CN1758913A - 蝶啶衍生物用于治疗颅内压升高、继发性局部缺血以及与细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的用途 - Google Patents
蝶啶衍生物用于治疗颅内压升高、继发性局部缺血以及与细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1758913A CN1758913A CNA2003801102110A CN200380110211A CN1758913A CN 1758913 A CN1758913 A CN 1758913A CN A2003801102110 A CNA2003801102110 A CN A2003801102110A CN 200380110211 A CN200380110211 A CN 200380110211A CN 1758913 A CN1758913 A CN 1758913A
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- alkyl
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- phenyl
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Abstract
本发明涉及蝶啶衍生物用于治疗颅内压升高、继发性局部缺血以及与细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的用途。
Description
本发明涉及蝶啶衍生物用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的用途。具体而言,这些蝶啶衍生物提供了一种有效治疗由闭合性颅脑创伤(CCT)引起的颅内压升高的方法。本发明还涉及蝶啶衍生物用于治疗与细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的用途。
外伤性脑损伤(TBI)仍然是威胁全球公共健康的主要问题。据保守估计,美国因闭合性头部损伤而入院治疗的发生率每10万人中就有200例,而穿透性头部损伤的发生率估计为每10万人中12例。这样每年产生的新病例约为50万例,他们中有相当一部分人将长期忍受残疾的痛苦。
从诊断学的角度来讲,开放性与闭合性CCT之间存在明显差异。开放性CCT是指脑脊膜(硬膜)受机械损伤后导致脑通过开口处与环境相接触的损伤。开放性CCT通常伴有液体及脑组织碎片的流出。在闭合性CCT中,颅骨保持完整,脑的原发性损伤(创伤)的特征为局部损伤如擦伤或血肿和/或弥散性脑组织损伤。该原发性脑损伤(可能会有心血管和呼吸抑制)会伴有继发性损伤、特别是组织坏死、细胞凋亡、水肿(血管性和/或细胞性水肿)、继发性出血、脑血容量变化、脑血流量自身调节功能紊乱以及局部缺血。由于颅骨仍保持完整,不可能提供容积补偿,而水肿、出血和脑血容量升高都是需要空间的过程,所以这些过程会导致颅内压的升高。这种颅内压(ICP)的升高又可能导致急性呼吸抑制,因而它本身就可能危及生命。此外,颅内压升高还会导致其它继发性脑损伤,例如由于ICP升高引起的剪切力会破坏神经细胞的轴突和树突,并因此引起脑功能中感觉、运动或智力功能的不可逆的永久性损伤。
迄今为止,尚未知有药物可被用于降低颅内压或减轻与颅内压升高有关的不良反应。关于颅脑创伤所报道的药学方法均局限于防止细胞死亡方面,特别是防止继发性脑损伤中发生的神经细胞的死亡。
例如,专利US5,409,935描述了黄嘌呤衍生物通过抑制对细胞有害的自由基的生成来治疗颅脑创伤后的继发性神经细胞损伤和功能紊乱的用途。根据这篇专利,该文中公开的黄嘌呤衍生物对外周巨嗜细胞以及培养的激活的脑小胶质细胞中自由基的形成有很强的抑制作用,而在很多伴随创伤性脑损伤后脑组织死亡的神经病理过程中观察到的细胞激活现象恰恰是在这两种类型的细胞中。
德国专利19740785、19754573和PCT申请WO99/29346公开了联合应用5-HT1A受体拮抗剂与钙离子通道拮抗剂来治疗大脑卒中和颅脑创伤。根据这些文献的报道,通过这种方法,5-HT1A受体拮抗剂如二氢吡啶和阻断神经细胞L-型钙离子通道的钙离子通道拮抗剂如2-氨甲基-色满的保护作用会有所增强。WO02/069972公开了三唑化合物,据称这类化合物是特异性5-HT1A受体拮抗剂并因此可用于预防和治疗神经变性疾病、脑外伤和脑缺血。
专利US6,469,054和6,462,074中分别公开了芳基磺胺类化合物和取代的α、β稠合的丁内酯化合物,这些化合物可靶向于CB1受体,从而可有效治疗各种起因如由脑缺血、脑血管痉挛或动脉粥样硬化病变引起的神经损伤。
此外,专利US6,448,270公开了4-取代的哌啶类似物,包括羟基哌啶和四氢哌啶,据称它们可选择性地作为N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NDMA)受体亚型的拮抗剂。根据专利US6,448,270,这些化合物抑制兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸和天冬氨酸在N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NDMA)受体处的兴奋性毒性。该兴奋性毒性被认为会在由例如脑痉挛、低血糖或脑损伤所导致的脑血管病症中引起神经元的丢失。
但是,如上所述,目前在用药理学方法治疗颅内压升高的方面还没有进行过研究。迄今为止,只能通过对患者进行开颅手术以脑室引流术来提供容积补偿,或者通过使用渗透治疗剂如甘露醇或山梨醇的方法来预防这种升高。将这些渗透治疗剂注入血流中,它们可使血流和颅内实质区之间形成渗透压差。这种梯度可使颅内压下降(实例参见McGraw CP、Alexander E Jr、Howard G Surg Neurol 1978Aug,10(2):127-30或McGraw CP、Howard G.Neurosurgery 1983Sep,13(3):269-71)。
但是,两种方法都存在严重不足之处。开颅手术是一种严重的手术介入行为,可能危及生命,特别是危及严重闭合性CCT患者的生命,并增加严重细菌感染的风险,它需要特殊的防止败血症的措施。而且这种手术的术后处理要求特殊培训的人员来完成,因此只能在选定的诊室进行。
施用渗透治疗剂只能起到短期、暂时的作用,随后颅内压会有新的升高,有时在给药后10至15分钟内即可观察到这种升高。渗透疗法的复杂性还在于首次施用的渗透剂如甘露醇的量会大大影响渗透剂的后续剂量。首次施用的渗透剂量高于所需的绝对量将导致随后将需要更大的剂量来控制ICP。因此,初始剂量必须尽可能低,这是渗透疗法的局限性。而且,由于每次给药后血液与脑之间的渗透压力差会越来越小,渗透治疗剂通常只能施用二到三次。最后,这种非手术手段还存在引起脑缺血的风险和颅内压反弹现象。而且,这种治疗法还被认为会损害血脑屏障的完整性和诱发由于血液成分渗透至脑实质而引起的继发性脑部炎症。
因此,我们需要能够降低外伤性脑损伤引起的颅内压升高以及能够缓解与颅内压升高相关的病理生理状况的药物。
该问题可通过使用通式(Ia)至(Ie)之一的蝶啶衍生物来解决。式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物已知是氧化氮(NO)合酶抑制剂(参见例如专利US5,902,810、WO95/31987、WO95/32203、WO01/21619或US5,922,713)。
在分子水平上,本发明是基于利用式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物抑制氧化氮(NO)合酶的能力可以抑制NO的生成这一发现上,优选在NO合酶、特别是在创伤区内内皮NO合酶(e-NOS)被过度激活后活性升高的区域内抑制NO的生成。
