CN1802774A - 无线电波透镜天线 - Google Patents

无线电波透镜天线 Download PDF

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CN1802774A
CN1802774A CN200480015686.6A CN200480015686A CN1802774A CN 1802774 A CN1802774 A CN 1802774A CN 200480015686 A CN200480015686 A CN 200480015686A CN 1802774 A CN1802774 A CN 1802774A
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dielectric
waveguide
antenna
lens
radio wave
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CN1802774B (zh
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今井克之
黑田昌利
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/06—Waveguide mouths
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/23—Combinations of reflecting surfaces with refracting or diffracting devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/08—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for modifying the radiation pattern of a radiating horn in which it is located
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/007—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device
    • H01Q25/008—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device lens fed multibeam arrays

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  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
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Abstract

一种多束透镜天线，用于以小的伸张度分开的通讯卫星单独通讯。该多束天线包括每个都由在端部具有开口的波导和设置在端部的介电体(6)组成的初级辐射器(3)、半球形椤勃无线电波透镜、和安装到半球形无线电波透镜的圆形开口并用于反射从天空入射或朝目标发射的无线电波的反射板。所述波导优选为矩形波导(4)而不是圆形波导(5)。介电体(6)优选为锥形。

Description

无线电波透镜天线
发明领域
本发明涉及一种用于无线通讯的无线电波透镜天线，所述发明通过将用于聚焦无线电波束的球形或半球形椤勃无线电波透镜与小型初级辐射器组合而构成。
发明背景
图1示意性地示出了使用半球形椤勃无线电波透镜的天线。在图1中，参考标号1表示用于聚焦无线电波束的半球形椤勃无线电波透镜(此后，称为“无线电波透镜”)。参考标号2表示安装到无线电波透镜1的球面的半切(half-cut)平坦表面的反射板，以反射从天空入射或朝目标发射的无线电波，而参考标号3表示用于传送和接收无线电波的初级辐射器。初级辐射器3由弧形臂等(未示出)支撑并构造得位于无线电波透镜1的任意无线电波焦点处。
