CN1736272A - 保藏食品的方法 - Google Patents
保藏食品的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1736272A CN1736272A CNA200510092353XA CN200510092353A CN1736272A CN 1736272 A CN1736272 A CN 1736272A CN A200510092353X A CNA200510092353X A CN A200510092353XA CN 200510092353 A CN200510092353 A CN 200510092353A CN 1736272 A CN1736272 A CN 1736272A
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- food
- phenolic compound
- edibility
- microorganism
- lantibiotics
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种改进的方法来灭活食品中的微生物,其通过将可食性酚类化合物引入食品中,并使所得的含有酚类化合物的食品经受高压条件。这种对食品的物理和化学处理的具体联合灭活了食品中不需要的微生物,其灭活程度显著大于任何一个处理自身所获得的,这些不同类型处理的联合的抗微生物效果协同性地大于任何从单一处理中能预期的叠加效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及食品保藏,更具体而言,涉及灭活食品中微生物的方法。
背景技术
食品加工业一直在研究或使用多种方法来增强食品的货架期稳定性和卫生性。面对这些目标,已经设计出基于热和化学的方法,从而来抑制食品中微生物的生长或者降低微生物水平。
将热直接或间接用于食品是普通采用的来对食品进行巴氏杀菌的方法。然而,这种加热可能损害食品基质,从而导致不合意的风味和/或质地变化。营养的破坏也可能发生。热处理的一个替代方案是使用具有抗菌性能的成分。诸如山梨酸钾、丙酸盐或苯甲酸盐等化合物常常被加入食品中,以防止微生物腐败。然而,这些化合物只是对某些种类的微生物起作用,并且在某些情况中能对产品的风味产生不良影响。食品也可通过称为细菌素(比如乳链菌肽、片球菌素和大肠杆菌素)的这类蛋白质来防止细菌作用,这些蛋白质通常在发酵过程中产生,并被认为具有抗菌和/或抑菌性能。
在模型乳系统中针对单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌而言,已经对下述物质的潜在抗菌活性进行了研究:诸如山梨酸钾等食品防腐剂和通常被归类为酚类抗氧化剂的食品添加剂(比如叔丁基氢醌(TBHQ))(Payne等,“The AntimicrobialActivity of Phenolic Compounds Against Listeria Monocytogenes and TheirEffectiveness in a Model Milk System”,J.Food Protection,52,151-153(1989))。在整个所报道的测试中,丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯是观察到的唯一持续具有活性的抑制剂。
加拿大公开的专利申请2058455提出了羊毛硫抗生素(比如乳链菌肽)与选择的抗革兰氏阳性菌(比如单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌)的试剂一起联合的协同效应。选择的试剂确定是氨基酸、脂肪族单和二羧酸、酚类抗氧化抗菌剂、苯甲酸及它们的盐或酯,或者是食用胶。虽然大量的可能的酚类抗氧化剂候选物(比如对羟基苯甲酸的1-7C脂肪族酯、BHT、BHA和TBHQ)得以确认,但被举例与乳链菌肽联合的酚类抗氧化剂仅仅是甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯。
降低所需用来影响微生物抑制的乳链菌肽量,这在商业上是可取的,因为政府规章规定了可引入食物中的乳链菌肽的最大水平。例如,在鱼类食物成品中乳链菌肽添加水平目前在美国限制于250ppm(参见21C.F.R.§184.1538)。
高压加工(HPP)已被研究作为食品保藏的方法。在这种加工中,对食品施加高静水压力并不带热处理,从而来降低微生物负载。例如,美国专利6635223公开了使用高压加工来对包装在软质容器中的产品(比如食品、化妆品和药品)进行灭活微生物的方法。足够高的静水压力条件被认为能永久性破坏食品中微生物的细胞质的细胞膜,从而降低其存活力和活性,同时又不会引起对食品基质的损害。作为“非热”技术,HPP具有不对食品品质引起与热相关改变的优点。然而,高压处理并没有广泛得以应用,因为与获得所需用来实现这种细胞破坏的非常高的压力相关的,设备和操作的成本高昂。
此外,在商业上可行的加工时间或压力下,由于“拖尾”效应,高压处理不一定能获得所需水平的微生物灭活。最初将高压施加到微生物负载相对高的食品上时,微生物负载会在几分钟内就显著降低,通常缩减因数大于106。初始大量降低后,HPP的效果减弱,而为实现连续的微生物破坏则需要长得多的处理时间(即拖尾效应)。例如,在对真空包装的法兰克福香肠施加高压加工来处理单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌时,就已经观察到了拖尾(Lucore等,“Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on Artificially-ContaminatedFrankfurters by High-Pressure Processing,”J.Food Prot.,63,662-664(2000))。这种拖尾现象在微生物培养基上也已证实(Tay等,“Pressure Death and TailingBehavior of Listeria Monocytogenes Strain Having Different Barotolerances”,J.FoodProt.,66,2057-2061(2003))。
