CN1795741A - Premix material and proportioned pellet feed for calves in earlier stage and preparation method - Google Patents
Premix material and proportioned pellet feed for calves in earlier stage and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A pre-mixed feed for the early phase of calf is proportionally prepared from 20 raw materials including vitamins, monensin, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, organic and inorganic carriers, fat powder, edible salt, etc. The granular composite feed containing said pre-mixed feed and its preparing process are also disclosed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to premix and the mixed feed field thereof of a kind of calf, particularly a kind of calves in earlier stage premix and compound feed thereof and their preparation methods separately are promptly at physilogical characteristics and the nutritional need of 0-3 monthly age calf.
Background technology
Calf is first stage that replacement heifer is raised lactation, also is the most important stage.The main target in this period is to allow calf obtain sufficient antibody, improves its immunity, and the training calf concentrated feed of searching for food as early as possible, promotes the growth of rumen microflora and digestive system, saves feeding cost.
Generally take wean in 60 days in China, this in stage calf nutritional need the two provides jointly by liquid feed (breast or substitute breast) and concentrated feed.Calf should guarantee the colostrum of its absorption capacity in postnatal first three day, so that obtain sufficient immunoglobulin (Ig), thereby improves the ability of calf opposing various diseases.Birth back the 4th day, feed breast or substitute breast in, begin to feed with a small amount of high-quality concentrated feed, preferably particulate material trains it to search for food.The amount of feeding of concentrated feed is along with the prolongation of time and the situation of searching for food of calf increase gradually, when calf can be had concentrated feed about 1 kilogram every day, just can wean.The nutriment of wean back calf is then all provided by solid feed.
In calf lactation, make the calf solid feed of searching for food as early as possible extremely important, this helps to stimulate the growth of function of rumen, and the particularly existence of butyric acid of volatile fatty acid is depended in the growth of cud epithelial tissue.Thereby the chemical composition of solid feed that feed this period and physical form are very important features.It should be the higher feed of easy fermentable carbohydrates content, and good palatability, nutritious also must contain enough digested fibers, and with normally carrying out of support lumen fermentation, and lumen fermentation is essential by the suitable growth of keeping the cud tissue; It also must have suitable granularity, and this is very important for prevent papilliferous anormogenesis of cud and keratinization and the broken fine fodder particle of prevention fine powder to form between mastoid process silting up; Generally also added antibiotic, in order to reduce disease of digestive tract.
The raising of strengthening calf is to cultivate, set up basis and the precondition of high yield cows.The milk or the scale of feeding of substitute breast milk be must limit U.S. replacement cattle,, the quantity that foodstuff searches for food and the feed intake relation of being inversely proportional to (NRC, 2001) of liquid feed opened in early days to promote their dry matter intakes (NRC, 1989).The calf of large-scale kind can be weaned after searching for food for three days on end that 0.68kg is high-quality every day at least to open foodstuff at an easy rate.Under the situation that good and restriction milk or substitute breast milk are fed in management, the earliest can wean (Kertz etc., 1979,1984) when 4 ages in week.The prolongation of time of breast-feeding will influence the postponement of dry matter intake and the wean age in days of calf, not only be unfavorable for the growth of calf but also improve production cost.Use calf to open foodstuff abroad very early and promote calf growth and microbiotic foundation, make calf can adapt to roughage faster, reduce feeding cost.China milk cattle cultivating person greatly still uses the autogamy mash feed to open foodstuff as calf, be unfavorable for that cud is grown, palatability is not good enough, and digestibility is low, the waste big, easily suffers from diarrhoea, global-worm illness and ablactation stress etc., cause the calf daily gain low, 2,3,6 monthly age body weight are not up to standard or the like.The domestic existing calf material that a lot of brands are also arranged differs but quality is irregular, and growing of calf easily produced considerable influence.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is above-mentioned problem, and calves in earlier stage premix and compound feed and their preparation methods separately of a kind of quality, stable performance is provided.
