CN1806483A - Nutrient content-saving paddy root-flourishing wither-inhibiting fertilization method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method of dressing for preventing root from decaying and saving fertilizer consumption, cultivating the rice seedling according to density which is increased by 8-12% than normal dressing; the fertilizer consumption is 75-90%b of that of normal dressing, among which 70-85% of fertilizer is used as base fertilizer when replanting rice seedling for whole plough layer; the left 15-30% is used as additional dress after 35-45 days of replanting. The invention can promote rice root growth, which is good for adsorbing nutrition from soil and fertilizer thoroughly to intensify property of lodging resistant; dramatically reduce dressing process; reduce azophoska consumption by 10-25%, which saves fertilizer resource and reduces ecological pollution caused by nutrition loss; reduce invalid tiller, increase ear survival rate, increase granule population of each ear and increase economical benefit of rice production.

Description

But a kind of prosperous fertilizing method that declines of paddy rice of saving the nutrient consumption

Technical field

The present invention relates to paddy rice planting technology field, but specifically be meant a kind of prosperous fertilizing method that declines of paddy rice of saving the nutrient consumption.

Background technology

Paddy rice is the cereal crops of China's cultivated area maximum, needs fertile 700～9,000,000 tons (pure nutrient) year, accounts for 17～20% of China's chemical fertilizer consumption figure.The South China is the important producing region of China paddy rice, and is current in Rice Production, and the fertilizer that peasant household uses is generally special-purpose fertilizer or cooperates superphosphate to make base manure with carbonic hydroammonium, and urea and potassium chloride topdress; Fertilizing method is generally base manure 1 time, transplants the back and topdresses for 5,10～12,20～25 days 3 times, and part peasant household also will topdress 1 time in booting stage; Base manure wherein accounts for uses 20～30% of nutrient, topdresses to account for and uses 70～80% of nutrient; Base manure is by farming or harrow a field and be distributed in the topsoil scope, spreads fertilizer over the fields substantially in soil surface and topdress; Every mu of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrition amount of application are generally 9～14,2～4,5～9 kilograms.In the practice, adopt the rice root of above-mentioned conventional fertilizer application method to grow relatively poor, it is shallow mainly to show as Root Distribution, amino acid nitrogen output intensity and rice stem base portion rugosity all are significantly less than single fertilization in the volume of root system, dry weight, absorption area, bleeding intensity and the bleeding sap, cause that the Nutrient Absorption scope is little, absorption intensity is low, and lodging tolerance is relatively poor, be unfavorable for stable high yield, simultaneously, topdress in a large number and easily cause nutrient seriously to run off pollution of ecological environment.And adopt paddy rice early stage of disposable employed common fertilizer, growth in mid-term vigorous, Root Distribution is deep and broad, quantity is huge, but the later stage be prone to the early ageing phenomenon, need use sufficient fertilizer to keep high yield.Part Study person once proposed some new fertilizing methods, use as base manure with 60% nitrogenous fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer as " prosperous strong weight " cultivation, 40% nitrogenous fertilizer and 100% potash fertilizer are made tillering fertilizer, ear manuer and granulated fertilizer, though this fertilizing method heavy dressing base manure, exist application times more but topdress, problems such as the easy loss of nutrient.In recent years, there is the researcher to introduce the rice intensification technology, advocates a large amount of application of organic fertilizers, reduce planting density, irritate row's realization at night alternation of wetting and drying daytime, reach the promotion root growth, strengthen ontogeny, improve the purpose of output; Also there is the researcher to introduce real-time on-site nutrient administrative skill, opinion is with colorimetric card or chlorophyll instrument results of regular determination chlorophyll content in leaf blades, by judging that the leaf chromogenic indicator topdresses, in fact when the leaf look reach criterion when following the plant biochemical functions be affected, and all there is complicated operation in back two kinds of technology, problems such as the difficult acceptance of peasant, difficult popularization the on producing.