在此无线电波透镜天线中接收无线电波的情况下，例如，从某方向入射的无线电波A在其传播方向被无线电波透镜1弯折后到达反射板2，然后被反射板2反射以聚焦在如图1所示的透镜关于透镜中心的相对侧。这样，聚焦的波能被初级辐射器3接收。这意味着在反射板2上方的随机方向的无线电波能被接收；换句话说，无线电波透镜1的半球面上的任意点可以作为焦点。
另一方面，在发射的情况下，可以进行上述过程的逆过程。
此外，虽然焦点被示出在图1的透镜表面上，在实际中，焦点通常形成在透镜表面的稍外侧(通常从0mm到100mm范围中变化)。
考虑上述特性，通过制备多(N)个初级辐射器3并在相应的同步卫星的焦点安装一些，能从多(N)个位于包括赤道的平面内的同步卫星独立接收无线电波或向其发送无线电波。本无线电波透镜天线的一个最大优点是一个无线电波透镜能与N个卫星通讯。
然而，为了将该无线电波透镜天线用作实际的多束透镜天线，应该解决下述问题。
发明内容
本发明要解决的问题
例如，在日本，由于通讯卫星以每4度间距彼此相邻设置(在外国是2度)，这些通讯卫星(简称“CS”)之间的伸张度从地球表面看约为4.4度(在外国是2.2度)。为了获得无线电波透镜天线与由4.4度间距分开的各个卫星独立通讯的优点，要求以4.4度的间距在无线电波透镜表面附近的各个焦点处并排排列初级辐射器。除了此要求以外，例如，如果具有200mm半径的透镜天线的焦点在离开表面50mm的位置，相邻初级辐射器之间的直线距离可以按2×(200+50)×(sin(4.4/2))计算为约19.2mm。为了达到此要求，需要小的初级辐射器。
此外，为了使用同样频率的无线电波，对于彼此分离4.4度的间距的相邻卫星需要独立通讯。为了实现此要求，需要来自其它卫星的干扰噪音小。换句话说，在由每个初级辐射器的整个透镜天线的天线图案中，来自偏离4.4度(4.4度延长方向)的方向的信号水平(变成噪音的旁瓣(side lobe))与来自主方向(主瓣)的信号水平相比必须足够小。
图14表示天线的天线图案的实例。M代表主瓣，且除了主瓣以外的信号S是旁瓣。
因为，靠近通讯卫星，不仅存在远离4.4度的通讯卫星，而且存在许多其他卫星，所以，例如ITU建议(ITU-R B.O.1213)提出期望旁瓣的水平应该低于以下面公式表示的包迹线(由图14中的虚线表示)。
29-25logθdBi(θ：伸长度[度])
虽然已经报道了降低天线的旁瓣水平的各种方法，通常公知可以通过制造天线的锥形开口分布(主要是振幅分布)而实现。
为了通过使用透镜天线而实现此目的，通过使供应到透镜中心部分的功率高以及通过在靠近透镜表面时逐渐减小功率，可以在透镜天线的辐射开口表面实现锥形功率(振幅)，从而使单个初级辐射器的天线图案窄。此后，通过使用天线图案的3dB功率宽度(半高全宽，full width at halfmaximum)而限定天线图案的缩窄。换句话说，使天线图案窄被改述为具有窄的半高全宽或者缩窄其半高全宽。
图2(a)、(b)示出了在均匀振幅分布和锥形振幅分布情况下的对比天线图案。如图2(a)所示，如果振幅分布是均匀的，旁瓣S的水平与主瓣M的相比变得较高，而如果振幅分布是锥形，旁瓣S降低，如图2(b)所示。
然而，理论上证明，通常，天线的开口越大，半高全宽越窄，另一方面，天线的开口越小，其半高全宽越宽。图14表示在旁瓣S超过期望包迹线的情形通过具有宽的半高全宽的初级辐射器来接收无线电波情况下的透镜天线的天线图案。
如果使开口更小以使初级辐射器更小，透镜天线的旁瓣水平变得更高。另一方面，为了使半高全宽窄从而降低旁瓣，初级辐射器变大。因此，使初级辐射器小型化并降低透镜天线的旁瓣彼此是不相容的。
同时，由于常规抛物面天线的焦距大于透镜天线的焦距，因此与相邻卫星独立通讯所要求的初级辐射器之间的物理间距可以大。因此，初级辐射器能不受上述限制而设计，且通常采用圆形喇叭天线(其开口尺寸超过30mm的圆锥形喇叭天线)。然而，抛物面天线不能与多个卫星通讯。此外，存在抛物面天线体积大的问题，因为例如初级辐射器的支撑臂等部分变大从而提供更长的焦距。
因此，本发明目的是提供使用椤勃无线电波透镜的天线，其能将旁瓣保持在期望包迹线水平以下同时使初级辐射器的尺寸足够小以应付以小伸张度分开的卫星。如果实现了该目的，则可以实现小型和高性能的多束天线。