理想地,在采用商业上实际可行的压力的同时,增加短期高压处理的微生物灭活效果和程度,这将是合乎需要的。
高压与细菌素乳酸菌素3137相联合,这已被研究来作为在较低静水压力水平下增强食品安全性的可能技术(Morgan等,“Combination of hydrostaticpressure and lacticin 3147 causes increased killing of Staphylococcus and Listeria”,J.Appl.Microbio.,88,414-420(2000))。其中讨论的先前研究提到了高压与诸如乳链菌肽和片球菌素等细菌素联合应用来抑制食品中的微生物。
研究者们已指出,在压力处理时如果用丁基化羟基茴香醚(BHA)对微生物细胞进行敏化,则单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌对高静水压力的抵抗性会降低(Mackey等.,“Factors Affecting the Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to HighHydrostatic Pressure”,Food Biotechn.,9,1-11(1995))。丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)不是有效的。因此,这表明这种敏化作用不是这种抗氧化剂的普遍特征。
一直需要对于更有效的方式来灭活微生物和/或抑制微生物活性,从而增加食品货架期稳定性和品质而又不损害食品基质和/或营养成分,并使得容易符合任何在添加剂负载水平上的任何适用的法规限制。本发明则实现了这些以及其他的需要和目标,从本发明下面的描述中可清晰地看出这一点。
发明内容
本发明总体上涉及灭活食品中微生物和/或抑制食品中微生物生长的方法,其联合了将可食性酚类化合物(优选可食性氢醌)引入食品中以及将高压加工应用到含有可食性氢醌的食品中。
对食品的化学和物理处理的联合能灭活食品中不希望的微生物,所达到的程度也能大于任一种处理自身所能获得的程度。而且,与单一处理所预期的叠加效果相比,通过这种联合处理而获得的微生物减少协同地更大。
在另一实施方案中,除可食性酚类化合物之外,食物的化学处理也包括引入羊毛硫抗生素(比如乳链菌肽、乳链球菌素、乳杆菌素S等)。在实验上已经观察到,高压加工和这种多化学处理(即酚类化合物和羊毛硫抗生素)的联合,比起单一处理或者高压加工与仅一种添加剂的处理,其能产生食品中某些微生物的更大程度的灭活。
该协同效应使得更低压力和更低浓度化学防腐剂的使用成为现实,同时又获得了牢固的微生物减少。本发明给出了一种以前所没有的更有效和经济的处理。
本发明的方法通常可用作食品的抗微生物处理。在一个实施方案中,本发明的方法被用来预处理即食的食品(比如即食的肉制品),从而来减少食品中的微生物以及增加产品的货架稳定性和食品品质。可用本发明方法处理的合适的即食的肉制品包括,例如经加工的肉制品,比如香肠、法兰克福香肠、午餐肉等。
出于本文中目的,术语“灭活”及其变化形式通常指对于存在于食品中的微生物诱导的杀菌作用,这种杀菌作用降低了微生物的负载。灭活的微生物通常不是活的。可以理解的是,本发明方法的抗微生物作用还可包括对活微生物的抑菌作用(即微生物生长的抑制)。术语“对数减少”指的是在每毫升或每克适当的培养基、介质或食品中,log10菌落形成单位(CFUS)的下降。
附图说明
图1是描述本发明总体处理的流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明基于下述发现:高压加工(HPP)和可食性酚类化合物(优选氢醌)的联合可显著降低、常常全部消除(即低于检测限)食品中活微生物的存在。
在本发明的一优选实施方案中,提供了下述方法:使食品经受高压加工并联合用可食性酚类化合物进行处理,从而来灭活即食食品中的微生物。通过另外包括羊毛硫抗生素与可食性酚类化合物,可进一步提高抗微生物作用。
经高压加工处理的食品与相似热处理的食品相比,通常被认为更新鲜以及受损害更小,特别是对于食品基质而言。然而,如本文中所示,单独的HPP在即食食品(尤其是即食肉制品)中灭活或降低某些微生物(例如单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌)负载上的能力是有限的。与此相似,包括氢醌在内的酚类化合物和羊毛硫抗生素化合物,当单独或联合使用时,都不能显著降低这些食品中包括单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌在内的微生群落。相反,根据本发明,联合的物理/化学处理加工被观察到能显著降低、在某些情况中完全消除(即降低到检测限之下)这类食品中单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌的高负载(比如106CFU/g)。通常,目前方法的单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌的检测限为大约0.05CFU/g或更低。
此外,由于联合处理的协同效应,本发明也可采用较短时间的较低压力,和/或较低的化学添加剂水平,同时仍保持足够的微生物灭活,从而降低了加工成本(尤其是涉及需要的高压加工设备)、并使得更容易符合目前或未来所应用的特定化学添加剂允许水平的规章。