这可以防止NO对脑血管的扩张作用。在颅脑外伤的情况下这可使脑血管不致扩张,而是保持容量不变或者甚至可能再收缩一些,从而部分抵消已经形成的扩张。这样就可以创造出额外的颅内空间供受损脑组织使用,同时伴随颅内压(升高的部分)的降低。让本发明人惊讶的是,本发明使用的某些蝶啶化合物只有极小的或者完全没有透过血脑屏障的倾向。这一性质加上它们对于NO合酶的特异性使得式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物可以以高剂量施用,也使得它们成为在紧急状况下的理想的候选化合物,因此它们可用于降低通常在闭合性颅脑创伤或非外伤性脑损伤后出现的危象升高的颅内压。另一方面,闭合性颅脑创伤或非外伤性脑损伤的长期效应通常使血脑屏障变得通透。这使得本发明所使用的蝶啶衍生物可以透过(穿过)血脑屏障而靶向特定在脑实质中表达的NO合酶(神经NOS、可诱导NOS、线粒体NOS)。因此,作为本文描述的蝶啶衍生物的第二用途,它们可以对抗继发性脑损伤如炎性过程,组织坏死引起的急性细胞死亡,组织坏死和细胞凋亡引起的细胞死亡以及水肿的形成(参见图1)。
因此本发明公开的化合物可用于治疗颅内压升高,特别是闭合性颅脑创伤引起的颅内压升高。这些化合物尤其可在危象颅内压增高以及继发性局部缺血的情况下施用。式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物用于治疗非外伤性脑损伤例如中风或冻伤引起的颅内压升高的用途也在本发明的范围内。
此外,已知四氢生物蝶呤在生理pH下不稳定,并且容易在氧合溶液中降解。酶联四氢生物蝶呤辅助因子的丢失可导致NOS单体化和灭活。虽然四氢生物蝶呤稳化NOS二聚体复合物的潜在机理还不清楚,但该作用似乎是亚型特异性的,四氢生物蝶呤可能是作为分子夹防止NOS的亚基解离(参见Crane等,(1998)Science 279:2121-2126)。显然四氢生物蝶呤与NOS加氧酶结构域结合后可诱导其构象大幅改变。当NO-合酶的辅助因子四氢生物蝶呤耗竭或氧化后,NO-合酶会发生解偶联,已显示TBI及类似病理生理状态如脑缺血发生后,脑中会发生NO-合酶解偶联的现象。这在内皮功能障碍及其相关疾病中也是重要的作用机理。
精氨酸转化为N-羟基-L-精氨酸(NHA)以及NHA转化为L-瓜氨酸和NO的反应都依赖于四氢生物蝶呤的存在。如果缺乏足够的四氢生物蝶呤,NOS将从合成NO转为产生超氧负离子(Knowles,R.G.和Moncada,S.(1994)Biochem.J.298:249-258;Pou,S.等,(1992)J.Biol.Chem.267:24173-24176),随后导致NO耗竭和氧化剂蓄积(Beckman,J.S.等,Methodsof Enzymology,Vol.233,Part C:Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems.L.Packer(编),Academic Press,Inc.,San Diego,CA229-240),这将引起NOS进一步解偶联。这种环环相接的循环作用可导致细胞毒性活性氧(ROS)如超氧化物水平的急剧升高。
超氧化物是NOS解偶联的主要产物,它与NO迅速反应生成细胞毒性更强、更稳定的过氧化亚硝酸盐,受损伤脑中发生的多数细胞损伤都可能是它造成的。该反应的速度比超氧负离子与超氧化物歧化酶生成过氧化氢和氧的反应还要快。任何产生的过氧化亚硝酸盐经质子化作用后会形成过氧化亚硝酸,然后通常过氧化亚硝酸会经同分异构化作用形成氢阳离子和硝酸根阴离子。过氧化亚硝酸还可能经均裂反应生成羟基自由基和二氧化氮自由基,或经异裂反应生成硝鎓阳离子和氢氧根阴离子。这些裂解产物中有三个(羟基自由基、硝鎓阳离子和氧化氮自由基)都是生物系统中反应性和破坏性最强的种类。
NOS催化下生成的超氧负离子及其随后转化生成的过氧化亚硝酸裂解产物或它经歧化作用生成的过氧化氢和羟基自由基都在多种血管疾病中的内皮功能障碍和氧化性血管损伤中起重要作用。
除了抑制NO-合酶生成NO之外,式(Ia)至(Ie)的蝶啶化合物还可以抑制NO-合酶解偶联时细胞毒性活性氧如超氧化物的生成。式(Ia)至(Ie)的蝶啶化合物是内源性四氢生物蝶呤拮抗剂。与四氢生物蝶呤相似,它们具有稳定NOS均二聚体的能力,但与内源性辅助因子相反,它们抑制NO的生成。另一方面,通过稳定酶的二聚结构,蝶啶化合物还能够抑制NO合酶的解偶联过程从而抑制细胞毒性过氧化亚硝酸盐的生成。这种双重作用机理使得这类化合物在血管水平和细胞水平都有益处。
因此,本发明公开的化合物不仅可用于治疗颅内压升高,特别是由闭合性颅脑创伤引起的颅内压升高,而且还可用于治疗与NO合酶解偶联时产生的细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的其它病症。所以,式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物用于治疗由非外伤性脑损伤如中风或冻伤引起的颅内压升高和用于缓解来自于NO合酶解偶联的氧化应激的用途也在本发明的范围之内。
若非另外说明,在本发明所使用的式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物中应用的定义如下:
如果某些基团或取代基在下式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物中出现多次,那么可能它们彼此独立地都具有所述的含义,并且每种情况下可能相同或不同。
本发明所使用的化合物中的烷基可以是直链或支链的。这一点也同时适用它们出现在其它基团如烷氧基、烷氧羰基或氨基中,或者它们被取代的情况。烷基通常含有一至二十个、优选一至十个碳原子。烷基的实例有甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基,这些基团的正构异构体、异丙基、异丁基、异戊基、仲丁基、叔丁基、新戊基、3,3-二甲基丁基。
链烯基是含有一个或多个双键的直链或支链烃基。链烯基通常含有二至二十个碳原子和一个或两个双键,优选二至十个碳原子和一个双键。
炔基是含有一个或多个三键的直链或支链烃基。炔基通常含有二至二十个碳原子和一个或两个三键,优选二至十个碳原子和一个三键。
链烯基的实例有乙烯基、2-丙烯基(烯丙基)、2-丁烯基和2-甲基-2-丙烯基。
炔基的实例有乙炔基、2-丙炔基(炔丙基)或3-丁炔基。
环烷基是饱和环烃基,通常含有三至八个、优选五或六个环碳原子。环烷基也可以被取代。
环烷基的实例有环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基和环辛基,它们都可以被例如一个或多个相同或不同的(C1-C4)-烷基特别是甲基取代。这种取代环烷基的实例有4-甲基环己基或2,3-二甲基环己基。
环烯基是不饱和环烃基,通常含有三至八个、优选五或六个环碳原子。环烯基优选在环系中含有一个双键。环烯基也可以被取代。
环烷基烷基是衍生自环烷基取代的烷基的饱和烃基。环烷基通常含有五或六个碳原子。
环烷基烷基的实例有环戊基甲基、环戊基乙基、环己基乙基,特别是环己基甲基。环烷基烷基也可以被取代。
芳基是碳环或杂环芳香基团,优选苯基、萘基或杂芳基。芳基可以是未取代的或被取代的。取代基是一个或多个相同或不同的单价有机基团例如卤素、烷基、苯基、-OH、-O-烷基、亚烷基二氧基、-NR8R9、-NO2-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CF3、-CN、-CONR8R9、-COOH、-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-S(O)n-(C1-C5)-烷基、-SO2-NR8R9。
烷基芳基是烷基取代的芳基,优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基,特别是甲苯基。
芳烷基是芳基取代的烷基,优选苯甲基或2-苯乙基。
杂芳基或杂环芳基优选含有一个或多个选自于O、S、N的杂原子的5至7元不饱和杂环基。
式I化合物中出现的杂芳基可能衍生于的实例有吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、咪唑、吡唑、1,2,3-三唑、1,2,4-三唑、1,3-噁唑、1,2-噁唑、1,3-噻唑、1,2-噻唑、四唑、吡啶、哒嗪、嘧啶、吡嗪、吡喃、噻喃、1,4-二氧杂环己二烯、1,2-噁嗪、1,3-噁嗪、1,4-噁嗪、1,2-噻嗪、1,3-噻嗪、1,4-噻嗪、1,2,3-三嗪、1,2,4-三嗪、1,3,5-三嗪、1,2,4,5-四嗪、氮杂、1,2-二氮杂、1,3-二氮杂、1,4-二氮杂、1,3-氧氮杂或1,3-硫氮杂。