Summary of the invention

Purpose of the present invention is exactly in order to solve above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art part, rice root development characteristics of inducing at conventional split application and can not making full use of of being produced thereof to fertilizer nutrient, performance resistant to lodging is relatively poor, the serious manure resources waste of running off and being caused of nutrient, problems such as production cost increase and ecological environmental pollution, but provide a kind of prosperous fertilizing method that declines of paddy rice of saving the nutrient consumption, can be more scientific and reasonable utilize fertilizer nutrient, reduce the manure resources waste, alleviate the ecological environmental pollution that nutrient flow is become homeless and caused, reduce production costs, improve the Rice Production benefit.

Purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: but described a kind of prosperous fertilizing method that declines of paddy rice of saving the nutrient consumption comprises the steps and condition:

The first step determines that total fertilization amount is 75～90% of a conventional fertilizer application;

Second step, as base manure, full plow layer was used when rice seedling is transplanted with 70～85% fertilizer;

The 3rd step will remain 15～30% fertilizer as topdressing the disposable surface that is manured into soil after rice seedling is transplanted 35～45 days.

In order to realize the present invention better, the planting density of described rice seedling by than conventional fertilizer application the time increases by 8～12% density plants, and promptly is increased to 1.3～1.68 ten thousand caves from present every mu of planting density 1.2～1.5 ten thousand caves.

Principle of the present invention is: (1) rice root is grown and to be had tangible stage: the phase I is preceding 30～40 days after transplanting, this in stage paddy rice growth tillering, root system development is mainly vertical root and oblique root down; Second stage is for after transplanting 30～40 days, this in stage paddy rice begin to carry out ear differentiation, nourish and grow and reproductive growth carries out simultaneously, root system mainly is grown to the master with the horizontal branch that is distributed in upper soll layer except that continuing to soil lower floor grows.(2) the present invention makes the full topsoil of base manure with 70～85% fertilizer and uses, can promote vertical root and oblique growing of root down, significantly increase root quantity, strengthen root system and distribute to deep subsoil, enlarge the Nutrient Absorption scope of root system, establish good nutrition foundation for forming big fringe; (3) with fertilizer 35～45 days disposable topdressing after transplanting of 15～30%, can promote that horizontal branch grows, increase horizontal branch quantity, promote the differentiation of branch stalk and growth of young fringe, help forming big fringe, for the later paddy rice that ears provides more nutrition, later stage fertilizer deficiency early ageing can be prevented simultaneously, the phenomenon such as remaining green when it is due to become yellow and ripe in later stage can be avoided again.(4) result of study shows, adopt rice tillering number of the present invention to reduce, ineffective tillering reduces, the percentage of earbearing tiller improves, every cave spike number reduces 5～10% than conventional fertilizer application, but it is suitable with conventional fertilizer application to increase planting density 8～12% guarantor unit's area mature spike numbers, simultaneously owing to adopt every total grain panicle number of paddy rice of the present invention and real grain digital display work greater than conventional fertilizer application, thereby reaches the target of the joint not underproduction of fertilizer even volume increase.(5) it is deep and broad that the present invention makes the rice root distribution, the distribution and the Nutrient Absorption scope of root system have significantly been increased, give full play to the potentiality that root system absorbs nutrient, help root system and to the full extent soil and fertilizer nutrient are absorbed, can significantly improve the fertilizer nutrient availability aborning.

The present invention compared with prior art has following advantage and beneficial effect:

1, the present invention obviously reduces the fertilising link, enhances productivity, and avoids peasant household blindly to apply fertilizer.

2, the present invention reduces npk nutrient consumption 10～25%, helps saving manure resources, reduces production costs, and can significantly alleviate the ecological environmental pollution that nutrient loss causes simultaneously.

3, the present invention is under the situation that reduces the nutrient consumption, by the rational space-time of fertilizer being planned strategies for and the making full use of of nutrient, can form big fringe, significantly improves grain number per spike, and keep and even improve rice yield, and then the productivity effect of raising paddy rice.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a paddy growth root system comparison diagram in early stage;

Fig. 2 is paddy growth root system in a mid-term comparison diagram;

Fig. 3 is a rice harves phase root system comparison diagram.