One of technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of calves in earlier stage premix, and it contains mixture A, mixture B and other elements, and wherein various compositions of this mixture A and the weight content that accounts for whole premix thereof are: vitamin A: 0.0426 part, vitamin D
3: 0.0106 part, vitamin E: 0.51 part, Monensin: 0.106 part, the bar conglutnin: 0.4255 part, spices: 1.064 parts, sweetener: 1.064 parts, organic carrier: 10.64 parts; Various compositions of this mixture B and the weight content that accounts for whole premix thereof are: ferrous sulfate: 0.809 part, manganese sulfate: 0.804 part, copper sulphate: 0.170 part, zinc sulfate: 0.913 part, KI: 0.255 part, sodium selenite: 0.170 part, cobalt chloride: 0.2128 part, inorganic carrier: 8.123 parts; These other elemental compositions and the weight content that accounts for whole premix thereof are: calcium monohydrogen phosphate: 26.596 parts, and calcium carbonate: 32.979 parts, salt: 10.638 parts, sodium Diacetate: 4.255 parts.
Wherein, this mixture A composition also comprises antioxidant, and its weight content that accounts for whole premix is 0.2128 part.
Above-mentioned antioxidant is ethoxyquinoline, dibutyl hydroxy toluene, butylated hydroxy anisole, n-propyl gallate etc., and effect is that the protection nutriment exempts from oxidation destruction, makes product more stable.
Carrier is meant in the premix industry stable in properties commonly used, and is nontoxic to animal, is used for carrying above-mentioned various active principle, and not with the powder of above-mentioned active principle generation chemical reaction.Because vitamin, antibiotic, spices and trace element etc. become component little, are to be convenient to its mixing with relatively large carrier here.Said organic carrier can be wheat time powder, wheat bran, corn bran, corn flour, rice bran, defatted rice bran, powdered rice hulls, soybean peel powder, big dregs of beans and/or corn protein powder etc.; And this inorganic carrier can be silicate, silica, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, salt, potter's clay, talcum powder, vermiculite power and/or zeolite powder etc.
Above-mentioned preferable organic carrier is a corn protein powder, and preferable inorganic carrier is a zeolite powder.
Two of technical scheme of the present invention is: the preparation method of a kind of the invention described above calves in earlier stage premix, and it may further comprise the steps:
1) with the various compositions of mixture A, the various compositions of mixture B mix respectively, thereby obtain corresponding mixture A and mixture B;
2) mixture A and mixture B are mixed with other elements that are left.
Usually the mixture A in the step 1) mixes by the mixer that existing vitamin is suitable for to obtain, and mixture B mixes by the mixer that trace element is suitable for to obtain, secondary mixing again after so independent mixing, compare with the disposable mixing of all the components, can reduce the loss of above-mentioned element as far as possible.
Another technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of calves in earlier stage compound feed, it comprises corn 40-50 weight portion, wheat 5-15 weight portion, wheat bran 5 weight portions, dregs of beans 15-25 weight portion, expanded soybean 1-8 weight portion, corn protein powder 1-8 weight portion, the corn dregs of rice 4 weight portions, maize alcohol lees 2 weight portions, whey powder 2 weight portions and calves in earlier stage premix 4.7 weight portions of the present invention.
The present invention's technical scheme again is: a kind of preparation method of the invention described above calves in earlier stage compound feed, it comprises described various compositions is mixed, and carries out slaking by granulator at 60～90 ℃ again and granulates and form.