可用本发明方法来有效以及有益地进行处理的食品没有特别的限制。这些食品包括用于人类食用的食品以及动物食品。这些食品包括,举例而言,诸如肉和肉制品等可食性基质。这些肉和肉制品包括,举例而言,火腿、牛肉、意大利香肠、鸡肉、火鸡,包括由它们制备的整块或经加工的肉制品。肉制品也可包括香肠、法兰克福香肠、午餐肉等。其他可用本发明方法来处理的食品包括:乳制品,比如奶酪、乳、奶油、酸奶等;蛋黄酱、调味料等;食用油;鱼和鱼制品;蛋制品;饮料;动物饲料;水果和经加工的水果产品;蔬菜和加工蔬菜;上述食品可以是单独的以及组合的。
然而,本发明尤其可用于肉和肉制品的处理。更具体而言,本发明的微生物灭活方法尤其可用来应用于即食的肉制品,比如加工肉制品(例如香肠、法兰克福香肠、午餐肉等)。
酚类化合物的非限制性实例包括叔丁基氢醌(3-叔丁基-1,4-二羟基苯;TBHQ)、丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)、丁基化羟基茴香醚(BHA)、香芹酚(2-甲基-5-(1-甲基乙基)苯酚)、没食子酸丙酯、儿茶素(2R-(3,4-二羟苯基-3,4-二氢-2H-1苯并吡喃-2S,5,7-三醇)、氢醌、异丁子香酚、甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯,苯酚、2,4,5-三羟基苯丁酮、百里酚和迷迭香提取物。优选的酚类化合物包括叔丁基氢醌、丁基化羟基甲苯、香芹酚和迷迭香提取物。在一优选实施方案中,可食性酚类化合物选自于未取代和取代的氢醌化合物,这些化合物对于食品环境中的一种或多种类型的微生物具有灭活作用。一种氢醌化合物是二羟基苯化合物。在一实施方案中,氢醌化合物是烷基取代的氢醌化合物。该烷基取代基可以是支链的或线性的。在一特定实施方案中,烷基取代基是低级烷基取代基,比如1-6C烷基。用于本发明的最优选酚化合物是叔丁基氢醌。
可食性酚类化合物引入食品材料中的量应足以当与高压加工一起使用时,能引起任何存在的微生物的显著灭活。优选地,可食性酚类化合物在HPP处理之前与食品混合。实现这个结果所需可食性酚类化合物的有效量,包括有效的最小量,可以针对给定压力水平和压力接触时间而经验测定。相对于缺少任何压力处理时所需的量而言,获得食品中有效微生物灭活所需的可食性酚类化合物的量得以显著降低。在另一实施方案中,对于给定的一组高压加工条件而言,已发现在增大但商业上可行以及可接受的所处理食品中酚类化合物的浓度下,食品中某些活微生物,比如单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌的量可降低到其检测限之下。这是一个有益的发现,因为这可以对某些微生物的拖尾现象提供至少部分解决方案。通常,酚类化合物以约100-约300ppm的浓度加入,更优选为约100-约200ppm;当然,有效量可根据其他参数而改变(比如特定的高压加工条件、羊毛硫抗生素附加物的存在以及量、所需水平的微生物减少等)
在微生物的灭活中,通过将酚类化合物处理与高压联合,从而获得协同效应,这是非常有益的。与其他优点一起,这使得更容易符合任何对这类食品添加剂最大水平的规定,因为酚类化合物引入的量可以被降低。
在一任选的改进中,羊毛硫抗生素可以与可食性酚类化合物(尤其是与氢醌)结合使用,从而来强化食品的抗微生物处理,并产生明显更好的微生物灭活效果。羊毛硫抗生素指的是一类含有氨基酸羊毛硫氨酸的细菌素。羊毛硫抗生素包括含有19-34个氨基酸的核糖体合成的肽细菌素,其由包括乳球菌属物种、芽孢杆菌属物种和链霉菌属物种在内的多种微生物所产生的。可用的羊毛硫抗生素材料包括,举例而言,乳链菌肽、枯草菌素、pep 5、表皮素、gallidermin、肉桂霉素、耐久霉素、血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽等,及其组合。
用于本发明的优选羊毛硫抗生素是乳链菌肽。乳链菌肽是由乳酸乳球菌的某些菌株产生的抗微生物多肽。通过这些细菌的纯培养物发酵以及之后的纯化和干燥,可以制造出乳链菌肽。根据本文中的目的,术语“乳链菌肽”通常包括但不限制于,天然乳链菌肽分子乳链菌肽A和乳链菌肽Z。乳链菌肽在酸性基质中是最能溶解的,随着pH上升,其变得越来越不易溶解。乳链菌肽商业制剂可包含来自发酵的残留固体,该固体是不溶的并能产生浑浊的含水悬浮液,但是,这不会对乳链菌肽的功效产生不利影响;如果需要,可将该固体除去。也可使用来自其他来源的乳链菌肽。
乳链菌肽或其他羊毛硫抗生素通常可以0-约10000国际单位/g(IU/g)的水平引入食品材料中。优选地,羊毛硫抗生素(优选乳链菌肽)在本处理方法中以约50-约250IU/g的水平引入,更优选为约100-约200IU/g。由于与对食品的高压处理以及可食性酚类化合物一起使用,在羊毛硫抗生素的存在下,相对于食品化学处理中酚类化合物的单独使用,获得食品中有效微生物灭活的酚类化合物负载水平得以显著降低。相似地,相对于食品化学处理中羊毛硫抗生素的单独使用,用于增加微生物灭活的羊毛硫抗生素负载水平得以显著降低。这是需要的,因为这使得更容易符合对这类食品添加剂最大水平的任何规定。
可食性酚类化合物,以及任选的羊毛硫抗生素的引入可以通过任何方便的方式来完成,只要其基本上并均匀地将化学物质分散或分布到食品表面和/或之中。在一些食品中(比如未经加工的食品),暴露的食品表面的化学处理可能是首要的焦点;对于许多加工食品而言,食品整块和表面上微生物活性的控制也是关注的焦点。本方法允许表面和整块的处理,无论是单独的还是联合的。
化学处理试剂(比如单独或者与羊毛硫抗生素联合的酚类化合物或氢醌)可以在食品的生产过程中引入。例如,可食性酚类化合物可以在奶酪生产之前引入乳中,或者其可以在挤出为所需形状之前与肉浆一起混合。或者,可配制食物,然后可以加入化学处理试剂,然后将食物成形为所需形状。或者,可配制食物并形成所需形状,然后用包含化学处理试剂的粉或溶液进行表面处理,处理方式能有效地涂覆表面和/或使化学品穿透入食物内部。例如,食品材料可以悬浮或浸入包含化学处理试剂的溶液中,或者将溶液喷雾于食品材料的表面。也可以使用这些应用方法的联合。例如,可将化学处理试剂掺入整块食品中,然后形成所需形状,接着用化学处理试剂(其可含有与整块处理相同或不同的、相同或不同水平的化学处理试剂)再进行表面处理。