Embodiment

Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is done detailed description further, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited to this.

In the following embodiments, the inventor will adopt rice nutrient management method called after of the present invention " the nutrient management but prosperous of paddy rice declines ".

Embodiment one pot experiment

The described test in late rice to 2005 year late rice in 2003 carried out in Inst. of Soil ﹠ Fertilizer, Guangdong Prov. Academy of Agricultural Science.Before the test soil is all pulverized, crossed the 5cm sieve, mixing soil, the dress basin, every basin basin subdrilling has micropore, so that small amount of moisture is discharged.Every basin is adorned 12 kilograms of native weight.The rice varieties that adopts comprises conventional grain quality rice (Guangdong perfume (or spice) accounts for, Guangdong newly account for No. 2) and super hybridization rice (beautiful sesame oil accounts for, Gui Nongzhan, Guangdong assorted 122).Every basin 4 caves, every cave 2 seedlings are all transplanted in all tests when rice seedling 1 leaf 1 heart.

Conventional grain quality rice test is provided with 4 processing, comprise conventional split application (contrast 1, ck1), single fertilization (contrast 2, but ck2), Wang Gen decline the nutrient management, do not apply fertilizer.Each fertilizer treatment is all used special-purpose fertile, and its npk nutrient content is 23: 7: 20, and wherein, 3 fertilizer treatment npk nutrient consumptions are identical in the late rice test in 2003; But test in 2004 only comprises decline nutrient management and do not apply fertilizer 3 and handle of conventional split application, Wang Gen, and the application quantity of nitrogen phosphorus potassium of nutrient management processing is 80% of a conventional split application but Wang Gen declines; Single fertilization is identical with conventional split application processing application quantity of nitrogen phosphorus potassium in the test in 2005, and nutrient management processing application quantity of nitrogen phosphorus potassium is the above two 80% but Wang Gen declines.All test fertilising situations see Table 1.Wherein, the full plow layer of base manure is used, and topdressing imposes on soil surface.

The conventional grain quality rice pot experiment of table 1 nutrient is used allocation table

Test period	Handle	Nutrient consumption (mg N-mg P 2O 5-mg K 2O)/basin
								Base manure	Transplanted back 5 days	Transplanted back 12 days	Transplanted back 25 days	Transplanted the back 35～45 days	Add up to
		03 late rice	But prosperous nutrient that declines of single fertilization managed conventional split application and do not applied fertilizer	600-486-1392 280-389-1114 480-146-418 0	320-97-278	480-146-418	320-97-278							320-97-278	1600-486-1392 1600-486-1392 1600-486-1392 0
04 early rice	But the prosperous nutrient that declines managed conventional split application and do not applied fertilizer							1024-311-891 480-146-418 0	320-97-278	480-146-418	320-97-278	256-78-223	1280-389-1114 1600-486-1392 0
		05 late rice early	But prosperous nutrient that declines of single fertilization managed conventional split application and do not applied fertilizer	1600-486-1392 1024-311-891 480-146-418 0	320-97-278	480-146-418	320-97-278							256-78-223	1600-486-1392 1280-389-1114 1600-486-1392 0

Super hybridization rice is tested in late rice in 2005 and is carried out, but test handle to divide a conventional split application processing, Wang Gen the nutrient management that declines.Conventional split application is handled every basin nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrition consumption and is respectively 1909,581,1660 milligrams, wherein, base manure, transplants 5,12,25 days the nutrient in back and is respectively 30%, 20%, 30% and 20%.But the prosperous every basin nitrogen of the nutrient management processing that declines, phosphorus, potassium nutrition consumption are 1527,465,1328 milligrams, and wherein, base manure and the back 35 days nutrient of transplanting are respectively 80% and 20%.