此外，如果小型初级辐射器彼此相邻设置，所谓的耦合现象发生且相邻初级辐射器的单一特性(方向性)显著变化，由此导致天线性能的降低。因此，重要的是尽量减小耦合效应的影响，且满足此要求也是本发明的目的。
实现本目的的方法
为了实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种无线电波透镜天线，其通过将初级辐射器与半球形或球形椤勃无线电波透镜组合而构造，其中将反射板安装到球形的半切表面，初级辐射器由载介电波导天线(介电装载反馈)形成，在载介电波导天线中介电体装载于波导端部开口。虽然考虑到介电体的插入和制造中的冲切(die-cutting)，包括在初级辐射器中的波导可以被削尖以具有稍宽的周边，但其基本上是直管且与用作喇叭天线的波导形状不同。
用在此无线电波透镜天线中的载介电波导天线优选为在端部开口装载有介电体的矩形波导(载介电矩形波导天线)，而不是圆波导或具有椭圆截面的波导。此处用的术语矩形波导基本上指具有方形截面的管。然而，它可以具有矩形截面以调整E平面和H平面的天线图案。而且优选的是载介电波导天线为在波导前表面周围有环形凹槽的调节阀结构天线。
装载于波导端部开口的介电体可以为柱形。介电体的期望的形状如下：
-使介电体从波导端部突出并使该突出为具有变薄端部的锥形；
-通过将介电体的端部的中心放置在偏离波导中心轴延长线的位置而使介电体的端部为非旋转对称形；
-沿着与波导横截面(垂直于轴的横截面图)交叉的方向的平面除去从波导向前突出的介电体突出的外部周边的一部分；
-在包括突出的横截面的平面内，使从波导向前突出的介电体突出的尺寸在初级的设置方向上小于在垂直于初级辐射器设置方向的方向上。
-通过切除介电体的端部使从波导突出的介电体的端部是平的或倒圆的。
此外，介电体的形状不需要与波导的相同。即，凸透镜形介电体可以装载于波导的端部开口。
本发明的效果
在用在根据本发明的无线电波透镜天线中的初级辐射器(载介电波导天线)中，提供到透镜中心部分的功率的影响大，且在靠近透镜表面时功率逐渐减小，而通过装载在波导端部开口的介电体的作用从而功率提高。因此，可以使半高全宽变小而不依赖于天线开口。
此外，在矩形波导中，能穿过波导传播的无线电波的最低频率(截止频率)与同样尺寸的圆波导相比是低的。这样，矩形波导能采用比圆波导更小的管来确保期望的频带。因此，由载介电矩形波导天线形成的初级辐射器能满足与无线电波透镜组合的初级辐射器所要求的更高程度的小型化。
如上所述，由于根据本发明的无线电波透镜天线通过将包括载介电波导天线的初级辐射器与半球形椤勃无线电波透镜组合而形成，可以实现初级辐射器的小型化同时减小透镜天线的旁瓣。这样，可以实现与多个以小伸张度分开的卫星通讯的有效的多束天线。
此外，通过使从波导突出的介电体成为具有变薄端部的锥形，将介电体的端部中心设置在非旋转中心的对称位置，沿波导的长度方向的平面除去从波导向前突出的介电体的突出的外周边的一部分，并进一步使介电体的突出的尺寸在初级辐射器的设置方向小于在垂直于其的方向，相邻设置的天线单元的介电体之间的距离变大，从而增强抑制耦合现象的效果。
此外，通过切除从波导突出的介电体的端部，减短了天线单元的长度，且因此将天线可以进一步减小尺寸。此外，通过使介电体的切除端为倒圆形可以实现优异的防水性。
优选实施例的详细描述
图3到13表示本发明的优选实施例。根据本发明的无线电波透镜天线的基本结构与图1所示的相同(可以是一个采用没有反射板的球形椤勃无线电波透镜)，除了初级辐射器之外。这样，在实施例中仅描述了初级辐射器的结构。
图3中的初级辐射器3是通过将具有多边柱形的介电体6装载于矩形波导4的端部开口而构造的。
另一方面，图4中的初级辐射器3是通过将圆柱的介电体6装载于圆波导5(可以是椭圆波导)的端部开口而构造的。
矩形波导，特别是具有方截面的波导，提供了更好的空间效率和初级辐射器的最好小型化。然而，根据所装载的介电体的性能，通过使用圆形或椭圆形波导，可以将初级辐射器3缩减到期望的尺寸。
波导4和5的材料可以是例如黄铜或铝的金属或具有高产率的模铸件。对于波导4和5的尺寸，例如在12GHz频带的矩形波导的情形，每一侧可以不大于18mm(图3(a)中的a和b均不大于18mm)。因此，即使初级辐射器之间的间距为上述的19.2mm，初级辐射器也可以彼此无干扰地设置在期望的位置。