通过能提供可比的功能性的静水食品加工机或设备,将高压施加到已用可食性酚类化合物预处理过的食品基质上。根据本发明,已处理食品的高压加工通常涉及将经化学处理的食品(优选是包装形式的)放置于压力容器中,该压力容器中包含压力传送流体。将容器关闭,并将容器内的静水压力增大到所需的水平,比如通过使用外部压力放大器将传送介质泵入容器中。保持压力一预定时间,然后释放压力,从而将经加工的包装食品从高压加工系统中移出。优选地,化学处理过的食品包装在可密封的软质容器中,比如软质小袋或包中来高压加工。
常规的静水食品处理机可用于本发明的实施中。一个实例是静水食品处理机(来自ABB Autoclave Systems INC.,Columbus OH的Quintus QFP-6),其包含水/丙二醇(Houghto-Safe 620-TY,Houghton Intemnational,Inc.,Valley Forge,PA)混合物(1∶1,体积/体积)作为压力传送流体。
通过高压加工而施加到食品上的压力通常为约300-约900MPa,更典型为约400-约700MPa。
处理过程中的温度并不是关键的。然而,压力处理通常在低于约80℃下进行,优选为约5-约80℃,更优选为约20-约50℃。如果需要,可在不同温度下实施不同部分的过程。优选地,食品在本加工期间或之后不暴露于高温(即大于约50℃)中任何明显的时间段(即大于约5分钟);更优选地,在本加工期间或之后基本上不暴露于这样的高温中。当然,诸如肉或肉制品这样的食品可以暴露于足够高的温度中,从而在压力处理步骤之前煮制或预煮该产品。
高压加工时间,比如在上述压力和温度条件下实施,通常为约1-约20分钟,更典型为约3-约10分钟。通常,虽然不是在所有情况中必要,但加工时间可以随施加的压力增加而缩短,并需随施加的压力下降而增加,从而来维持所需水平的微生物灭活。
相比于仅靠高压处理的方法,用本发明方法来导致微生物负载显著下降所需的压力应用的大小和/或持续时间得以降低。典型地,这种常规压力处理(即不添加化学处理试剂)需要的压力为约300-约900MPa,持续约5-约60分钟以提供微生物的显著灭活;即使在这些情况中,拖尾也可能不消除。因而本发明允许在更短的时间段使用更低的压力,并允许与压力设备和操作相关的成本下降,并且减少了通常与在生产安装中使用高压相关的安全问题。
本发明允许处理已用高水平(比如约106CFU/g或更多)单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌群体侵袭或接种的食品基质,从而实现病原体数量上大于5的对数减少、并优选大于6的对数减少。因此,本发明方法是高效的,如果食品被利斯特氏菌污染,能够减少病原体的数量至检测限之下。当然,应该尽力避免食品中任何的利斯特氏菌的污染;因而在商业性操作中,本发明优选用来显著降低利斯特氏菌或其他微生物污染的危险。本发明应通过食品生产设施中良好生产实践来使用,从而避免第一环节的污染。以提供补充或另外的保护。正如本领域技术人员能认识到的,被利斯特氏菌(即使在低水平)污染的食品生产线应该关闭,并确定污染源的位置以及将其消除。因而在食品生产线中,高压处理前例如利斯特氏菌的水平应该非常低,而在高压处理之后应降低到检测限之下。在这种食品生产线中本发明的使用提供了另外的和显著的对未知污染的保护,从而为终端消费者提供了更高水平的保护,而又不对感官特性造成不良影响,相对于先前而言,其成本仅仅是合理的上升。
在另一实施方案中,根据本发明方法加工的食品基质具有不可检测水平的利斯特氏菌(即使污染已经发生)。根据本发明的目的,通过暖富集/铺板技术来检测利斯特氏菌的存在(或不存在),其中约30ml胰蛋白胨肉汤在高压处理之后加入含有经处理食品的包装中。将该混合物在37℃下培养48小时,接着将富集(混合物)划线在Oxford琼脂或PALCAM琼脂上,并观察划线平板上利斯特氏菌的存在/不存在。如上所指,单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌高负载(比如约106-108CFU/g接种的食品)可以在食品中降低到检测限之下,检测通过上述暖富集/板方法,其中所处理的食品在中等的压力(比如约500-约700MPa)、相对短的处理期间(比如约3-约10分钟)以及低温(比如约20-约50℃)下加工。通过本发明的方法也可减少或消除拖尾效应。其他微生物的存在与否可使用相似的技术来检测,所用技术可考虑对特定微生物而进行改变。
在本发明方法处理之后或之前,可用任何适于该食品具体类型的方法来对食品进行包装。优选地,如图1所示,食品在高压处理之前包装。通常,用这种方法处理并合适包装的食品在冷藏条件下具有至少约2个月的货架期,优选至少约3个月。使用本发明,实际货架期可以根据微生物稳定性之外的原因来确定。
图1表示本发明的总体方法,其中食品用可食性氢醌并任选用羊毛硫抗生素进行处理。化学处理过的食品经受高压。优选地,在高压处理之前,使用对零售市场适合的包装技术来将食品包装于合适的容器中。
本发明方法对于多种微生物都是有效的,包括,例如,利斯特氏菌属、梭菌属、芽孢杆菌属、乳杆菌属、链球菌属、葡萄球菌属、片球菌属和微球菌属的物种或者及组合。
下面的实施例旨在描述但非限制本发明。除另有说明外,本文中所用的所有百分比都是以重量计。本文中所有参考文献均以整体引入作为参考。
实施例1.使用物理(静水压力)和化学(可食性氢醌和/或羊毛硫抗生素)处理的各种联合来研究以不同单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌株接种的香肠的处理