The main nutrition of calves in earlier stage compound feed of the present invention is as follows:
| Name of product | The NND/ kg of milk cow energy unit | Main nutrient composition (%) | ||||||
| Moisture | Thick protein | Crude fibre | Coarse ash | Calcium | Total phosphorus | Salt | ||
| Calf (in earlier stage) material | ≥2.2 | ≤13 | ≥18 | ≤9 | ≤9 | 0.7-1.8 | ≥0.5 | 0.5-1.5 |
| Vitamin A IU/kg 10000 | Vitamin E IU/kg 120 |
| Vitamin D IU/kg 2500 | Iron mg/kg 100 |
| Copper mg/kg 30 | Zinc mg/kg 150 |
| Iodine mg/kg 1.2 | Cobalt mg/kg 1.0 |
| Selenium mg/kg 0.8 |
Product of the present invention (1) promotes to open food, wean, reduce ablactation stress as early as possible, prevention global-worm illness and disease of digestive tract; (2) promote cud to grow, improve the feed intake of calf, satisfy calf early nutrition needs feed; (3) generation of promotion calf second teeth; (4) average daily gain reaches more than 800 grams, and 3 monthly age body weight surpass double centner.
The specific embodiment
For the present invention is described better, specify with following embodiment.But the present invention has only set forth the most basic nutrient formulation of such feed, can carry out variously with the dvielement conversion or add other composition on this basis, and as adding vitamin B complex element, vitamin C etc., so the present invention is not limit by the following example.Following raw material is conventional commercially available feed grade product.
Embodiment 1
1) with 0.0426kg vitamin A, 0.0106kg vitamin D
3, 0.51kg vitamin E, 0.106kg Monensin, 0.4255kg bar conglutnin, 0.2128kg antioxidant ethoxyquinoline, 1.064kg spices, 1.064kg sweetener and organic carrier corn protein powder 10.64kg mix by mixer (the efficient mixer SLHSJ0.2 of double-shaft paddle formula that shepherd group in Jiangsu produces) separately;
2) simultaneously 0.809kg ferrous sulfate, 0.804kg manganese sulfate, 0.170kg copper sulphate, 0.913kg zinc sulfate, 0.255kg KI, 0.170kg sodium selenite, 0.2128kg cobalt chloride and inorganic carrier zeolite powder 8.123kg are mixed by mixer (the efficient mixer SLHSJ2.0 of double-shaft paddle formula that shepherd group in Jiangsu produces) separately;
3) with step 1), 2) gained mixture and 26.596kg calcium monohydrogen phosphate, 32.979kg calcium carbonate, 10.638kg salt and 4.255kg sodium Diacetate mix, and obtains calf later stage premix of the present invention.
Embodiment 2
Organic carrier is changed to the soybean peel powder, and antioxidant is changed to dibutyl hydroxy toluene, and inorganic carrier is used silicate instead, and is surplus with embodiment 1, promptly obtains calf later stage premix of the present invention.
Embodiment 3
Organic carrier is changed to wheat time powder, removes antioxidant, inorganic carrier is used talcum powder instead, and is surplus with embodiment 1, promptly obtains calf later stage premix of the present invention.
Embodiment 4
The premix 4.7kg of corn 45kg, wheat 10kg, wheat bran 5kg, dregs of beans 20kg, expanded soybean 4kg, corn protein powder 3.3kg, corn dregs of rice 4kg, maize alcohol lees (DDGS) 2kg, whey powder 2kg and embodiment 1 is mixed, and carry out the slaking granulation by granulator (the MUZL350 type that shepherd group in Jiangsu makes) at 90 ℃ and form calf of the present invention later stage compound feed.
Embodiment 5
The premix 4.7kg of corn 50kg, wheat 5kg, wheat bran 5kg, dregs of beans 25kg, expanded soybean 1kg, corn protein powder 1.3kg, corn dregs of rice 4kg, DDGS 2kg, whey powder 2kg and embodiment 1 is mixed, and carry out the slaking granulation by granulator (the MUZL350 type that shepherd group in Jiangsu makes) at 85 ℃ and form calf of the present invention later stage compound feed.
Embodiment 6
The premix 4.7kg of corn 40kg, wheat 15kg, wheat bran 5kg, dregs of beans 15kg, expanded soybean 6kg, corn protein powder 6.3kg, corn dregs of rice 4kg, DDGS 2kg, whey powder 2kg and embodiment 1 is mixed, and carry out the slaking granulation by granulator (the MUZL350 type that shepherd group in Jiangsu makes) at 80 ℃ and form calf of the present invention later stage compound feed.