Result of the test shows, waiting under the nutrient consumption situation, but adopt the prosperous nutrient management mode that declines, paddy rice best result tiller number, root system weight, total absorption area, spike number, every total grain panicle number, real grain number, biomass and output all greater than or significantly greater than ck1 and ck2 (seeing Table 2,2003 late rices).Reducing under nutrient consumption 20% situation, paddy rice best result tiller number, the upperground part biomass, mature spike number on average reduce by 3.72%, 0.38%, 5.25% respectively than ck1, on average respectively increase by 14.78% and 30.91% with total absorption area than ck1 but transplant 35～45 days root system weight in back, harvest time, weight of root system, every total grain panicle number, real grain number, rice yield on average increased by 4.07%, 9.31%, 19.17% and 5.35% (seeing Table 2,3) respectively than ck1.

The nutrient management mode is to conventional grain quality rice growth and yield effect but prosperous of table 2 declines

Season is other	Handle	Best result tiller number	Transplant back growth in 35～40 days feature			Harvest time root system weight	Harvest time the upperground part biomass	The output constitutive characteristic				Rice yield
													Chlorophyll content	Weight of root system	The total absorption area of root system	Spike number	Every total grain panicle number	The real grain of every fringe number	Thousand kernel weight
			Bar/cave	Mg/g	Gram/cave			m 2	Gram/cave	Gram/cave	Fringe/cave									Grain/fringe	Grain/fringe	Gram	Gram/basin
		2003 late rices				Single fertilization ck2	29.2					3.95	2.155	18.84	4.350	51.91	17.6	109.5	91.8					17.48	101.5
But prosperous nutrient management that declines	29.6		3.96	2.328	21.97			5.244	57.65	19.6	131.1									92.5	17.29	117.6
						Conventional split application ck1	28.9					4.01	2.097	16.22	3.938	50.69	17.5	115.4	93.9				17.40	103.5
Do not apply fertilizer	17.3		3.63	1.288	12.28			2.074	24.38	18.4	90.5									76.9	17.64	54.6
						2004 early rice	But prosperous nutrient management that declines					27.0	4.36	2.039	19.50	4.848		14.7	149.0				122.7	16.93	97.9
Conventional split application ck1	26.0	4.26	1.879	15.21	4.333				14.0	134.4	111.8									16.83	100.3
							Do not apply fertilizer					20.3	4.10	1.751	17.21	3.721		10.0	117.2			100.7	17.11	76.4
2005 early rice	Single fertilization ck2	13.9	3.579	0.607	5.18			2.895	40.88	12.4	161.2									76.0	16.27				71.2
						But prosperous nutrient management that declines	13.1					3.758	0.721	5.75	3.118	40.12	11.8	197.9	83.2			17.74	67.6
	Conventional split application ck1	15.7	4.205	0.554	3.62			2.766	38.47	13.2	175.1									67.4	16.86			61.8
						Do not apply fertilizer	11.2					3.154	0.609	3.12	2.233	26.79	9.5	148.5	63.1			16.65	45.3
	2005 late rices	Single fertilization ck2	19.79	3.629	3.417			36.10	5.627	48.78	12.5									173.3	123.8			18.42	112.1
But prosperous nutrient management that declines						17.42	3.951					3.161	33.40	4.823	47.07	12.4	170.2	147.2	19.12			113.3
		Conventional split application ck1	18.75	3.901	2.991			31.60	5.114	47.45	12.7									162.1	110		18.52	104.6
Do not apply fertilizer						15.96	3.705					3.511	37.09	4.176	29.63	7.6	155.7	110.6	18.92			68.1

Annotate: table hollow white square represents not carry out this data determination, down together.The nutrient management mode is to super hybridization rice growth and yield effect but prosperous of table 3 declines