可食性氢醌是0或100ppm水平的叔丁基氢醌(TBHQ)。该叔丁基氢醌是获自Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO)的食品级材料。羊毛硫抗生素是0或100IU/g 水平的乳链菌肽。所用的乳链菌肽是纯的乳链菌肽或商购乳链菌肽(Nisaplin),两者都来自Aplin & Barrett,Ltd.(Trowbridge,England)。所用的Nisaplin样品包含约1×106IU乳链菌肽/g(相当于约25mg乳链菌肽/g)。通过将乳链菌肽粉溶解于蒸馏水中来制备乳链菌肽样品,用HCl调节pH到2,并在121℃下灭菌10分钟。样品在每个实验当天制备并使用。
在这些侵袭研究中使用了三种单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌株。单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌Scott A、OSY-8578和OSY-328获自俄亥俄州立大学(Columbus,OH)食品科学与工程系食品安全实验室。所有的实验用固定相中中培养物实施(在胰蛋白胨肉汤中(TB;Difco Laboratories,Detroit,MI)中37℃下生长18小时)。接种水平是约106CFU利斯特氏菌/克产品。
所用的静水压力是600MPa。出于对比的目的,样品也在没有静水压力下(即在大气压力下)进行处理。使用静水食品处理机(Quintus QFP-6,ABBAutoclave Systems,Inc.,Columbus,OH),其具有包含水/丙二醇(1∶1体积/体积;Houghto-Safe 620-TY,Houghton Intemational,Inc.,Valley Forge,PA)的压力传送流体。在加工之前将样品保存在冰箱内,在处理之后则放置在冰上。每一操作期间的温度用热电偶和数据记录器(Campbell Scientific,Inc.,Logan,UT)进行监测。
使用完整的因子设计(即2×2×2×3=24种处理),并将操作的次序随机化。罐装的维也纳香肠(Armour,Dial Corporation,Scottsdale,AZ)购自当地的食品杂货店。对于每一操作而言,在无菌条件下将一根维也纳香肠(重约16g)从商购容器中取出,并转移到无菌的聚乙烯袋(Fisher Scientific Co.)中,将1ml的过夜培养物(18小时)接种到香肠上,用手按摩袋从而将培养物均匀地分布于样品表面。单独或联合地,加入1毫升每种添加剂,用真空密封机(Vacmaster,Kansas City,MO)将袋密封。使用静水食品处理机(Quintus QFP6)将样品袋在30-32℃的温度下,以600MPa加压5分钟。未加压的样品以相似方式处理,只是不施加压力。在高压加工之后,在无菌条件下打开袋。往袋中加入新鲜的胰蛋白胨肉汤(30ml),再次密封的袋在37℃下培养48小时以恢复任何存活的菌群。样品中单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌存活者的存在与否通过将培养混合物在Oxford琼脂和/或PALCAM琼脂上划线来测定。每个测试操作由在给定变量组的5个测试袋组成;重复该实验4次。
表1描述了处理条件以及每一组处理条件下单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌灭活的平均结果。操作1-6是对照实验,操作7-8表示本发明的方法。
表1单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌测试阳性的袋装香肠样品的平均百分比。经接种样品(约106CFU每克产品)在不同条件下处理约5分钟。标准差(S.D.)见括号内。
操作 | 处理条件 | 5批中利斯特氏菌测试阳性的袋的百分比(±S.D.) | ||||
压力(MPa) | 乳链菌肽(IU/g) | TBHQ(ppm) | ScottA | OSY-8578 | OSY-328 | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
5 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 85(±19) | 95(±10) | 95(±10) |
6 | 600 | 100 | 0 | 15(±19) | 30(±38) | 10(±20) |
7 | 600 | 0 | 100 | 15(±30) | 25(±30) | 20(±16) |
8 | 600 | 100 | 100 | 10(±30) | 15(±10) | 15(±19) |
对于所有测试的利斯特氏菌株,本发明的方法(操作7和8)提供了最佳的总体保护。将静水压力处理和用可食性氢醌衍生物的化学处理相联合(即操作7),获得对利斯特氏菌的灭活效果大于单一处理的叠加效果。此外,氢醌和乳链菌肽与静水压力处理的联合使用(操作8)导致了Scott A和OSY-8578菌株中利斯特氏菌灭活的甚至更大的百分比。此外,这个实验也证明,当与压力联合时,低水平的氢醌和乳链菌肽(当单独使用或即使一起使用时基本上没有保护价值,参见操作2-3)可用来有效地灭活利斯特氏菌。
实施例2.除下述方面外,使用与实施例1中基本上相同的材料和步骤来测定单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌基本上全部消除所需的处理条件:乳链菌肽水平为0、100或200IU/g;氢醌水平为0、100、200或300ppm;每个实验重复3次。结果见表2。
表2单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌测试阳性的袋装香肠样品的平均百分比。经接种样品(约106CFU每克产品)在不同条件下处理约5分钟。标准差(S.D.)见括号内。
