寸如下所述。一般来说,外电极112的长度基本上等于显微操作针的穿刺深度,因此根据所需的穿刺长度,其通常不超过约4000μm或更小。更典型地,外电极的长度在约1000μm到3000μm之间,最好是约2000μm。内电极可以具有与外电极相同的长度,但最好是更短。内电极的长度通常比外电极短约20%,通常不超过约3200μm或更小,典型地在约800到2400μm之间,最好是约1600μm。
实心线芯106的直径通常在约80到100μm之间,典型地不超过120μm。在一些实施例中,直径通常约为90μm。第一电极108具有圆柱形的外形(虽然也可采用其它外形),其厚度一般在约70到200埃的范围内,通常不超过300埃。由于第一电极围绕芯106形成,因此第一电极的外径稍大于芯106的外径。第二电极112也具有圆柱形的外形(虽然也可采用其它外形),其厚度一般在约70到200埃的范围内,通常不超过300埃。反应区或两个电极的间隙也具有圆柱形的外形(虽然也可采用其它外形),其厚度一般在约50到80μm的范围内,通常不超过200μm。电镀有第二电极112的薄的外管114的厚度一般在约12到20μm的范围内,通常不超过25μm。因此,显微操作针100的总外径通常不小于200μm,更典型地在250到300μm的范围内,并不超过350μm。腔120的容积通常在约20到140毫微升,典型地不超过250毫微升。
现在参考图2A和2B,图中示出了具有由外镀管214和腔220形成的管状结构的显微操作针200。腔220的容积通常在约25到280毫微升的范围内,更典型地在约25到160毫微升的范围内。与图1所示的显微操作针100不同,显微操作针200在其整个长度上是中空的。显微操作针200可具有如上所述的相同或相似的长度和直径尺寸,但由于电化学电池位于显微操作针的腔220之外而不是之内,因此它可以具有更小的尺寸。
在显微操作针200的近端205处设有由平行的平面电极208和212所形成的电化学电池。这样在显微操作针插入病人皮肤中时电化学电池仍保持在皮肤表面外。电极208形成了从显微操作针200的近端205处周向延伸出的表面。这里,电极208为如图2B所示的环形,但也可以具有任何适当的形状,例如正方形或矩形。电极212与电极208隔开较近的距离,其中所形成的间隙用作电化学电池的反应区210。此间隙通常在约50到80μm的范围内,典型地不超过150μm。电极212的形状和尺寸最好与电极208的形状和尺寸相对应。这里,电极212最好为圆盘形,其直径与电极208的外径相等。此直径尺寸通常在约600到800μm的范围内,一般不超过1mm。电极208的内径最好和外镀管214的直径相匹配,因此具有如上所述的尺寸值。
图1和2所示电极的至少朝向显微操作针100和200内的反应区110和210的表面分别由高导电金属制成,例如钯、金、铂、银、铱、碳、含铟氧化锡、不锈钢等,或者是这些材料的合成物。最典型的金属为金、铂或钯。虽然整个电极可由金属制成,但各电极也可由惰性支撑体或支撑衬底制成,其中在支撑体或支撑衬底上涂镀电极金属成分的薄层(如电镀金属层)。
亲水性凝胶材料
本发明取样装置的成分传送介质可分别占据反应区110和210的整个容积,并至少分别占据显微操作针的腔120和220的一部分,但并不完全填满腔。成分传送介质最好由具有高度亲水性,即高度吸水性的水基凝胶材料或基质制成。亲水性凝胶有助于预先处理电极并重组反应物材料,为目标分析物的电化学测量作准备。
传送介质吸收流体尤其是吸收水的能力取决于传送介质在暴露在流体中之前的饱和程度。为了缩短显微操作针插入到皮肤中的时间,成分传送介质最好在显微操作针插入皮肤前处于完全饱和的状态。这样,只有包含在生物流体中的非流体成分,包括一种或多种目标成分,才被传送,从而消除用于预先传送生物流体的时间。由于间质液为约98%的水,因此在一些应用中缩短透过凝胶的扩散时间十分重要。
由于成分可扩散到凝胶基质中并透过凝胶基质,因此成分到达反应区的速度根据成分的分子大小而变化。通常来说,分子越小,透过凝胶的扩散速度就越快。由于通常的目标分析物如葡萄糖、电解质、抗坏血酸和尿酸等具有较小分子,这些分析物通过凝胶基质的扩散比由更大分子组成的间质液的其它成分的扩散更快。
所选择的水凝胶的浓度动力学关系为一阶系统。这样,成分传送速度和生物流体的分析物浓度水平更容易预测。此一阶系统可由下面的公式和图3所示的曲线图来表示:
C=C0(1-e-(t/T))
其中C为凝胶材料内的分析物浓度,C0为间质液中分析物的浓度,t为测量所花的时间,T为系统的时间常数。时间常数的值取决于几个因素:(1)水凝胶和间质液之间的界面的面积(即由显微操作针100和200的边缘116和216分别形成的开口的表面积),(2)水凝胶的体积,和(3)目标分析物通过所采用的特定亲水性材料的传送特性。
图3所示的曲线图表示了上述公式中的一阶系统。横轴代表时间(t),其中t0是显微操作针插入皮肤中的时间点。由于本发明适于采用亲水性材料,显微操作针远端开口处水凝胶中的成分浓度与生物流体的成分浓度达到平衡所需的时间通常不超过系统时间常数的5倍左右。如果对于特定应用来说达到平衡的时间是不切实际的,那么应在达到平衡前将显微操作针从皮肤中取下,然后根据系统的一阶特性计算病人体内的分析物的浓度水平(C0)。或者,可以控制(例如固定)显微操作针和间质液之间的接触的持续时间,并根据上述一阶公式来得出C0。