衍生于杂环的基团可通过任一合适的碳原子连接。环氮原子上带有氢原子(或取代基)的氮杂环例如吡咯、咪唑等,还可通过环氮原子连接,特别是当相关氮杂环与碳原子连接时。例如噻吩基可以是2-噻吩基或3-噻吩基的形式,呋喃基可以是2-呋喃基或3-呋喃基的形式,吡啶基可以是2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基或4-吡啶基的形式。
卤素是氟、氯、溴或碘,优选氟或氯。
在本发明优选的实施方案中,优选使用在环系的2和/或4位上带有未取代或取代的氨基的蝶啶衍生物。
在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明涉及式(Ia)的蝶啶化合物用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的用途,
其中,式(Ia)中,R1、R3独立地选自于H或OH,R4是H、CH3、CH2OH、CHO,R2是H、CH3、CH2OH、CHO或直链或支链低级C1-C9烷基,以及(CH(OH))n-Y或(CH(OH))n-(CH2)m-W,其中Y是氢或低级烷基,W是氢或羟基,n和m彼此独立地为1-20。
式(Ia)化合物可通过专利US5,922,713或Werner,Ernst R.等在Biochem.J.,Vol.320,Nov.1996,193-196中描述的方法制备。这些化合物也可以从商业渠道获得,例如可以从位于瑞士Jona的Schircks Laboratories购买。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,式(Ia)化合物的R1和R4是氢,R2是甲基,R3是羟基。本发明优选使用的化合物是6-(L-赤)异构体,即2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶。
另一个使用2,4-二氨基-取代的蝶啶化合物治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的优选实施方案涉及式(Ib)化合物的用途,
其中,式(Ib)中R1、R2、R3和R4彼此独立地为H或OH,R5是H、CH3、CH2OH、CHO或直链或支链低级C1-C9烷基,以及(CH(OH))n-Y或(CH(OH))n-(CH2)m-W,其中Y是氢或低级烷基,W是氢或羟基,n和m彼此独立地为1-20。
在优选的式(Ib)化合物中,R5是甲基,R3是氢,R2和R4都是氢,R1是氢或羟基。式(Ib)的化合物可通过EP0906913中描述的方法制备。
本发明的另一个实施方案涉及所有立体异构和互变异构形式的通式(Ic)的4-氨基蝶啶化合物及其各种比例的混合物,以及它们的生理可耐受盐、水合物和酯用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的用途,
其中式(Ic)中,
A是如下式所示形式的桥,
R1是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基、(C1-C20)-链烯基、(C1-C20)-炔基,优选(C1-C10)-烷基、环烷基、环烯基,优选(C3-C8)-环烷基、环烷基烷基、芳基、烷基芳基、优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或芳烷基,其中有机基团,优选烷基,可被一个或多个取代基、优选取代基R6取代,
R2与R1彼此独立,是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基、(C1-C20)-链烯基、(C1-C20)-炔基,优选(C1-C10)-烷基、环烷基、环烯基,优选(C3-C8)-环烷基、环烷基烷基、芳基、烷基芳基、优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或芳烷基,其中有机基团,优选烷基,可被一个或多个取代基、优选取代基R6取代,
R1与R2可以与带有它们的氮原子一起形成3-8元环,该环还可任选地另外含有0、1或2个选自于N、O、S的杂原子,并可任选地被一个或多个取代基、优选R6取代,
R3是氢、-CO-烷基、优选-CO-(C1-C7)-烷基、-CO-烷基芳基、优选-CO-(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或-CO-芳基,
R4是烷基、链烯基、炔基,优选(C1-C10)-烷基、环烷基、环烯基,优选(C3-C8)-环烷基、环烷基烷基、芳基或烷基芳基,优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基、芳烷基、-CO-O-烷基、优选-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CO-O-芳基、-CO-烷基,优选-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基或-CO-芳基,其中有机基团,优选烷基,可被一个或多个取代基、优选取代基R7取代,
R5与R3彼此独立,是氢、-CO-烷基、优选-CO-(C1-C7)-烷基、-CO-烷基芳基、优选-CO-(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或-CO-芳基,
R6是-F、-OH、-O-(C1-C10)-烷基、-O-苯基、-O-CO-(C1-C10)-烷基、-O-CO-芳基、-NR8R9、氧代、苯基、-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CF3、-CN、-CONR8R9、-COOH、-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CO-O-芳基、-S(O)n-(C1-C5)-烷基、-SO2-NR8R9,
R7与R6彼此独立,具有R6的含义之一,
R8是氢或(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基,
R9是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基或芳基,优选苯基,
R10是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基、烷氧基或芳基,
芳基优选苯基、萘基或杂芳基,它们都可以是未取代的或取代的,例如被一个或多个相同或不同的选自于卤素、(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基或苯基、-OH、-O-(C1-C20)-烷基,优选-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、(C1-C20)-亚烷基二氧基、优选(C1-C2)-亚烷基二氧基、-NR8R9、-NO2-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CF3、-CN、-CONR8R9、-COOH、-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-S(O)n-(C1-C5)-烷基、-SO2-NR8R9的取代基取代,
杂芳基是含有一个或多个选自于O、N、S的杂原子的5至7元不饱和杂环,
n是0、1或2。
式(Ic)的化合物可通过WO01/21619或WO00/39129中描述的方法合成。式(Ic)的2,4-二氨基蝶啶衍生物还可以通过WO97/21711中描述的方法使用例如2,4,5,6-四氨基嘧啶-二盐酸盐作为原料与WO97/21711中描述的各种式(II)的肟衍生物反应来制备。
在式(Ic)的一个优选实施方案中,
R1优选氢、(C2-C4)-烷基,其可以被一个或多个取代基R6取代,或(C1-C2)-烷基芳基,R1特别优选芳甲基。