操作 | 处理条件 | 3批中利斯特氏菌测试阳性的袋的百分比(±S.D.) | ||||
压力(MPa) | 乳链菌肽(IU/g) | TBHQ(ppm) | ScottA | OSY-8578 | OSY-328 | |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
11 | 0 | 100 | 200 | 100 | 60 | 100 |
12 | 0 | 200 | 200 | 100 | 25 | 100 |
13 | 0 | 200 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
14 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 80(±20) | 87(±23) | 93(±12) |
15 | 600 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | 600 | 100 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
17 | 600 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
18 | 600 | 200 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
在本发明的方法(操作15-18)中没有检测到利斯特氏菌。这些结果也表明并证实了,将静水压力处理和用可食性氢醌衍生物的化学处理相联合,获得对利斯特氏菌的灭活效果显著大于单一模式的叠加效果。在常温和冷藏条件下储存的经包装的本发明的样品在一年以后并没有表现出任何微生物生长的迹象。
实施例3.将实施例1中确定的三个利斯特氏菌菌株在胰蛋白胨肉汤中37℃下生长18小时。将培养物在4℃、10000rpm下离心15分钟。细胞沉淀重新悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.0)中,并将每一菌株的细胞数调节到109CFU/ml。叔丁基氢醌以约100ppm(10%体积/体积TBHQ/培养物)加入。样品袋的制备和高压处理步骤与实施例1中给出的相同。经测定的压力为300、500和700MPa。对照和高压处理样品连续地用0.1%蛋白胨水稀释,并铺板在胰蛋白胨琼脂上。将平板在37℃下培养48-72小时,对菌落计数。这些操作中高压加工参数以及结果见表3。
表3在叔丁基氢醌存在下压力处理之后,磷酸盐缓冲液中单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌株的平均对数减少(初始负载为约109cfu/ml)
压力(MPa) | 处理时间(分钟) | 平均对数减少 | |||||
ScottA | OSY-8578 | OSY-328 | |||||
无TBHQ | TBHQ | 无TBHQ | TBHQ | 无TBHQ | TBHQ | ||
300 | 0a15102030405060 | 000.53.45.06.67.0d- | 002.26.57.37.3≥8.0-- | 00.10.60.72.34.85.35.5- | 00.20.20.83.85.05.77.2- | 000.10.30.91.72.11.92.5 | 0000.21.01.62.32.43.1 |
500 | 0b15101520304050 | 0.55.16.95.67.57.16.6-- | 3.87.98.0≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0-- | 0.13.46.16.2-6.16.97.4- | 0.27.27.6≥8.0-7.97.8≥8.0- | 0-5.35.3-5.95.56.76.9 | 0.2-7.67.8-≥7.97.8≥7.9≥7.9 |
700 | 0c0.512510152030 | 4.25.96.16.9≥8.07.07.7-- | 7.77.5≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0-- | 4.15.96.1-7.76.65.86.7- | 7.67.77.8-≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0≥8.0- | 2.3-6.7-7.67.36.36.97.5 | 5.3-≥8.0-≥8.0≥7.9≥7.97.8≥8.0 |
a时间0代表使容器达到300MPa,接着立即降压;所经过时间为约2分钟6秒。
b时间0代表使容器达到500MPa,接着立即降压;所经过时间为约2分钟35秒。
c时间0代表使容器达到700MPa,接着立即降压;所经过时间为约2分钟50秒。
d没有测定。
这些结果表明,高压和TBHQ的联合消除了拖尾现象,而单独高压则不能。超过8的对数减少表明,没有菌落在平板上检出。计数的检测水平为10CFU/ml。OSY-328的初始菌数平均为约8.9logs;因此,超过7.9的对数减少表明了低于检测水平。
虽然本发明已经参考具体方法和产品的实施方案来加以详细描述,但应该理解的是,多种改变、修改和调整可以本公开文本为基础,因而其也应在由下述权利要求所界定的本发明的实质和范围之内。
Claims (32)