此外，介电体6优选由相对低的介电常数和小的介电损失(tanδ)的材料组成，例如聚乙烯。
介电体6的长度(图5中的L)基于初级辐射器3的半高全宽而决定。
图6表示通过在波导4的前表面周围形成环形凹槽7而具有调节阀结构的初级辐射器3。通过使用该调节阀，单独初级辐射器的旁瓣也可以被有效地减小，且旁瓣水平也被降低。此调节阀结构在采用矩形波导以外的波导的初级辐射器中也是有用的。
装载到波导的介电体6的形状不限于柱形。图7示出了装载于矩形波导4(或圆波导5)端部开口的凸透镜形介电体6。也可以采用这种形状的介电体6。
图8到13提供了当元件之间的间距小且存在潜在的耦合问题时有用的初级辐射器。
在图8(a)、(b)中，分别示出了以相应于同步卫星之间的距离的间距P设置的采用圆波导5和采用矩形波导4的两个初级辐射器3。矩形波导的优点在于当用于相同频率的无线电波时它具有比圆波导更小的管尺寸。因此，在两个初级辐射器3通过采用矩形波导4以间距P设置时，两个初级辐射器的介电体6之间的间距P1大于通过采用圆波导5的情况，因此，耦合变弱。
每个初级辐射器朝无线电波透镜的中心设置，因此当更靠近元件端部时相邻初级辐射器之间的间距变窄。因此，优选从波导突出的介电体6为具有变薄端部的锥形。图9示出了突出的示范性截面图。在所有示范的突出中，宽度W(在椭圆横截面中的短直径)小于在垂直于宽度方向的尺寸d(椭圆横截面的长直径)。这样，通过设置介电体6的方向使得宽度方向与初级辐射器的排列方向一致，可以使相邻初级辐射器的介电体之间的间距更大。
图10示出了其中从波导突出的介电体6的每个突出具有带有变薄端部的锥形的范例。在图10(a)中，从波导突出的介电体6是椭圆形多边圆锥形，而锥的顶点位于锥底边的中心轴。通过切除图10(b)或10(c)所示的突出的端部，沿轴方向的初级辐射器的直径被减小。这样，由于从无线电波透镜表面到焦点的距离变小，可以进一步减小天线的尺寸。
此外，考虑在被雨淋湿情况下的防水性，优选介电体6的切除端是图10(c)所示的倒圆形而不是图10(b)所示的平坦形。
当介电体6的突出是圆锥形时，顶点可以如图10(d)所示偏离锥底边的中心轴。具有其突出为所述的非旋转对称形的介电体6的初级辐射器3可以有利地用在两个初级辐射器靠近设置的天线中。即，如果两个初级辐射器靠近设置，则耦合现象发生，导致被相应初级辐射器俘获的无线电波的失真。该失真可以通过将介电体6的突出的端部设置在偏离中心的位置使得它们如图11所示彼此远离而减小。
如图12所示，介电体6的突出的外周边的一部分被沿着与波导轴垂直的方向相交叉的方向的平面切除，且将该介电体6装载到相邻初级辐射器的波导使得外周边的切除表面彼此面对。在这种结构中也可以减小耦合。虽然介电体6的外周边切除表面被示出垂直于与轴正交的截面，但其不需要如此。
在图13中，实线和虚线分别示出了具有弱耦合和强耦合的天线图案。如果通过使用矩形波导和通过调节介电体的形状而限制耦合，则可以减小无线电波的失真，且因此可以提高同步卫星的通讯灵敏度。
此外，通过将装载有介电体的波导的底部与电路板组合并在电路板上安装低噪音放大器(LNA)，频率反转单元(反相器)等，初级辐射器3可以有利地构建为用于卫星广播天线的低噪音块(LNB)。
所有上述初级辐射器满足下面的用于图1的无线电波透镜天线的元件中所需的基本性质1)-4)。因此，可以满足低旁瓣的要求，这使得与相邻卫星独立通讯成为可能，且其是与椤勃无线电波透镜的共同特性：
1)尺寸等于或小于0.8λ(λ：波长，例如在12.5GHz频率的情况下约25mm)；
2)例如，可以实现约50度的半高全宽；
3)其为公共用于垂直(V)和水平(H)线偏振波的线偏振波天线(如果满足此条件，其可以应用于圆偏振波天线)；和
4)E平面和H平面的天线图案(见图3(b))可以尽可能相同。
图15示出了当上述载介电波导天线(其采用矩形波导)用作图1的无线电波透镜天线的初级辐射器3时，在透镜天线的天线图案中降低旁瓣的影响。
如所示出的，如果采用本发明的载介电波导天线，旁瓣S变得小于期望的包迹线(图中的虚线)，且因此可以以小的伸张度(例如4.4度的间距)分开的的卫星单独通讯。
同时，实现了初级辐射器的尺寸降低并放松了初级辐射器的空间安装限制；且因此可以与多个卫星通讯。
附图说明