适于作为本发明的成分传送介质的凝胶材料包括由天然聚合物构成的天然凝胶如琼脂糖、明胶、粘多糖和淀粉等,以及由至少部分合成聚合物所制成的合成凝胶如任何一种中性的水溶性聚合物或聚合电解质(即当溶解在水中时会形成离子电荷的合成或天然聚合物)如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酰胺,以及它们的共聚物。
反应剂
为了将用于分析的目标分析物或成分从取样生物流体中的其它组成成分中挑选出来并进行检测,通常在电化学电池中的反应区内采用氧化还原反应剂。氧化还原反应剂通常沉积在两个电极的至少一个相面对的表面上,使得反应区内的生物流体与反应剂材料发生化学反应。这样,反应剂最好通过浸涂而涂镀或沉积在表面上。所采用的反应剂根据要检测的分析物来选择。在电化学测量装置中反应剂系统和相应的成分或分析物发生相互作用,从而确定电化学电池中目标分析物或成分的浓度。
反应区内的反应剂系统通常包括至少一种酶和一种介质。在多个实施例中,反应剂系统中的酶是一种酶,或者是可协同作用使相关分析物发生氧化的多种酶。换句话说,反应剂系统中的酶成分可由一种可氧化分析物的酶组成,或者是由可协同作用使相关分析物发生氧化的多种酶组成。有关的酶包括氧化酶、脱氢酶、脂肪酶、激酶、黄递酶和醌蛋白等。反应区内的特定酶取决于电化学测试带所设计的待检测的特定分析物,其中代表性的酶包括:葡萄糖氧化酶、葡萄糖脱氢酶、胆固醇酯酶、胆固醇氧化酶、脂蛋白脂肪酶、甘油激酶、3-磷酸甘油氧化酶、乳酸氧化酶、乳酸脱氢酶、丙酮酸氧化酶、醇氧化酶、胆红素氧化酶、尿酸酶等。在多个优选实施例中,当待分析的分析物为葡萄糖时,反应剂系统的酶成分为可氧化葡萄糖的酶(如葡萄糖氧化酶或葡萄糖脱氢酶)。
反应剂系统的第二种成分为介质成分,其由一种或多种介质反应剂制成。在本领域中已知了多种不同的介质反应剂,包括:氰铁酸盐、乙基硫酸吩嗪(phenazine ethosulphate)、甲基硫酸吩嗪(phenazinemethosulphate)、苯二胺(pheylenediamine)、1-甲氧基-甲基硫酸吩嗪、2,6-二甲基-1,4-苯醌、2,5-二氯-1,4-苯醌、二茂铁衍生物、吡啶基锇复合物、钌复合物等。在待分析的分析物为葡萄糖且采用葡萄糖氧化酶或葡萄糖脱氢酶作为酶成分的实施例中,特别适宜的介质为氰铁酸盐。反应区内的其它反应剂可包括缓冲剂(如柠康酸盐、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐)、优良缓冲剂(“Good”buffer)等。
反应剂通常为干燥的形式。各种成分的量可以变化,其中酶成分的量通常在约0.1到10%重量的范围内。
传感器系统
在本发明的传感器系统中,电化学电池的基准电极和工作电极与控制装置电连接,控制装置可将输入基准信号传送给电化学电池,并接收来自电化学电池的输出信号,然后从输出信号中获得试样内的分析物浓度水平。换句话说,控制装置可以在两个电极间施加电流,测量随时间的电流变化,并将所测得的电流变化与电化学电池中的分析物浓度联系起来。这样可获得病人血液内的分析物浓度,此浓度的数值最好作为输出信号提供给显示装置。
控制和显示装置最好整体地位于例如图4所示的手持控制器内。控制器最好还设有可将一个或多个传感器装置或者传感器装置阵列固定或夹持在适当位置并适于方便地进行特定取样和测量应用的装置。
现在参考图4,图中显示了本发明的传感器系统50的示意图。传感器系统50包括手持控制器52和可操作地安装在控制器52的末端54处的传感器装置10。传感器装置10包括本发明的显微操作针的阵列,例如图1和2所示的显微操作针100。控制器52具有外壳56,其最好由医用塑料材料制成并具有低光洁度的外形,其中容纳了用于控制传感器装置10的测量元件的装置,即,此装置可以产生输入基准信号,将其传送给显微操作针100的电化学电池,并接收来自电化学电池的输出测量信号。编制于控制器52内的软件算法在接收到输出信号时自动地计算和确定生物试样中的目标分析物浓度。然后将浓度水平(在其它所需信息之中)传送给可显示信息给使用者的外部显示装置或屏幕58。还设有控制界面按钮60,以允许使用者输入信息,如要测量的目标分析物的类型,给控制装置。
传感器装置10与控制器52电连接和物理连接。两者之间的电连接是通过装置10上的电接头(未示出)和控制器52内的相应电通路(未示出)来建立的。装置10与控制器52最好通过快速锁定-释放机构(已公知多种这类机构)来进行物理连接,使得使用过的传感器装置可以容易地拆下和更换。控制器52最好是可以重复使用的,并可与任何数量的本发明传感器装置一起使用。这些特征便于以有效且快速的方式进行多次取样和测量。
使用方法