1.一种处理食品以灭活可能存在于食品中的微生物的方法,所述方法包括:用含有可食性酚类化合物的组合物来处理食品,并使经处理的食品经受至少约300MPa的压力。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中可食性酚类化合物是烷基取代的氢醌。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中可食性酚类化合物是叔丁基氢醌。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中该组合物还含有羊毛硫抗生素。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其中羊毛硫抗生素选自于乳链菌肽、枯草菌素、pep 5、表皮素、gallidermin、肉桂霉素、耐久霉素、血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽及其组合。
6.根据权利要求4的方法,其中羊毛硫抗生素是乳链菌肽。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中微生物选自于利斯特氏菌属、梭菌属、芽孢杆菌属、乳杆菌属、链球菌属、葡萄球菌属、片球菌属和微球菌属的一个或多个物种。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中微生物是单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中食品在处理后不含有可检测水平的微生物。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中在约5-约80℃的温度下,压力为约400-约900MPa,持续约1-约20分钟。
11.根据权利要求1的方法,其中在约20-约50℃的温度下,压力为约500-约700MPa,持续约3-约10分钟。
12.根据权利要求1的方法,其中食品选自于肉制品、乳制品、鱼制品、食用油、蛋制品和饮料。
13.根据权利要求1的方法,其中食品包括选自于香肠、法兰克福香肠和午餐肉的肉制品。
14.一种处理食品以灭活可能存在于食品中的微生物的方法,所述方法包括:将约100-约300ppm的可食性酚类化合物和约50-约250IU/g的羊毛硫抗生素引入食品中以产生经处理的食品,在低于约80℃的温度下对经处理的食品施加约300-约900MPa的压力,持续约1-约20分钟。
15.根据权利要求14的方法,其中可食性酚类化合物是烷基取代的氢醌。
16.根据权利要求15的方法,其中可食性酚类化合物是叔丁基氢醌。
17.根据权利要求14的方法,其中可食性酚类化合物为约100-约200ppm,羊毛硫抗生素为约100-约200IU/g。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中羊毛硫抗生素选自于乳链菌肽、枯草菌素、pep 5、表皮素、gallidermin、肉桂霉素、耐久霉素、血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽及其组合。
19.根据权利要求17的方法,其中酚类化合物是叔丁基氢醌,羊毛硫抗生素是乳链菌肽。
20.根据权利要求14的方法,其中微生物选自于利斯特氏菌属、梭菌属、芽孢杆菌属、乳杆菌属、链球菌属、葡萄球菌属、片球菌属和微球菌属的一个或多个物种。
21.根据权利要求20的方法,其中微生物是单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌。
22.根据权利要求21的方法,其中食品在处理后不含有可检测水平的微生物。
23.根据权利要求14的方法,其中压力为约500-约700MPa,并在低于约50℃的温度下施加约3-约10分钟。
24.根据权利要求14的方法,其中食品选自于肉制品、乳制品、鱼制品、食用油、蛋制品和饮料。
25.根据权利要求17的方法,其中食品包括选自于香肠、法兰克福香肠和午餐肉的肉制品。
26.根据权利要求14的方法,其还包括将食品进行包装。
27.根据权利要求14的方法,其还包括在施加压力之前将食品进行包装。
28.一种在冷藏条件下具有至少约2个月货架期的食品,其中所述食品通过包括下述步骤的方法来制备:(1)用含有约100-约300ppm可食性酚类化合物和约50-约250IU/g的羊毛硫抗生素的组合物来处理食品,(2)将处理过的食品进行包装,和(3)在低于约80℃的温度下,使经处理和包装的食品经受约300-约900MPa的压力持续约1-约20分钟。
29.根据权利要求28的食品,其中食品选自于肉制品、乳制品、鱼制品、食用油、蛋制品和饮料。
30.根据权利要求28的食品,其中食品包括选自于香肠、法兰克福香肠和午餐肉的肉制品。
31.根据权利要求30的食品,其中可食性酚类化合物为约100-约200ppm的叔丁基氢醌,羊毛硫抗生素为约100-约200IU/g的乳链菌肽。
32.根据权利要求31的食品,其中压力为约500-约700MPa,并在低于约50℃的温度下施加约3-约10分钟。
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US6086936A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 2000-07-11 | Kal Kan Foods, Inc. | High temperature/ultra-high pressure sterilization of foods |
DE19649952A1 (de) * | 1996-12-03 | 1998-06-04 | Uhde Hochdrucktechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zur Konservierung von festen, flüssigen oder pastösen verderblichen Produkten |
