CN1706886A - 抗老化的环氧树脂体系、由其制造的模制材料和器件,以及其应用 - Google Patents
抗老化的环氧树脂体系、由其制造的模制材料和器件,以及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种环氧树脂体系,尤其是用作为浇注树脂,该体系含基于缩水甘油醚或缩水甘油酯的含环氧化物的A-组分和有酐作硬化剂的B-组分,其中向A-组分添加位阻胺作为抗模制材料老化的稳定剂。用此材料浇注的发光半导体器件表现出较高的耐老化性,特别是能长期保持发光率。该环氧树脂体系还可用作包封物料和模压物料并与丙烯酸酯混合用于所有的领域,尤其是外部构件。
Description
本发明是申请日为2001年5月16日,申请号为01810252.2,同题的分案申请。
为了免受环境的影响,电气和电子器件用反应性树脂通过浇注的方式包封,从而达到使其免受机械的、化学的和气候环境的影响,尤其是使其免受撞击、破裂、侵蚀性化学物质和湿气的影响,并且能在汽车的发动机内直到约130度的环境温度下也能保持良好的状态。光电子学器件承受特别大的负荷,尤其是光发射器件,例如发光二极管(LED),在这些光发射元件中,包封采用的树脂体系受到LED本身的附加照射。除了化学和机械强度以及对不同基质有高的粘接强度之外,这种反应性树脂模制材料还应具有高的透明度,其折射系数nD尽可能大于1.5,以及对光有耐变暗、变脆和变黄性。而且首先随着波长的变短、器件辐射剂量的增加以及通过发射长波的所谓大功率发光二极管辐照强度的增高,发光半导体器件的辐照负荷增高的问题日益加剧。例如在发蓝光的半导体器件情况下对其包封还未找到一种满意的耐老化的树脂体系。
市售的LEDs目前用基于以酐作硬化剂的环氧化物的双组分热交联的反应性树脂浇注。这种材料在流变学上是最佳的,并具有热反应性,它们能经济地进行大量制造。这种两元反应性树脂的环氧树脂组分(A-组分)由低粘度到中等粘度的双酚-A-二环氧甘油醚和反应性环氧稀释剂或者多官能团的环氧酚醛清漆-树脂以及由用于浇注树脂的已知添加剂和助剂组成。对于在LEDs中的应用,A-组分还用有机色素上色。发漫射光的器件能具有基于无机颜料的特殊扩散膏。藉助具有有机羧酸盐离子和醇盐离子或配位体的金属盐加速剂,基于酐/环氧化物的双组分反应性树脂体系可被硬化。为了包封光电子学器件,还可采用基于环脂族环氧树脂和其与缩水甘油醚树脂和缩水甘油酯树脂的混合物的双组分的酐/环氧化物浇注树脂。在特殊情况下亦可采用丙烯基包封物料。
但是,事实表明,已知的浇注物料的耐老化性不够,不能满足用于包封光特强的LED的日益严格的要求。在器件寿期内还出现变暗、变黄等现象,并可产生脆性,从而能使孔隙率增大,还会出现裂纹、裂口、并对发光元件的粘接强度下降以出现脱层。带这种损害的浇注树脂模制材料会使光电子学器件的发光率降低,光学辐照特性下降,因而不适宜作耐久的或按顾客要求稳定运行的器件。
因此,本发明的目的是提供用于包封器件,尤其是光电器件的反应性树脂体系,该树脂体系在辐照负荷下具有较高的老化稳定性,同时尽可能使活性树脂体系和用其制造的模制材料的其它性质不受影响。
本发明目的通过具有包括一种环氧化物组分,其中至少含位阻胺作为抗辐射引起的模制材料老化的稳定剂的环氧树脂体系来解决。其它权利要求提出了本发明及按本发明制造的器件的有利实施方案。
本发明的环氧树脂体系适宜用作浇注树脂应用、浇注物料和包封物料以及清漆。在附加辐照负荷下它表现出明显改进的模制材料的耐老化性。特别由于能减少变暗、裂口和裂纹的产生,从而亦具有优良的耐气候性,因为上述的光老化现象使浇注的、包封的或密封的物件,尤其是器件的耐湿性提高。
环氧树脂体系可包括含环氧树脂的A-组分和含硬化剂的B-组分,后者通常是羧酸酐。除了这些基本组分之外,环氧树脂体系还可含有适宜各种用途的和已知的其它组分。
意外发现,一种作为稳定剂添加的位阻胺与A-组分有良好的相容性,而且不影响A-组分的贮存稳定性。这样可得到能稳定贮存的A-组分,从而亦能得到反应性的树脂体系,该体系能在数月之内在加混合、计量/施用、硬化等加工过程中性质保持不变,这些性质导致在温度、湿度、和辐照负荷下有明显改进的老化稳定性同时其它性质不变的模制材料。所得模制材料可制成象水一样透明,其变黄、变暗和变脆的倾向特小。这应归因于位阻胺的正面的和光稳定的作用,名称为HALS(位阻胺光稳定剂)的位阻胺已经作为光稳定剂用在热塑性的聚烯烃塑料中。胺及其衍生物作为反应性树脂体系的硬化剂和硬化加速剂已是已知的,并提供一般有色的、并强烈倾向于变黄的模制材料。因此出人意料的是,尽管胺的这种已知作用,但采用位阻胺能得到具有贮存稳定性的反应性树脂体系。曾经设想,胺的氮原子上的自由电子对的立体屏蔽作用以及化合物的碱性的降低关切到对大量加工过程中的反应性树脂性能不会受到负面影响。