R2优选(C2-C4)-烷基,其可以被一个或多个取代基R6取代,或(C1-C2)-烷基芳基,R2特别优选芳甲基。
此外,优选R1和R2与带有它们的氮原子一起形成一个5至7元环,该环优选不含有其它杂原子或只含有一个选自于N、O、S的其它杂原子。特别优选的这种类型的环有吡咯烷、哌啶、吗啉、二甲基吗啉、硫代吗啉或N-(C1-C2)-烷基哌嗪,其中这些环本身也可以被例如-OH、-O-(C1-C3)-烷基、-NR8R9或-COOH取代。
R3优选氢、CO-(C1-C3)-烷基或CO-芳基,R3特别优选氢。
R4优选芳基、(C1-C3)-烷基,其可以被一个或多个取代基R7取代,或-CO-O-芳基。R4特别优选芳基和1,2-二羟基丙基。
R5优选氢。
R6优选-OH、-O-(C1-C3)-烷基、-NR8R9或-COOH。
R7优选-OH、-O-(C1-C10)-烷基、苯氧基、氧代、特别优选-OH、癸氧基和苯氧基。
R10优选氢或甲基。
芳基优选苯基、噻吩基、呋喃基和吡啶基,特别优选苯基,它们都可以被取代,如上所述。优选的取代基有(C1-C3)-烷基、卤素和(C1-C3)-烷氧基和(C1-C2)-亚烷基二氧基。芳基上取代基的数目优选0、1或2个,苯基的取代基、优选在间位和对位,有两个取代时优选3和4位。
n优选0和2。
特别优选使用式(Ic)的5,6,7,8-四氢蝶啶化合物,其中R1和R2都是甲基、乙基、丙基或R1和R2与带有它们的氮原子一起形成5或6元环,该环优选不含有其它杂原子或只含有一个选自于N、O、S的其它杂原子,R4是苄基或噻吩基,其可任选地被(C1-C3)-烷基、卤素、(C1-C3)-烷氧基和(C1-C2)-亚烷基二氧基取代。
另一方面,本发明涉及通式(Id)化合物和它们的互变异构形式及药理学可耐受盐用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的用途,
其中,式(Id)中,
X是O或NH,
R1是氢、甲基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、烟酰基或(1-甲基吡啶-3-基)羰基,
R2是氢或甲基,
R3是氢、甲基、乙基、苄基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、未取代的苯甲酰基、取代的苯甲酰基、吡啶甲酰基、噻吩基羰基或以下基团之一:
R9R9aN-CO-、R9R9aN-CS-、苯氧羰基或苄氧羰基,
R4是氢、(C2-C5)-烷基、未取代的苯基、取代的苯基或R4a-CH2-,
R4a是氢、(C1-C4)-烷基巯基、-S(O)mR10基团,其中m是数字1或2、-NR11R12基团或-OR13基团,或者
R3与R4a一起形成-CO-O-,其羰基碳原子与蝶啶分子的5位相连,
R5是氢或苯基,
R6是氢,
R7是氢或甲基,
R8是(C1-C10)-烷基或苄基,
R9是氢、(C1-C6)-烷基、环己基、苯基或苯甲酰基,
R9a是氢、甲基或乙基,
R10是甲基,
R11与R12彼此独立地为氢或甲基,
R13是氢、(C1-C10)-烷基、2-甲氧基乙基、苯基、3-苯基丙基、3-环己基丙基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、羟基乙酰基、2-氨基-(C2-C6)-烷酰基,其是未取代的或在烷基部分被苯基取代,或((C1-C2)-烷氧基)羰基,
A是药理学可耐受的阴离子。
优选的式(Id)化合物中,X=O,R1、R2、R5和R6代表H,R3代表H、甲基或乙基,R4是CH2NH2、CH2NHMe或CH2NMe2。
在又一个优选的实施方案中,本发明涉及通式(Ie)的化合物及其互变异构形式和药理学可耐受盐用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的用途,
其中,式(Ie)中
X是O、NH或N-(C1-C5)-烷酰基,
R是氢,
R1是氢或(C1-C5)-烷酰基,或者R和R1与和它们相连接的氮原子一起形成二甲氨基亚甲基氨基,
R2是氢、甲基、苯基、羟基、甲氧基或氨基,
R3是-OR4、-NR5R6或-S(O)mR7,其中m代表数字0、1或2,
R4是氢、(C1-C10)-烷基、环己基、苄基、未取代的或被氯或-COR8取代的苯基、未取代的或在氮上被一个或两个相同或不同的(C1-C4)-烷基、2-甲氧基乙基、(2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烷-4-基)甲基或-COR9取代的氨基羰基甲基,
R5是氢、甲基、乙基、2-羟基乙基、2-氯乙基、苄基、吡啶基甲基、苯乙基、吡啶基乙基或乙酰基,
R6具有R5的含义但与R5彼此独立,或者如果R5是氢或甲基,则R6也可以是环己基、3-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)-丙基、苯环上带有一或两个氯原子或-COR10的苄基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、-COR10或-(CH2)4-COR10,
R7是(C1-C4)-烷基、苄基、未取代或被氯、-COR8或-CO-O-CO-(C1-C4)-烷基取代的苯基或萘基,
R8是氢、甲氧基、氨基或R10,
R9是(C1-C4)-烷基、羟甲基、三氟甲基、(C1-C2)-烷氧基或R11,
R10是下式基团,
R11是下式基团,
R12是羟基或(C1-C2)-烷氧基,
R13是(C1-C4)-烷基或苄基,
R14是氢或苄氧羰基。
在优选的实施方案中,优选R是氢,X是O或NH的化合物。另外还优选R1和/或R2是氢的式(Ie)化合物。
如以上所提及的,本发明还包括相应的生理或毒理学可接受的盐、特别是式(Ia)至(Ie)化合物的可药用盐的用途。因此,含有酸性基团的式(Ia)至(Ie)的任一化合物都可以以例如碱金属盐、碱土金属盐或铵盐的形式存在。这种盐的实例为钠盐、钾盐、钙盐、镁盐或与氨或有机胺类如乙胺、乙醇胺、三乙醇胺或氨基酸形成的盐。含有一个或多个可质子化的碱性基团的式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物可以以其与生理可耐受的无机或有机酸的酸加成盐,例如与盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸、硝酸、甲磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、萘二磺酸、草酸、乙酸、酒石酸、乳酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸、甲酸、丙酸、新戊酸、二乙基乙酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、庚二酸、富马酸、马来酸、苹果酸、氨基磺酸、苯丙酸、葡萄糖酸、抗坏血酸、异烟酸、柠檬酸、己二酸等形成的盐的形式使用。
如果式(Ia)至(Ie)的任一化合物在分子中既含有酸性基团又含有碱性基团,则除了上述盐形式之外本发明还包括内盐或内铵盐(两性离子)。
盐可通过本领域技术人员已知的常规方法从式I化合物获得,例如通过在溶剂或分散剂中与有机或无机酸或碱相混合,或与其它盐进行阴离子交换或阳离子交换的方法。本发明还包括式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物的所有溶剂合物例如水合物或醇合物以及式I化合物的衍生物如酯、前药和活性代谢物的用途。
根据以上公开的内容,本发明还涉及治疗患有颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的个体的方法,该方法包括向该个体施用治疗有效量的通式(Ia)至(Ie)的任一化合物。优选将本文所述的化合物用于治疗由闭合性颅脑创伤引起的颅内压升高。