Embodiment 7
The premix 4.7kg of corn 40kg, wheat 15kg, wheat bran 5kg, dregs of beans 12kg, expanded soybean 8kg, corn protein powder 7.3kg, corn dregs of rice 4kg, DDGS 2kg, whey powder 2kg and embodiment 2 is mixed, and carry out the slaking granulation by granulator (the MUZL350 type that shepherd group in Jiangsu makes) at 70 ℃ and form calf of the present invention later stage compound feed.
Embodiment 8
The premix 4.7kg of corn 43.3kg, wheat 5kg, wheat bran 5kg, dregs of beans 25kg, expanded soybean 1kg, corn protein powder 8kg, corn dregs of rice 4kg, DDGS 2kg, whey powder 2kg and embodiment 3 is mixed, and carry out the slaking granulation by granulator (the MUZL350 type that shepherd group in Jiangsu makes) at 60 ℃ and form calf of the present invention later stage compound feed.
Further specify the effect of calves in earlier stage compound feed of the present invention below with effect embodiment.Using method: after birth, rose in 3-7 days, in the milk of feeding, but this particulate material of free choice feeding.Began for-1 monthly age 0.25-0.5 kilogram/previous day in 3-7 days; 1-2 monthly age 0.5-1 kilogram/previous day; 2-3 monthly age 1-1.5 kilogram/previous day.
Effect embodiment 1
Test in Shanghai City the 9th pasture and carry out, experimental period is 3 months.
Be chosen in 15 of interior birth of 3 weeks and the healthy calf of birth weight in 35～40 kilograms, as subjects.The calf colostrum for the first time of feeding in back 1 hour of being born, 6～9 hours colostrums for the second time of feeding are fed 3～4 times first 24 hours planted agents, and feed 3 later every day.
Being born begins to feed calves in earlier stage compound feed of the present invention (embodiment 4) after a week as opening foodstuff, and free choice feeding is freely drunk water.Be born back about 60 days, and weaned when calves in earlier stage cooperates the particle feed intake all to reach 1 kilogram of left and right sides for three days on end, the wean back continues to feed one month, changes the group during 3 monthly ages.Respectively claim one time body weight in the time of about calf birth and 3 monthly ages.Duration of test is observed situations such as the searching for food of calf, disease.
This result of the test sees Table 1
Table 1 calf opens foodstuff to calf growth, health affected
| Test ox (number) | Average birth weight (kg) | Average daily gain (g/d) |
| 15 | 38.87±1.41 | 710±94 |
As can be seen from Table 2, the calf of birth weight in 35～40 kilograms, average daily gain has reached 710g during to three monthly ages, than the 650g height of stipulating in the feeding standard of generally acknowledging in the industry 9.23%.
This test shows: novel calf cooperates particulate material that the prescribing adequate nutrition material not only is provided, satisfy 0～3 monthly age calf growth needs, also effectively promoted the growth of function of rumen, serving as reasons with the sucking is that the master provides good basis to the plant feed transition of searching for food fully.Wean and continued to feed this calf material in back one month, reduced ablactation stress to a great extent, further help growing of calf.
Effect embodiment 2
Wean of calf 45 ages in days and 60 ages in days wean (this weaning time in recent years) are adopted in this test, have obtained more satisfactory effect at aspects such as economic benefit and calf body conditions.
1 materials and methods
1.1 test material
Opening foodstuff is that the calves in earlier stage that bright dairy industry is produced cooperates particulate material (embodiment 5).
1.2 date of test and place
Test in Liang Feng group animal farm and carry out, the full phase is 90 days.
1.3 select for the examination calf
Select new 24 of the healthy calf of producing at this, and according to the basic identical or close principle of date of birth, body weight, height, chest measurement of test ox, carry out random packet, 12 every group by the odd and even numbers of calf ear tag.