Kind	Handle	Best result tiller number	Harvest time root system heavy in	Harvest time the upperground part biomass	The output constitutive characteristic.				In paddy produces
										Spike number	Every total grain panicle number	The real grain of every fringe number	Thousand kernel weight
					Bar/cave	Gram/cave	Gram/cave	Fringe/cave						Grain/fringe	Grain/fringe	Gram	Gram/basin
		Beautiful sesame oil accounts for	But prosperous nutrient management that declines	22.8					5.367	54.45	9.8	196.33	159.89					23.80	124.4
Conventional split application ck	23.4				5.428	55.43	10.0	183.03						139.13	23.42	126.3
			Gui Nongzhan	But prosperous nutrient management that declines					27.4	5.093	50.98	12.4	137.79				108.86	23.18	132.5
Conventional split application ck	27.2	5.624			52.70	13.4	133.67	99.45						23.46	127.6

Guangdong assorted 122	But prosperous nutrient management that declines	27.9	4.152		13.3	130.25	83.69	25.08	107.6
										Conventional split application ck	28.1	3.906		15.6	115.48	68.40	24.88	94.0

Embodiment two field trials

Testing in late rice in 2003 and early rice in 2004 and carry out, is the red earth paddy soil for examination soil, and basic chemical property is pH5.2, organic 8.7g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 25.5mg/kg, available phosphorus 6.4mg/kg, available potassium 45.6mg/kg.Rice varieties late rice in 2003 is 97 perfume (or spice), and early rice accounted for for Guangdong perfume (or spice) in 2004.

4 processing are established in late rice test in 2003, comprise that special-purpose fertile conventional gradation uses (ck, be called for short conventional split application, slow-release fertilizer 1 disposable employed (abbreviation slow-release fertilizer 1 down together),, slow-release fertilizer 2 disposable employed (abbreviation slow-release fertilizers 2 down together),, down with) but, the nutrient management 1 (but be called for short the prosperous nutrient management 1 that declines, down with) that declines of 2 prosperous of slow-release fertilizers.Wherein, special-purpose fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer 1 npk nutrient ratio are 23: 7: 20, and slow-release fertilizer 2 is an adjusting and controlling growth type fertilizer, and the npk nutrient ratio is 24: 4: 12.Each handles every mu of nitrogen consumption is 9.2 kilograms, and the phosphorus potassium nutrition applies in each fertilizer nutrient ratio.The fertilizer of conventional split application is used branch base manure, topdressed 4 times in the transplanting back in 5,12,25 days, and each phase fertilizer amount accounts for 30%, 20%, 30% and 20% respectively.Whole fertilizer of slow-release fertilizer 1 and slow-release fertilizer 2 are preceding 1 day disposable applying of transplanting.But the fertilizer of the prosperous nutrient management processing that declines divides base manure and transplants and topdressed 2 times in back 40 days, and wherein 75% fertilizer is made base manure, and 25% fertilizer topdresses.The base manure holostrome is used in the test, the top application of topdressing.

5 processing are established in early rice in 2004 fertilising, except that aforementioned 4 processing, but also comprise the nutrient management 2 (but be called for short the prosperous nutrient management 2 that declines, down with) that declines of 2 prosperous of slow-release fertilizers.But fertilizer nutrient ratio, the using method of wherein conventional split application, slow-release fertilizer 1, slow-release fertilizer 2 and prosperous nutrient management 1 processing that declines are identical with late rice in 2003.But nitrogen, phosphorus, the potassium application rate of the prosperous nutrient management 2 that declines are respectively 7.36,1.23,3.68 kilograms, are 80% of preceding 4 processing nutrient consumptions.Nutrient is managed 1 identical but fertilizing method and Wang Gen decline.

Table 4 shows, waiting under the nitrogen consumption situation, but adopt the prosperous nutrient management mode that declines, phosphorus, the more conventional split application of potassium nutrition reduce 45.23% and 42.50% respectively, but paddy rice mu spike number, every total grain panicle number, real grain number and the more conventional split application of output increase by 15.27～20.86%, 1.81～6.76%, 2.07～9.86%, 3.24～18.90% respectively.Reducing under nitrogen nutrient 20% situation, but adopting the prosperous nutrient management that declines, rice yield is still a little more than conventional split application.Illustrate and adopt the present invention that waiting under the nitrogen consumption situation, its effect of increasing production is more remarkable in that to reduce under nutrient 20% situation rice yield fair with conventional split application.