另一方面,本发明还涉及治疗患有与NO合酶解偶联产生的细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的个体的方法。这些细胞毒性活性氧包括例如超氧负离子、过氧化亚硝酸盐、羟基自由基、二氧化氮自由基和硝鎓阳离子。与NO合酶解偶联产生的细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症包括但不限于由闭合性颅脑创伤或非外伤性脑损伤引起的颅内压升高。这些病症还包括与内皮功能障碍有关的任何病症。这种病症的实例有高胆固醇血症、机械或化学毒物引起的内皮损伤、外周动脉疾病和心血管疾病如动脉粥样硬化、心脏病、冠心病、糖尿病性微血管和大血管病变、心力衰竭、中风、心绞痛、高血压、局部缺血/再灌注损伤、胰岛素抵抗性糖尿病。术语“内皮功能障碍”在本文中的含义与它通常的含义例如Widlansky M.E.等在J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.2003 Oct1;42(7):1149-60中给出的含义一致。因此,内皮功能障碍是指血管内皮由于例如氧化应激(活性氧的存在)而不能发挥正常的功能。
通式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物通过抑制NO合酶解偶联从而抑制细胞毒性过氧化亚硝酸盐、超氧化物和相关活性氧的生成来发挥作用。在一个优选的实施方案中是抑制内皮NO合酶。
本发明治疗的个体优选哺乳动物例如人、猴、猫、狗、小鼠或大鼠,优选人。
为降低(已升高的)颅内压,可将式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物以口服途径例如以丸剂、片剂、膜包衣片剂、糖衣片剂、颗粒剂、硬和软明胶胶囊、水溶液、醇溶液或油溶液、糖浆剂、乳剂或混悬剂的形式给药,或通过直肠途径例如以栓剂的形式给药。给药途径还可以是非胃肠途径例如以皮下、肌内或静脉注射溶液的形式或输注溶液的形式施用。其它合适的给药形式有例如经皮或局部给药方式例如软膏、酊剂、喷雾剂或透皮治疗系统,或以鼻腔喷雾剂或烟雾剂混合物的形式吸入给药,或是例如微囊、埋植剂或棒剂的形式。优选的给药方式是注射或输注可药用的水溶液,特别是在紧急情况下。
本发明使用的相应的药物组合物可通过制备药物制剂已知的标准方法制备。
为此,可将一种或多种式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物和/或它们的生理可耐受盐、酯和水合物与一种或多种固体或液体药用载体和/或添加剂或赋形剂、如果希望还可以与具有治疗或预防作用的其它活性药物成分一起制成适当的可以在人类或兽医学中用作药物的给药形式或剂型。药物制剂含有治疗或预防有效剂量的式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物和/或它们的生理可耐受盐、酯和水合物,它们的量通常是药物制剂重量的0.5至90%。
例如,为了制备丸剂、片剂、糖衣片剂和硬明胶胶囊,可以使用乳糖、淀粉如玉米淀粉或淀粉衍生物、滑石粉、硬脂酸或其盐等。软明胶胶囊和栓剂的载体有例如脂肪、蜂蜡、半固体和固体多元醇、天然或氢化油等。制备溶液剂如注射溶液或乳剂或糖浆剂的合适的载体有例如水、生理盐水、醇例如乙醇、甘油、多元醇、蔗糖、转化糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、环糊精、植物油等。式(Ia)至(Ie)的化合物和它们的生理可耐受盐、酯和水合物还可以进行冷冻干燥,所得的冻干产物可以与溶解溶液一起用于例如制备注射或输注产品。制备微囊、埋植剂和棒剂的合适的载体有乙醇酸和乳酸的共聚物。
药物产品除了活性成分和载体外还可以含有常规添加剂如填充剂、崩解剂、粘合剂、润滑剂、湿润剂、稳定剂、乳化剂、分散剂、防腐剂、甜味剂、着色剂、矫味剂或芳香剂、增稠剂、稀释剂、缓冲物质,以及溶剂或助溶剂或获得贮库效应的物质、改变渗透压的盐、包衣剂或抗氧化剂。
式I的活性成分和/或它们的生理可耐受盐、酯或水合物的给药剂量取决于个体情况,并应该通过常规方法调节使之适合个体的详情以达到最优效果。因此,这取决于需治疗疾病的性质和严重程度、需治疗的人或动物的性别、年龄、体重和个体反应、所采用的化合物的作用强度和持续时间、或者除了式I化合物外是否还施用了其它活性成分。一般来讲,对于体重约75kg的成人,为达到希望的效果,合适的日剂量约为0.01至100mg/kg,优选0.1至10mg/kg,特别是0.3至5mg/kg(在每种情况下都是每kg体重的mg数)。日剂量可以以单剂量施用,或者特别是在施用大剂量的时候,可以分为多个单剂量如二、三或四个单剂量。随个体的特征不同,适当的时候可能需要比所述日剂量更高或更低的剂量。药物产品通常含有0.2至500mg、优选1至200mg的式(Ia)至(Ie)的任一活性成分和/或它的生理可耐受盐。
通过附图和以下非限制性实施例进一步说明本发明。
图1是本文中所公开的治疗颅内压升高和继发性局部缺血事件过程的图示说明。首先,通常在脑外伤如CCT或非外伤性脑损伤发生后最初6小时内颅内压升至危险的高水平,即危及生命的水平,因为这会导致例如可能的急性呼吸抑制和昏迷。如本发明人所发现的那样,施用本文描述的蝶啶衍生物可抑制内皮NO合酶(e-NOS)活性,特别是在创伤发生、e-NOS活性升高的区域内。这又会引起脑血管收缩,从而在脑创伤发生后最初几小时内使ICP降低。作为继发性效应,血脑屏障一旦由于创伤而变得通透,本发明使用的蝶啶化合物就可以穿过血脑屏障从而抑制在创伤后和继发性局部缺血状态下活性升高的神经NO合酶(n-NOS)、可诱导的NO合酶(i-NOS)以及线粒体NO合酶(m-NOS)的活性。因此可以预防或治疗组织坏死引起的急性细胞死亡、炎性过程、组织坏死和细胞凋亡引起的细胞死亡以及水肿的形成。同时,脑实质中NO的合成受阻。这反过来可拮抗来自于脑实质中的NO引起的血管舒张作用。
图2表示按照实施例4中所描述的方法测试的2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶对离体大鼠基底动脉(BA,开环)和中脑动脉(MCA,闭环)的收缩作用。收缩作用的测量以mN力为单位,结果表达为相对于124mM K+-Krebs溶液引起的动脉收缩程度的收缩百分比。2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶的浓度以半对数标度给出。
实施例1
2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶(H4-氨基生物蝶呤)的制备
2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶的合成方法如下:
将偶氮二碳酸乙酯滴入N2,1′,2′-三乙酰基生物蝶呤(7.9g)、2-(4-硝基苯基)乙醇(5.1g)和三苯基膦(8.4g)在二噁烷(150ml)中的混合物中,在室温下搅拌20小时。将溶液旋转蒸发,残余物溶于CHCl3后加于硅胶柱(18×6cm)上。为除去三苯基膦氧化物,先将溶液用EtOAc/正己烷(1∶1)和EtOAc/正己烷(4∶1)进行色谱处理,然后再用EtOAc(1.5l)进行色谱处理洗脱反应产物。浓缩溶液得到纯产物:8.63g(75%)N2,1′,2′-三乙酰基-O4-2-(4-硝基苯基)乙基生物蝶呤。
将N2,1′,2′-三乙酰基-O4-2-(4-硝基苯基)乙基生物蝶呤(9.0g)悬浮于甲醇(90ml)与浓氨水(90ml)的混合物中,所得溶液在室温下搅拌36小时。将溶液浓缩至原体积的一半,用CH2Cl2萃取后将水相进一步浓缩。残余物用温乙醇处理。冷却后,收集沉淀物,用乙醚洗涤,在真空干燥器中用P4O10干燥产物。收率:3.3g(77%)4-氨基-4-去氧生物蝶呤。任选用大量乙醇重结晶进一步纯化。
在振荡器上、氢气气氛下,将PtO2(0.15g)置于三氟乙酸(50ml)中进行预氢化处理。然后加入4-氨基-4-去氧生物蝶呤(1.0g)并在振荡下继续还原过程。3小时后完成H2摄取(200ml,滴定管读数)。在氮气气氛下抽滤出催化剂,将溶液蒸至干后向糖浆状残余物中加入二噁烷/HCl气体(10ml)和乙醚(100ml),所得溶液搅拌数小时以使无色沉淀物析出。抽滤出沉淀物,用乙醚洗涤,在真空干燥器中用固体KOH和P4O10干燥。收率:1.23g(90%)4-氨基-4-去氧-5,6,7,8-四氢生物蝶呤。