The table 2 ox basic condition of participating in the experiment
| Number | Nascent fate (d) | Height (cm) | Chest measurement (cm) | Nascent body weight (kg) | |
| The test group control group | 12 12 | 1 1 | 77.25±0.96 77.26±0.85 | 82.50±1.29 82.55±1.14 | 43.35±0.25 43.38±0.32 |
1.4 experimental design
1.4.1 test group
Plan the wean of 45 ages in days, the sucking situation is: the 1-2 age in days is eaten colostrum 4kg/d; The 3-6 age in days is eaten colostrum 6kg/d; 7-25 age in days 7.5kg/d; 26-35 age in days 6kg/d; 36-45 age in days 3kg/d, calf is breast-feeded for one day three times, freely drinks water, the free choice feeding particulate material, 75 days with interior hay and the silage corn of not feeding in addition, free choice feeding hay more than 75 days.The full phase breast-feeds and amounts to 258.5kg.
1.4.2 control group
The wean of calf 60 ages in days, the sucking situation is: the 1-2 age in days is eaten colostrum 4kg/d; The 3-6 age in days is eaten colostrum 6kg/d; 7-30 age in days 7.5kg/d; 31-40 age in days 6kg/d; 41-50 age in days 4.5kg/d; 50-60 age in days 3kg/d.Breast-feed for one day three times, freely drink water, the free choice feeding particulate material, the grass of not feeding is in addition done and silage corn, and 75 days with interior hay and the silage corn of not feeding in addition, free choice feeding hay more than 75 days.The full phase breast-feeds and amounts to 341kg.
1.5 data are collected
When proceeding to 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 90 days, test collects out the data of foodstuff feed intake respectively, and record, see Table 3; And the measurement height, chest measurement, body weight, all classification is added up, and carries out the t check, sees Table 4.That observes and write down calf searches for food incidence.
2 test datas
Test group is searched for food and calf diarrhea (enteritis) situation well do not occurred, and control group occurs 2.Other data:
Table 3 ox of participating in the experiment opens foodstuff dry matter intake (kg)
| 1-30d | 31-45d | 45-60d | 60-90d | |
| The test group control group | 11.4 10.7 | 11.1 9.2 | 35.0 20.5 | 84.0 78.5 |
The table 4 ox comparison (cm, kg) of growing of participating in the experiment
| 1d | 30d | 45d | 60d | 90d | ||
| Height: | The test group control group | 77.25±0.96 77.26±0.85 | 80.5±0.82 80.7±0.69 | 85.33±0.58 85.41±0.66 | 90.67±0.58 90.55±0.63 | 96.25±0.71 94.25±0.91 |
| Chest measurement: | The test group control group | 82.50±1.29 82.55±1.14 | 91.33±1.25 91.29±1.15 | 93.55±0.52 93.65±0.95 | 106.00±1.23 104.25±0.95 | 121.05±1.41 118.15±0.91 |
| Body weight: | The test group control group | 43.35±0.25 43.38±0.32 | 57.31±0.36 57.36±0.29 | 69.16±1.14 69.89±1.23 | 82.21±1.18 81.14±1.10 | 109.35±1.12 103.95±1.14 |
| p | p≥0.05 | p≥0.05 | p≥0.05 | p≥0.05 | p≤0.05 | |
3 results and discussion
3.1, clearly, can stimulate calf to open the feed intake of foodstuff, the influence that the daily gain of calf is not also weaned during wean greatly from above-mentioned data analysis.As long as can increase feed intake, promote lumen fermentation fully to reach to stimulate that the growth of rumen microorganism will be helpful to the growth of calf.
3.2 test group is more than control group because of the particulate material quantity of searching for food, so after the test group wean, at 60 ages in days, the body footage of 90 ages in days illustrates that according to obviously being better than control group early weaning is apparent in view to the aftereffect of growing of calf.90 days height of test group and body weight all are better than control group; The output that prediction is gone into operation in the future also will be better than control group, because height, body weight become strong positive correlation with lactation amount.