Table 4 different fertilization is to the influence of rice yield and constituent element thereof

Season is other	Handle	Mu spike number ten thousand fringe/mus	Every total grain panicle number	Several of the real grains of every fringe	The thousand kernel weight gram	Output kilogram/mu
							2003 late rices	But prosperous nutrient management 1 that declines	23.23	175.2	157.1	19.091	376.9
Slow-release fertilizer 2	24.93	149.7	134.2	19.090	373.5
						Slow-release fertilizer 1		20.18	192.0	172.2	18.384	352.9
Conventional split application	19.22	164.1	143.0	18.233	317.0
						2004 early rice		But prosperous nutrient management 1 that declines	18.95	152.0	128.3	19.660	430.5
But prosperous nutrient management 2 that declines	18.18	164.8	129.4	19.217	423.0
							Slow-release fertilizer 2	19.89	156.6	127.5	19.499	441.8
Slow-release fertilizer 1	17.06	155.7	126.2	21.333	422.3
							Conventional split application	16.44	149.3	125.7	20.166	417.0

Embodiment three

But prosperous nutrient that declines of early rice in 2004 managed 2 fertilizer application conditions among the employing embodiment two:

The first step determines that total fertilization amount is 75% of a conventional fertilizer application, and promptly every mu of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium application rate are respectively 7.50,2.28,6.52 kilograms;

Second step, as base manure, full plow layer was used when rice seedling is transplanted with 70% fertilizer;

The 3rd step will remain 30% fertilizer as topdressing the disposable surface that is manured into soil after rice seedling is transplanted 40 days.

The planting density of rice seedling by than conventional fertilizer application the time increases by 8% density plants, and promptly is increased to 1.5 ten thousand caves from present every mu of planting density 1.4 ten thousand caves.

As shown in Figure 1, 2, 3, the rice root upgrowth situation A of nutrient management all obviously is better than adopting special-purpose fertile conventional gradation to use the rice root upgrowth situation B of (topdressing in base manure, transplanting back on the the 5th, 10～12,25 day) in grow early stage, mid-term and harvest time but prosperous of the present invention of employing declines.

Embodiment four

But prosperous nutrient that declines of early rice in 2004 managed 2 fertilizer application conditions among the employing embodiment two:

The first step determines that total fertilization amount is 90% of a conventional fertilizer application, and promptly every mu of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium application rate are respectively 9.0,2.70,7.80 kilograms;

Second step, as base manure, full plow layer was used when rice seedling is transplanted with 85% fertilizer;

The 3rd step will remain 15% fertilizer as topdressing the disposable surface that is manured into soil after rice seedling is transplanted 45 days.

The planting density of rice seedling by than conventional fertilizer application the time increases by 12% density plants, and promptly is increased to 1.3 ten thousand caves from present every mu of planting density 1.2 ten thousand caves.

As mentioned above, can realize the present invention preferably.

Claims (2)

1, but a kind of prosperous fertilizing method that declines of paddy rice of saving the nutrient consumption is characterized in that, comprises the steps and condition:

The first step determines that total fertilization amount is 75～90% of a conventional fertilizer application;

Second step, as base manure, full plow layer was used when rice seedling is transplanted with 70～85% fertilizer;

The 3rd step will remain 15～30% fertilizer as topdressing the disposable surface that is manured into soil after rice seedling is transplanted 35～45 days.

But according to the described a kind of prosperous fertilizing method that declines of paddy rice of saving the nutrient consumption of claim 1, it is characterized in that 2, the planting density of described rice seedling by than conventional fertilizer application the time increases by 8～12% density and plant.