C9H16N6O2×2HCl×2H2O(348.3);理论值:C31.03,H6.37,N24.13;测定值:C31.23,H6.18,N23.95。
实施例2
通过放射性结合试验测定H4-氨基生物蝶呤的结合特异性
用放射性标记的配体在竞争性结合试验中测定H4-氨基生物蝶呤与各种生理学相关的受体的结合特性。NO合酶IC50值的测定按照POLLOCK,J.S.,FORSTERMANN,U.,MITCHELL,J.A.,WARNER,T.D.,SCHMIDT,H.H.H.,NAKANE,M.和MURAD,F.在(1991)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,8810480-10484中描述的试验方案进行(另请参见法国巴黎2002年版的Cerep目录中参考号为766-c的试验)。
被选定用来测定H4-氨基生物蝶呤结合特异性的其它受体的IC50值的测定也是根据法国巴黎2002年版的Cerep目录中描述的方法进行的。
结果列于表1中。从表1中可以看出,H4-氨基生物蝶呤与其它测试的生理学上很重要的受体、特别是对于与CCT后神经细胞死亡有关的5-HT类型的受体、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NDMA)受体或GABA受体没有任何可以测量到的结合亲和性。这清楚地表明本发明中使用的蝶啶化合物表现出的活性是优先通过与NOS的结合来实现的。
表1
H4-氨基生物蝶呤对所测试的放射性配体与受体的特异性结合的影响以及已知与给定受体亲和力的参照化合物的IC50值
Cerep目录参考号/页码 | 受体 | H4-氨基生物蝶呤10μM | 参照化合物 | ||
IC50(nM) | (nH) | ||||
802-1a/35802-1b/36802-2ah/38802-2bh/38821-1h/39821-2h/40803-1h/45803-2h/45825-1h/47825-2h/47804/48804-1/48804-2/48895-1/49895-2/50895-3/50882-h/51 | α1(非选择性)α2(非选择性)β1(h)β2(h)AT1(h)AT2(h)D1(h)D2(h)ETA(h)ETB(h)GABA(非选择性)GABAAGABABAMPA红藻氨酸NMDAEGF(h) | -----16----------10 | 哌唑嗪育亨宾阿替洛尔ICI 118551沙拉新沙拉新SCH 23390(+)丁克吗内皮素-1内皮素-3GABA蝇蕈醇巴氯芬L-谷氨酸红藻氨酸CGS 19755EGF | 0.31741,3002.31.90.690.785.50.130.12277.2108850262223.1 | (1.2)(0.8)(0.9)(1.6)(1.0)(0.9)(1.1)(1.1)(1.0)(1.4)(1.3)(0.8)(1.1)(0.8)(1.0)(0.9)(1.5) |
881/51805-1c/54805-2/55861-5/56806-1h/60806-2h/61806-3h/61830/68808-1b/71808-1d/71808-2h/71808-2bh/72813/78848-h/79861-L1/82861-L2/82861-L3/83863-1/83863-2/84863-3/84 | PDGFH1(中枢)H2IP3M1(h)M2(h)M3(h)PAF5-HT1B5-HT1D5-HT2A(h)5-HT2B(h)雌二醇(ER)维生素D3(h)Ca2+通道(L,DHP位点)Ca2+通道(L,地尔硫位点)Ca2+通道(L,维拉帕米位点)K+ ATP通道K+ V通道SK+ Ca通道 | ------10------------- | PDGF BB吡拉明西米替丁D-(1,4,5)IP3哌仑西平美索曲明4-DAMPWEB 2086血清素血清素酮色林血清素17-β-雌二醇1α,25-(OH)2D3尼群地平地尔硫D600格列本脲α-树眼镜蛇毒素α-树眼镜蛇毒素 | 0.101.87813311241.58.9142.82.9421.84.21.427121.30.500.50 | (1.9)(1.3)(0.6)(1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.4)(1.0)(0.9)(0.9)(1.1)(0.8)(1.3)(1.8)(1.4)(0.8)(0.9)(1.4)(1.0)(1.0) |
对于H4-氨基生物蝶呤,结果表达为相对于特异性结合对照组的抑制百分比(平均值,n=2)。符号“-”表示抑制程度小于10%。
实施例3
H4-氨基生物蝶呤的体外特异性
利用法国巴黎2002年版的Cerep目录中描述的试验方案,用表达相关受体的细胞在细胞培养试验中进一步研究H4-氨基生物蝶呤的生理学作用(见表2)。被选定用来测定H4-氨基生物蝶呤的结合特异性的其它受体的IC50值的测定也是根据法国巴黎2002年版的Cerep目录中描述的方法进行的。此外,还利用2002年版的Cerep目录中参考号为758-2a(第134页)和758-2b(第134页)中描述的试验研究了H4-氨基生物蝶呤对β-肾上腺素受体-G蛋白偶联的调节作用(表3)。
这些实验的结果概括于表2和表3中。这些数据证实了H4-氨基生物蝶呤对NOS的亲和力较高。
表2
H4-氨基生物蝶呤在细胞生物学试验中的作用以及参照化合物的IC50值
Cerep目录参考号/页码 | 试验 | H4-氨基生物蝶呤10μM | 参照化合物 | ||
IC50(μM) | (nH) | ||||
766-i1/112766-c/112752-ch/114752-e/114735/122740-1/123739-1/123734/124 | 可诱导NOS(全细胞,分光光度法)构成型NOS(h)(内皮)磷酸二酯酶III(h)磷酸二酯酶V(h)Ca2+ATP酶(泵)L型Ca2+通道(激活)Na+通道(h)(激活)Na+/K+ATP酶(泵) | -76----12- | L-NMMAL-NMMA米力酮双嘧达莫毒胡萝卜素尼群地平河豚毒素毒毛花苷G | 1850.140.310.350.0870.00380.006876 | (1.0)(2.7)(1.0)(1.0)(>3)(0.8)(0.9)(0.8) |
706-2/127705-dh/128711/141712/141710/141791-4/146791-3/146760/155761-h/156 | 蛋白激酶A(激活)蛋白激酶C-δ(h)NE摄取DA摄取5-HT摄取细胞增殖(h)(EGF激活的A-431)细胞增殖(PDGF激活的Balb/c 3T3)ATP酶(Na+/K+)乙酰胆碱酯酶(h) | -----23--- | H89星形孢菌素普罗替林GBR 12909丙米嗪星形孢菌素放线菌酮毒毛花苷G新斯的明 | 0.100.00190.00180.0440.00250.190.280.056 | (0.6)(1.3)(1.0) |
对于VAS 203,结果表达为相对于活性对照组的抑制百分比(平均值,n=2)。符号“-”表示抑制程度小于10%。 |
表3a
H4-氨基生物蝶呤在细胞生物学试验中的作用以及参照化合物的IC50或EC50值
Cerep目录参考号/页码 | 试验 | H4-氨基生物蝶呤10μM | 参照化合物 | |
EC50(μM) | ||||
758-2a/134 | β-肾上腺素受体-G蛋白偶联(激动剂效应) | 11 | 异丙肾上腺素 | 2.4 |
对于H4-氨基生物蝶呤,结果表达为对活性对照组的刺激作用(平均值,n=2)。 |
表3b
H4-氨基生物蝶呤在细胞生物学试验中的作用以及参照化合物的IC50或EC50值
Cerep目录参考号/页码 | 试验 | H4-氨基生物蝶呤10μM | 参照化合物 | ||
IC50(μM) | (nH) | ||||
758-2b/134 | β-肾上腺素受体-G蛋白偶联(拮抗剂效应) | 31 | ICI 89406 | 21 | (0.7) |
对于H4-氨基生物蝶呤,结果表达为对活性对照组的抑制百分比(平均值,n=2)。 |
实施例4
H4-氨基生物蝶呤对离体大鼠脑动脉收缩作用的鉴定
2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶对离体大鼠基底动脉(BA)和中脑动脉(MCA)的收缩作用按照Schilling等在Peptides 21(2000),91-99中描述的方法测定。