3.3 control group and the test group hay of feeding is given in this test, be because grow to calf growth and the cud that hay can slow down calf of feeding, and the speed of being decomposed by fermentation in the calf cud is very slow.Therefore hay only can make the calf stomach produce feeling of repletion (the full sense of physics).Hay can not fully be fermented in the calf cud, so also can't therefrom produce volatile fatty acid (VFA).Compare with grain trough (opening foodstuff), hay is to the facilitation also very limited (NRC, 2001) of calf cud inwall column mammiplasia.
3.4 test group is compared every ox saving milk with control group be 83 kilograms, the calf of wean of 45 ages in days and the wean of 60 ages in days in feeding process, and its human resources (bottle-feeding) demand also has tangible difference, and the workload of control group is obviously more than test group.As seen test group has been saved cost than control group.
3.5 test group calf morbidity (trouble enteritis) 0 example is inferior lower than control group morbidity 2 example heads.May be that the test group calf searches for food out the foodstuff amount than control group height.At the development degree of cud and whole digestive system and the aspects such as ability of resisting the invasion and attack of external source virulence factor, test group is better than control group, thereby the possibility of ill (as enteritis etc.) also reduces.
Claims (8)
1, a kind of calves in earlier stage premix, it contains mixture A, mixture B and other elements, and wherein various compositions of this mixture A and the weight content that accounts for whole premix thereof are: vitamin A: 0.0426 part, vitamin D
3: 0.0106 part, vitamin E: 0.51 part, Monensin: 0.106 part, the bar conglutnin: 0.4255 part, spices: 1.064 parts, sweetener: 1.064 parts and organic carrier: 10.64 parts; Various compositions of this mixture B and the weight content that accounts for whole premix thereof are: ferrous sulfate: 0.809 part, manganese sulfate: 0.804 part, copper sulphate: 0.170 part, zinc sulfate: 0.913 part, KI: 0.255 part, sodium selenite: 0.170 part, cobalt chloride: 0.2128 part and inorganic carrier: 8.123 parts; These other elemental compositions and the weight content that accounts for whole premix thereof are: calcium monohydrogen phosphate: 26.596 parts, and calcium carbonate: 32.979 parts, salt: 10.638 parts and sodium Diacetate: 4.255 parts.
2, calves in earlier stage premix according to claim 1 is characterized in that this mixture A composition also comprises antioxidant, and its weight content that accounts for whole premix is 0.2128 part.
3, calves in earlier stage premix according to claim 2 is characterized in that this antioxidant is ethoxyquinoline, dibutyl hydroxy toluene, butylated hydroxy anisole or n-propyl gallate.
4, calves in earlier stage premix according to claim 1 is characterized in that this organic carrier is wheat time powder, wheat bran, corn bran, corn flour, rice bran, defatted rice bran, powdered rice hulls, soybean peel powder, big dregs of beans and/or corn protein powder; This inorganic carrier is silicate, silica, potter's clay, talcum powder, vermiculite power and/or zeolite powder.
5, calves in earlier stage premix according to claim 4 is characterized in that this organic carrier is a corn protein powder, and this inorganic carrier is a zeolite powder.
6, the preparation method of the described calves in earlier stage premix of a kind of claim 1, it may further comprise the steps:
1) with the various compositions of mixture A, the various compositions of mixture B mix respectively, thereby obtain corresponding mixture A and mixture B;
2) mixture A and mixture B are mixed with other elements that are left.
7, a kind of calves in earlier stage compound feed, it comprises that corn 40-50 weight portion, wheat 5-15 weight portion, wheat bran 5 weight portions, dregs of beans 15-25 weight portion, expanded soybean 1-8 weight portion, corn protein powder 1-8 weight portion, the corn dregs of rice 4 weight portions, maize alcohol lees 2 weight portions, whey powder 2 weight portions reach as described calves in earlier stage premix 4.7 weight portions of claim 1～5.
8, the preparation method of the described calves in earlier stage compound feed of a kind of claim 7, it comprises described various compositions is mixed, and carries out slaking by granulator at 60～90 ℃ again and granulates and form.
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