本发明还提供了采用题述装置和传感器系统来确定生理试样中分析物浓度的方法。可采用本发明的传感器系统来检测多种不同的分析物,代表性的分析物包括葡萄糖、胆固醇、乳酸和乙醇等。
在实施题述方法(参考附图)中,第一步是提供具有一个或多个本发明的显微操作针100的传感器装置10。传感器装置10最好为相关的目标分析物而特别设置(即包含有适当的反应剂)。传感器装置10与控制器52可操作地接合并形成界面连接,控制器52由使用者用手夹持并控制。控制器52被编程以检验目标分析物。使用者将传感器装置10置于病人皮肤的选定区域上,加以微小压力,使得传感器装置10的显微操作针100阵列穿刺到皮肤中。显微操作针100所插入的深度取决于各显微操作针的长度,或取决于与传感器装置10相连的用于限制插入深度的其它装置。
在插入病人皮肤中后,显微操作针100的开口尖端102处的一定量生物流体成分(即试样)被凝胶基的成分传送介质通过渗透作用而吸收到各显微操作针的腔120中。一旦进入反应区,目标分析物就与所选的反应剂发生化学反应,形成电活化产品。然后电活化产品或被可选的介质或直接被工作电极108氧化或还原。然后所得的输出信号电平通过电极108传给控制器。然后,编制于控制器52内的软件算法自动地确定输出信号和基准信号之间的差异,从差值中获得试样中的分析物浓度,然后得到与病人血液中选定分析物的相对应的浓度水平。任何或所有这些数值均通过显示装置或屏幕58而显示出来。
在题为“电化学分析的开始计时的试样检测(Sample Detection toInitiate Timing of an Electrochemical Assay)”的美国专利No.6193873中还介绍了一种如控制器52的装置,其可以自动地计算和确定生物试样和/或病人系统中的选定分析物的浓度,使得使用者只需将本发明的显微操作针插入病人皮肤中,然后就可从装置的显示屏上读取最后的分析物浓度结果。此专利通过引用结合于本文中。
整套器具
本发明还提供了用于实施题述方法的整套器具。本发明的整套器具包括至少一个具有一个或多个显微操作针的传感器装置。整套器具还可包括可重复使用或一次性的控制器,其可以和此整套器具的或本发明中其它整套器具的可重复使用的或一次性的传感器装置一起使用。这些整套器具可包括具有显微操作针阵列的传感器,显微操作针阵列可具有相同或不同的长度。一些整套器具可包括各具有相同或不同反应剂的多个传感器。另外,可以在一个显微操作针阵列中设置不止一种反应剂,其中一个或多个显微操作针中设有可检验第一目标分析物的第一反应剂,而一个或多个其它的显微操作针中设有可检验其它目标分析物的其它反应剂。最后,整套器具最好包括采用题述传感器确定生理试样中的分析物浓度的说明。这些说明可位于一个或多个包装、标签上,或位于整套器具中的容器等上。
显然,从上述介绍中可知,本发明易于使用并可提供分析物检验,而无须切开或刺入皮肤,很少或没有疼痛和出血。这样,本发明代表了对本领域的重大贡献。
这里所显示和介绍的本发明可视为最实用和优选的实施例。然而可以认为,在本发明的范围内可以对其进行改动。本领域的技术人员在阅读了本发明后可以理解显而易见的修改。
虽然本发明可用于许多应用,如各种生物流体的取样和多种类型的成分的检测,但本发明在上下文中主要介绍的是用于间质液的分析物检测,特别是用于检测间质液中的葡萄糖。因此,所公开的特定装置和方法以及这里讨论的应用、生物流体和成分应视为是说明性的和非限制性的。在所公开的概念的等效物的意义和范围内进行的修改,例如对相关领域的技术人员易于掌握的修改均包括在所附权利要求的范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种生物流体的成分取样和分析物浓度测量的装置,包括:
(a)细长件,其具有开口的远端,所述远端设成可刺入皮肤表面并获得所述生物流体;
(b)位于所述细长件内的同心地间隔开的电极,其形成了可测量所述生物流体内目标分析物的浓度的电化学电池;和
(c)成分传送介质,其包括与所述细长件和电化学电池流体相通的亲水性材料,其中所述成分传送介质将位于所述细长件的开口远端处的至少一种所述生物流体的成分传送到所述电化学电池中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述细长件包括腔,所述开口远端提供了进入所述腔的通道。
3.一种用于对生物流体成分进行取样并测量所述生物流体内至少一种目标分析物的浓度的装置,包括:
具有第一长度的第一电极;
具有大于所述第一长度的第二长度的第二电极,其与所述第一电极同心地设置并相互间隔开,所述第二电极设置成可刺入皮肤;知
位于所述第一电极和第二电极之间的空间内的亲水性材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置具有不深于真皮的穿刺长度。
5.根据权利要求3所述的装置,其特征在于,所述第二电极具有开口的远端,并在所述装置内形成了空间,所述空间被所述亲水性材料基本上填满。
6.一种用于对生物流体成分进行取样并测量所述生物流体内目标分析物的显微操作针,包括:
具有一定长度的芯部;
与所述芯部的长度一致且同轴的第一电极;