对于这些实验,根据Schilling等在上述2000年的文章中描述的方法制备成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠(300-450g)脑血管的环状节段。通过从颈动脉放血处死动物后,迅速取出脑并浸入预冷的改良Krebs-Hgesttt溶液中,该溶液的组成为(mM):NaCl,119;KCl,3.0;Na2HPO4,1.2;CaCl2×2H2O,1.5;MgCl2×6H2O,1.2;NaHCO3,20,葡萄糖,10。使用双目显微镜小心地将相应的动脉解剖出来并切为四个环状节段,然后将其置于5ml的器官浴槽中并固定于两个L形不锈钢丝(70μm)上。一根钢丝牢牢的固定于浴槽壁上,另一根则与固定在微型驱动器(M33,Mrzhuser,Wetzlar,德国)上的力量传感器相连。等长收缩力的变化通过与放大器(Q11放大器和QT233放大器,均来自于Hottinger Baldwin,Darmstadt,德国)相连接的传感器测量并显示于笔式图表记录器上。
动脉节段固定后,首先有90分钟的适应期,其间将浴槽温度逐渐升至37℃。浴液中持续通过湿润的93%O2/7%CO2气体混合物,最终使37℃下的pH约为7.35。
适应期间将动脉节段反复拉伸,将静息张力调节至2.5至3.5毫牛顿力(mN)。然后,将浴液换为124mM K+-Krebs溶液(用KCl代替NaCl)以获得参照收缩值。弃去静息张力小于2.5mN的节段。给予血清素(5-HT,10-6M)进行预收缩后,将浴液换回至上述改良Krebs-Hgesttt溶液,然后累积给予乙酰胆碱(10-8至10-4M)以测试内皮的功能状态。如前述文献(Schilling等,2000年,同上)所述,只有相对于预收缩状态舒张了25%以上的节段才被认为具有功能完整的内皮而接受分析。然后累积性地向每个节段的浴液中加入H4-氨基生物蝶呤(第一个实验中给予10-10至10-3M以测定有效浓度,随后在更小的浓度范围内测试),浴槽中的节段均在静息张力下保温以记述收缩特征。收缩的测量以mN力为单位,表达为参照收缩(124mM K+-Krebs溶液引起的收缩,参见上述内容)的百分比。
结果表示于图2。从图2中可见,H4-氨基生物蝶呤在大鼠基底动脉和中脑动脉中都引起了明确的浓度依赖性收缩。因此,这些结果清楚地表明了H4-氨基生物蝶呤对脑血管的收缩作用,从而说明了用它通过重新收缩已舒张的脑血管而降低已升高的颅内压是合适的。
Claims (19)
2.权利要求1的用途,其中式(Ia)中R1和R4是氢,R2是甲基且R3是羟基。
3.权利要求2的用途,其中的化合物是2,4-二氨基-5,6,7,8-四氢-6-(L-赤-1,2-二羟基丙基)-蝶啶。
4.通式(Ib)的化合物在制备用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的药物组合物中的用途,
其中式(Ib)中,R1、R2、R3和R4彼此独立地为H或OH,R5是H、CH3、CH2OH、CHO或直链或支链低级C1-C9烷基,以及(CH(OH))n-Y或(CH(OH))n-(CH2)m-W,其中Y是氢或低级烷基,W是氢或羟基,n和m彼此独立地为1-20。
5.权利要求4的用途,其中R5是甲基,R3是氢,R2和R4都是氢,R1是氢或羟基。
6.所有立体异构和互变异构形式的通式(Ic)的化合物及其各种比例的混合物,以及它们的生理可耐受盐、水合物和酯在制备用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的药物组合物中的用途,
其中式(Ic)中,
A是如下式所示形式的桥,
R1是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基、(C1-C20)-链烯基、(C1-C20)-炔基,优选(C1-C10)-烷基、环烷基、环烯基,优选(C3-C8)-环烷基、环烷基烷基、芳基、烷基芳基、优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或芳烷基,其中有机基团,优选烷基,可被一个或多个取代基、优选取代基R6取代,
R2与R1彼此独立,是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基、(C1-C20)-链烯基、(C1-C20)-炔基,优选(C1-C10)-烷基、环烷基、环烯基,优选(C3-C8)-环烷基、环烷基烷基、芳基、烷基芳基、优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或芳烷基,其中有机基团,优选烷基,可被一个或多个取代基、优选取代基R6取代,
R1和R2还可以与带有它们的氮原子一起形成3-8元环,该环还可任选地另外含有0、1或2个选自于N、O、S的杂原子,并可任选地被一个或多个取代基、优选R6取代,
R3是氢、-CO-烷基、优选-CO-(C1-C7)-烷基、-CO-烷基芳基、优选-CO-(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或-CO-芳基,
R4是烷基、链烯基、炔基,优选(C1-C10)-烷基、环烷基、环烯基,优选(C3-C8)-环烷基、环烷基烷基、芳基或烷基芳基,优选(C1-C3)-烷基芳基、芳烷基、-CO-O-烷基、优选-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CO-O-芳基、-CO-烷基,优选-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基或-CO-芳基,其中有机基团,优选烷基,可被一个或多个取代基、优选取代基R7取代,
R5与R3彼此独立,是氢、-CO-烷基、优选-CO-(C1-C7)-烷基、-CO-烷基芳基、优选-CO-(C1-C3)-烷基芳基或-CO-芳基,
R6是-F、-OH、-O-(C1-C10)-烷基、-O-苯基、-O-CO-(C1-C10)-烷基、-O-CO-芳基、-NR8R9、氧代、苯基、-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CF3、-CN、-CONR8R9、-COOH、-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CO-O-芳基、-S(O)n-(C1-C5)-烷基、-SO2-NR8R9,
R7与R6彼此独立,具有R6的含义之一,
R8是氢或(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基,
R9是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基或芳基,优选苯基,
R10是氢、(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基、烷氧基或芳基,
芳基优选苯基、萘基或杂芳基,它们都可以是未取代的或取代的,例如被一个或多个相同或不同的选自于卤素、(C1-C20)-烷基,优选(C1-C5)-烷基或苯基、-OH、-O-(C1-C20)-烷基,优选-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、(C1-C20)-亚烷基二氧基、优选(C1-C2)-亚烷基二氧基、-NR8R9、-NO2、-CO-(C1-C5)-烷基、-CF3、-CN、-CONR8R9、-COOH、-CO-O-(C1-C5)-烷基、-S(O)n-(C1-C5)-烷基、-SO2-NR8R9的取代基取代,
杂芳基是含有一个或多个选自于O、N、S的杂原子的5至7元不饱和杂环,
n是0、1或2,
7.通式(Id)化合物和它们的互变异构形式及药理学可耐受盐在制备用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的药物组合物中的用途,
其中式(Id)中,
X是O或NH,