DE19653677C1 (de) * | 1996-12-16 | 1997-09-18 | Fritz Kortschack | Verfahren zur Herstellung stabiler, in Anwesenheit von Mikroorganismen hergestellter Fleisch- und Wurstwaren, die einer Reifung und Trocknung unterworfen werden |
GB9714564D0 (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 1997-09-17 | Zeneca Ltd | Composition |
US6635223B2 (en) * | 2000-10-25 | 2003-10-21 | Andreas Maerz | Method for inactivating micro-organisms using high pressure processing |
US6964788B2 (en) * | 2001-05-07 | 2005-11-15 | Steris Inc. | System for handling processed meat and poultry products |
US20030003202A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-01-02 | American Air Liquide Inc. And L`Air Liquide | Method of preserving and disinfecting a food commodity |
US6991820B2 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2006-01-31 | Danisco A/S | Composition having bacteristatic and bactericidal activity against bacterial spores and vegetative cells and process for treating foods therewith |
-
2004
- 2004-07-30 US US10/903,016 patent/US20060024414A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-07-22 EP EP05106785A patent/EP1621085A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-07-22 ZA ZA200505930A patent/ZA200505930B/en unknown
- 2005-07-25 CA CA002513389A patent/CA2513389A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-29 AU AU2005203351A patent/AU2005203351A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-29 BR BRPI0503231-8A patent/BRPI0503231A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-29 MX MXPA05008116A patent/MXPA05008116A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-29 NO NO20053679A patent/NO20053679L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-29 KR KR1020050069316A patent/KR20060048919A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-29 EA EA200501074A patent/EA200501074A1/ru unknown
- 2005-07-29 CN CNA200510092353XA patent/CN1736272A/zh active Pending
- 2005-08-01 JP JP2005223188A patent/JP2006042818A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MXPA05008116A (es) | 2007-04-20 |
KR20060048919A (ko) | 2006-05-18 |
AU2005203351A1 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
NO20053679D0 (no) | 2005-07-29 |
ZA200505930B (en) | 2006-08-30 |
EP1621085A1 (en) | 2006-02-01 |
US20060024414A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
BRPI0503231A (pt) | 2006-05-02 |
CA2513389A1 (en) | 2006-01-30 |
EA200501074A1 (ru) | 2006-04-28 |
NO20053679L (no) | 2006-01-31 |
JP2006042818A (ja) | 2006-02-16 |
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