与所述第一电极同轴地间隔开的第二电极,其长度延伸超出所述芯部的长度且终止于开口的尖端;和
位于所述第一电极和第二电极之间的亲水性材料;和
包含在所述显微操作针内的反应剂,其中所述反应剂根据所述目标成分来选择。
7.一种生物流体的成分取样和分析物浓度测量的装置,包括:
(a)细长的中空件,其具有开口的远端,所述远端设成可刺入皮肤表面并获得所述生物流体,所述中空件还具有近端;
(b)位于所述细长的中空取样装置的所述近端处且平行地间隔开的二个电极,其形成了可测量所述生物流体内目标分析物的浓度的电化学电池;和
(c)成分传送介质,其包括与所述细长的中空件和电化学电池流体相通的亲水性材料,其中所述成分传送介质将位于至少一个所述穿刺件的开口的远端处的所述生物流体传送到所述电化学电池中。
8.一种用于确定包含在生物流体中的至少一种目标成分的浓度的方法,所述方法包括步骤:
提供具有开口的远端和腔的至少一个显微操作针;
提供带有所述腔的电化学电池,所述电化学电池包括设成同心层的电极结构;
将所述显微操作针的开口远端插入皮肤中一段选定深度;
将位于所述开口远端处的所述生物流体内的至少一种目标成分的试样通过所述腔传送到所述电化学电池中;
将第一电信号提供给所述电化学电池;和
接收由所述电化学电池产生的第二电信号,其中所述第二电信号代表了所述生物流体中所述成分的浓度。
9.一种用于确定包含在生物流体中的至少一种目标成分的浓度的方法,所述方法包括步骤:
提供至少一个中空的显微操作针,所述显微操作针包括开口的远端,开口的近端和在它们之间延伸的腔;
提供与所述中空的显微操作针流体相通的电化学电池,所述电化学电池包括相互平行地间隔开的电极结构,所述电极结构位于所述中空的显微操作针的所述开口近端处,并基本垂直于所述显微操作针;
将所述显微操作针的开口远端插入皮肤中一段选定深度;
将位于所述中空的显微操作针的开口远端处的至少一种所述目标生物流体成分的试样传送到所述电化学电池中;
将第一电信号提供给所述电化学电池;和
接收由所述电化学电池产生的第二电信号,其中所述第二电信号代表了所述生物流体中所述成分的浓度。
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US6501976B1 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2002-12-31 | Lifescan, Inc. | Percutaneous biological fluid sampling and analyte measurement devices and methods |
US6837988B2 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2005-01-04 | Lifescan, Inc. | Biological fluid sampling and analyte measurement devices and methods |
US6793632B2 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2004-09-21 | Lifescan, Inc. | Percutaneous biological fluid constituent sampling and measurement devices and methods |
US6721586B2 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2004-04-13 | Lifescan, Inc. | Percutaneous biological fluid sampling and analyte measurement devices and methods |
US20030143113A2 (en) * | 2002-05-09 | 2003-07-31 | Lifescan, Inc. | Physiological sample collection devices and methods of using the same |
-
2001
- 2001-06-12 US US09/878,742 patent/US6793632B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-05-29 AU AU44452/02A patent/AU784882B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-06 AR ARP020102118A patent/AR034378A1/es unknown