R1是氢、甲基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、烟酰基或(1-甲基吡啶-3-基)羰基,
R2是氢或甲基,
R3是氢、甲基、乙基、苄基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、未取代的苯甲酰基、取代的苯甲酰基、吡啶甲酰基、噻吩基羰基或以下基团之一:
R9R9aN-CO-、R9R9aN-CS-、苯氧羰基或苄氧羰基,
R4是氢、(C2-C5)-烷基、未取代的苯基、取代的苯基或R4a-CH2-,
R4a是氢、(C1-C4)-烷基巯基、-S(O)mR10基团,其中m是数字1或2,或-NR11R12基团或-OR13基团,或者
R3与R4a一起形成-CO-O-,其羰基碳原子与蝶啶分子的5位相连,
R5是氢或苯基,
R6是氢,
R7是氢或甲基,
R8是(C1-C10)-烷基或苄基,
R9是氢、(C1-C6)-烷基、环己基、苯基或苯甲酰基,
R9a是氢、甲基或乙基,
R10是甲基,
R11与R12彼此独立地为氢或甲基,
R13是氢、(C1-C10)-烷基、2-甲氧基乙基、苯基、3-苯基丙基、3-环己基丙基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、羟基乙酰基、2-氨基-(C2-C6)-烷酰基,其是未取代的或在烷基部分被苯基取代,或((C1-C2)-烷氧基)羰基,
A是药理学可耐受的阴离子。
8.通式(Ie)的化合物及其互变异构形式和药理学可耐受盐在制备用于治疗颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的药物组合物中的用途,
其中式(Ie)中,
X是O、NH或N-(C1-C5)-烷酰基,
R是氢,
R1是氢或(C1-C5)-烷酰基,或者R和R1与和它们相连接的氮原子一起形成二甲氨基亚甲基氨基,
R2是氢、甲基、苯基、羟基、甲氧基或氨基,
R3是-OR4、-NR5R6或-S(O)mR7,其中m代表数字0、1或2,
R4是氢、(C1-C10)-烷基、环己基、苄基、未取代的或被氯或-COR8取代的苯基、未取代的或在氮上被一个或两个相同或不同的(C1-C4)-烷基、2-甲氧基乙基、(2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烷-4-基)甲基或-COR9取代的氨基羰基甲基,
R5是氢、甲基、乙基、2-羟基乙基、2-氯乙基、苄基、吡啶基甲基、苯乙基、吡啶基乙基或乙酰基,
R6具有R5的含义但与R5彼此独立,或者如果R5是氢或甲基,则R6也可以是环己基、3-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)-丙基、苯环上带有一或两个氯原子或-COR10的苄基、(C1-C5)-烷酰基、-COR10或-(CH2)4-COR10,
R7是(C1-C4)-烷基、苄基、未取代或被氯、-COR8或-CO-O-CO-(C1-C4)-烷基取代的苯基,或萘基,
R8是氢、甲氧基、氨基或R10,
R9是(C1-C4)-烷基、羟甲基、三氟甲基、(C1-C2)-烷氧基或R11,
R10是下式基团,
R11是下式基团,
R12是羟基或(C1-C2)-烷氧基,
R13是(C1-C4)-烷基或苄基,
R14是氢或苄氧羰基。
9.权利要求1至8任一项所述的用途,其中颅内压升高是由闭合性颅脑创伤或非外伤性脑损伤引起的。
10.权利要求1至9任一项所述的用途,用于治疗哺乳动物特别是人类。
11.治疗患有颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血的个体的方法,该方法包括向该个体施用治疗有效量的通式(Ia)至(Ie)的任一化合物。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中颅内压升高和/或继发性局部缺血是由闭合性颅脑创伤引起的。
13.权利要求11或12的方法,其中的个体是哺乳动物,特别是人类。
14.通式(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)和(Ie)中任一个所示的化合物在制备用于治疗患有与细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的个体的药物组合物中的用途。
15.权利要求14的用途,其中所述的细胞毒性活性氧选自于超氧化物、过氧化亚硝酸盐、羟基自由基、二氧化氮自由基和硝鎓阳离子。
16.权利要求14或15的用途,其中所述的病症选自于由闭合性颅脑创伤或非外伤性脑损伤引起的颅内压升高以及与内皮功能障碍有关的病症。
17.权利要求16的用途,其中与内皮功能障碍有关的病症选自于心脏病、冠心病、糖尿病性微血管和大血管病变、心力衰竭、心绞痛、高胆固醇血症、动脉粥样硬化、高血压、局部缺血/再灌注损伤、胰岛素抵抗性糖尿病。
18.治疗患有与NO合酶解偶联产生的细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的个体的方法。
19.治疗患有与NO合酶解偶联产生的细胞毒性活性氧水平升高有关的病症的个体的方法,包括向该个体施用治疗有效量的通式(Ia)至(Ie)的任一化合物。
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US20130184281A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
JP2006514965A (ja) | 2006-05-18 |
AU2003293607B2 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
EP1605947A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
US20070032498A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
US8222238B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
CA2519919C (en) | 2009-09-08 |
PL213123B1 (pl) | 2013-01-31 |
WO2004084906A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
DE60307327T2 (de) | 2007-10-25 |
PL378633A1 (pl) | 2006-05-15 |
CN1758913B (zh) | 2010-04-28 |
DE60307327D1 (de) | 2006-09-14 |
US20130131071A1 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
ES2270151T3 (es) | 2007-04-01 |
KR20060002861A (ko) | 2006-01-09 |
ATE334681T1 (de) | 2006-08-15 |
MXPA05009491A (es) | 2006-02-22 |
CA2519919A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
JP4630669B2 (ja) | 2011-02-09 |
US9382252B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 |
EP1605947B1 (en) | 2006-08-02 |
WO2005037286A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
AU2003293607A1 (en) | 2004-10-18 |
US9422289B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 |
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