图1提供了采用半球形椤勃无线电波透镜的天线的示意图；
图2(a)示出了在均匀振幅分布情况下的天线图案，且图2(b)是在锥形振幅分布情况下的天线图案；
图3(a)提供了用于描述本发明的示范性初级辐射器的主要部分的透视图，且图3(b)示出了矩形波导的横截面图；
图4提出了用于描述本发明的示范性初级辐射器的主要部分的透视图；
图5示出了用于描述根据本发明的初级辐射器的基本结构的主要部分的侧面图；
图6提供了还具有调节阀结构的初级辐射器的主要部分的侧面图；
图7描述了装载有凸透镜形介电体的初级辐射器的主要部分的横截面图；
图8(a)描绘了采用圆波导的两个初级辐射器的设置，且图8(b)是采用矩形波导的两个初级辐射器的设置；
图9(a)到9(f)描述了介电体的突出的横截面形状的具体范例；
图10(a)到10(d)提供了介电体的突出的侧面形状的具体范例；
图11示出了通过采用装载有具有非旋转对称端部形状的介电体的初级辐射器而抑制耦合的范例；
图12示出了通过切除从波导突出的介电体的一部分而抑制耦合的范例；
图13表示弱耦合与强耦合比较的天线图案；
图14示出了具有宽的半高全宽的天线的天线图案；
图15描述了在采用在介电体波导天线作为初级辐射器的情况下的天线的天线图案。
参考标号说明
1  椤勃无线电波透镜
2  反射板
3  初级辐射器
4  矩形波导
5  圆波导
6  介电体
7  凹槽
A  无线电波
M  主瓣
S  旁瓣

Claims (10)

1、一种无线电波透镜天线，包括：
半球形无线电波透镜，用于聚焦无线电波束；
反射板，安装到所述无线电波透镜球面的半切表面，用于反射从天空入射或朝目标发射的无线电波；和
初级辐射器，设置于无线电波透镜的任意无线电波焦点处，用于传送或接收无线电波，
其中，每个初级辐射器包括在波导端部开口处装载介电体的载介电波导天线，且所述初级辐射器相邻安装。
2、一种无线电波透镜天线，包括：
球形无线电波透镜，用于聚集无线电波束；和
初级辐射器，位于所述无线电波透镜的任意无线电波的焦点处，用于传送或接收无线电波，
其中，每个初级辐射器包括在波导端部开口处装载介电体的载介电波导天线，且所述初级辐射器相邻安装。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，所述载介电波导天线是在矩形波导的端部开口处装载介电体的载介电矩形波导。
4、如权利要求1到3的任何一个所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，所述载介电波导天线的介电体从波导向前突出且介电体的突出部分是具有变薄端部的锥形。
5、如权利要求4所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，所述介电体的端部中心位于偏离波导中心轴延长线的位置，且介电体的端部是非旋转对称形的。
6、如权利要求1到3的任何一个所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，所述介电体从波导突出，且介电体的突出部分的外周边的一部分沿与波导横截面交叉的方向上的平面被除去。
7、如权利要求4到6的任何一个所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，在包括从波导向前突出的介电体的突出部分的横截面的平面中，突出部分在初级辐射器的设置方向的尺寸小于在垂直于初级辐射器的设置方向的尺寸。
8、如权利要求4到7的任何一个所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，从波导突出的介电体的端部被切除，使得介电体的端部是平坦的或倒圆形。
9、如权利要求1到8的任何一个所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，所述载介电波导天线是在波导前表面周围具有环形凹槽的调节阀结构天线。
10、如权利要求1到3的任何一个所述的无线电波透镜天线，其中，所述载介电波导天线是具有在波导端部开口处装载凸透镜形介电体的结构的天线。
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