- 2002-06-06 MX MXPA02005618A patent/MXPA02005618A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-06-06 IL IL150098A patent/IL150098A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-07 SG SG200203370A patent/SG115479A1/en unknown
- 2002-06-10 CZ CZ20022023A patent/CZ20022023A3/cs unknown
- 2002-06-10 TW TW091112465A patent/TWI236364B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-11 CN CN02124319A patent/CN1391102A/zh active Pending
- 2002-06-11 EP EP02254049A patent/EP1266607A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-06-11 CA CA002390330A patent/CA2390330A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-06-11 CN CNA2006100037641A patent/CN1817297A/zh active Pending
- 2002-06-11 KR KR1020020032581A patent/KR20020094896A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-06-11 RU RU2002115721/14A patent/RU2002115721A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-06-11 PL PL02354420A patent/PL354420A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-06-11 JP JP2002170477A patent/JP2003038465A/ja active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-03-12 HK HK03101793.4A patent/HK1049595A1/zh unknown
- 2003-09-23 US US10/669,397 patent/US20050261606A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-03-09 IL IL174204A patent/IL174204A0/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6793632B2 (en) | 2004-09-21 |
JP2003038465A (ja) | 2003-02-12 |
SG115479A1 (en) | 2005-10-28 |
CA2390330A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
KR20020094896A (ko) | 2002-12-18 |
IL150098A0 (en) | 2002-12-01 |
IL150098A (en) | 2006-08-20 |
AU784882B2 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
CN1391102A (zh) | 2003-01-15 |
PL354420A1 (en) | 2002-12-16 |
HK1049595A1 (zh) | 2003-05-23 |
AR034378A1 (es) | 2004-02-18 |
EP1266607A2 (en) | 2002-12-18 |
CZ20022023A3 (cs) | 2003-02-12 |
EP1266607A3 (en) | 2004-07-21 |
TWI236364B (en) | 2005-07-21 |
MXPA02005618A (es) | 2004-09-10 |
AU4445202A (en) | 2002-12-19 |
IL174204A0 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
US20050261606A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
US20020188221A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
RU2002115721A (ru) | 2004-01-20 |
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