位阻胺是一种叔胺或仲胺或者胺氧化物,它被空间特大体积基团屏蔽而难以进行化学反应。有空间苛求的基团可能是取代基,其在氮的α位上具有有空间苛求的脂族、环脂族或芳香族取代基的叔碳原子。有空间苛求的胺也可是杂环胺它们同样宜在α位上得到空间屏蔽。氮上的第三种取代基可以是烷基、芳基、烷芳基、或环烷基。同样优选的是相应的经氧原子与氮结合的基,或者在链中有氧原子的基,例如醚基或酯基。
尤其优选的是降低了碱性和调节过碱性的胺,其在氮上的一个取代基是经氧结合的基。例如,很适宜的是其通式为(R1)(R2)N-O-R3的烷基氧化胺化合物,其中R1和R2是相互独立的烷基、芳基或烷芳基,或者其中的R1和R2一起是两价的取代基,它与氮原子组成环或杂环,而R3还可是上面所述的第三个取代基。
这种烷基氧化胺化合物表现出特别低的碱度,它一方面是由于自由电子对的空间屏蔽,另一方面是通过氧原子的诱导作用而降低的。这种胺与环氧化物-A-组分的相容性特别好。在反应性树脂体系硬化时,它对硬化反应无负面影响,并导致一种浇注树脂模制材料,其中胺虽然不是化学结合的,但由于在网络上可能的氢桥键合以及由于较大的分子量仍然能在贮存过程中可靠地防止蒸发。模制材料如水一样透明,并且在潮湿环境,于100℃以上的温度和附加辐照负荷下表现出明显改进的抗老化性。
对本发明,将作为稳定剂的少量胺混入A-组分就足够了,其量为0.1-5.0重量%,优选0.1-1.0重量%。作为硬化剂组分或B-组分采用酐,它宜以一种环脂族或芳族的二-或四-羧酸衍生。它能以羧酸酐作主要组分,有时含酸性酯,该酯通过这种酐与脂族醇的部分反应得到的。
B-组分还可能含有含磷的氧化稳定剂。对于光电子学应用宜采用金属盐作加速剂。
该环氧树脂体系很适宜用作浇注树脂,它在加工温度下显示足够低的粘度、足够的加工期间的湿润性良好,并可无纹影和无气泡地施用。它包括含环氧化物的A-组分和含酐作硬化剂的B-组分。A-组分含大于60重量%的基于缩水甘油醚或缩水甘油酯为基的环氧化物以及作为稳定剂的位阻胺以在附加辐照负荷下防止模制材料老化。
本发明中,宜在A-组分中添加位阻的酚衍生物作为另一种稳定剂,它能使浇注模制材料稳定,以抗热氧化侵蚀。
作为A-组分中的环氧化物,宜含二环氧甘油醚、二环氧甘油酯或环脂族环氧化物或其混合物作为主要成分。
优选地,双酚A的二环氧甘油醚和作为次要组分的多官能的环氧酚醛清漆树脂一起占80重量%以上。
此外,浇注树脂还可含有常规的添加剂,它选自反应性稀释剂,尤其是单酸甘油醚的稀释剂、醇、粘合剂、工艺助剂、脱气剂、光澄清剂、吸光剂、分离剂或触变剂。从而,总计给出本发明浇注树脂体系中A-组分的下列组成,下表中给出各组分的限值:
基本缩水甘油醚或缩水甘油酯的环氧树脂
以及环脂族环氧树脂 >50%
环氧酚醛清漆 <40%
反应性稀释剂(单酸甘油醚) <10%
醇 <10%
位阻胺 <5.0%
氧化稳定剂 <5.0%
粘合剂 <5.0%
吸光剂 <0.5%
基于硅氧烷的工艺助剂 <1.0%
基于硅氧烷的脱气剂 <1.0%
光学澄清剂 <1.0%
壳的内分离剂 <1.0%
触变剂 <10%
扩散剂(无机颗粒) <30%
有机色素/颜料 <10%
无机发光物质 <40%
用缩水甘油醚作主要成分可以制备玻璃转化温度为110℃的浇注树脂模制材料,在一个实施例中该温度达到130℃或更高,该模制材料具有本发明的高的耐老化性。二环氧甘油醚还宜有较低的氯含量,这尤其对降低浇注树脂模制材料变黄的倾向和降低其脱层的倾向皆有正面的影响。本发明的环氧浇注树脂含有氯,其能水解的氯的含量低于250ppm,其总氯含量低于1000ppm。
在环氧树脂体系硬化时,采用尽可能接近化学式量的A-组分和B-组分,因为这对器件抗潮湿的行为以及保持电学参数都是有利的。按A-组分计算,宜采用0.7-1.2反应当量的B-组分。但在适于大量制造的工艺过程中,宜采用这样的环氧树脂体系,即其中B-组分不足量,并宜为反应当量的0.7-0.9。而且要考虑环氧化物本身的反应以及一定量的水解,这样总的能发生反应性环氧基团与相应的酐基团之间的化学计算量反应。这样制备的模制材料表现出低的吸湿性及高的热稳定性和热机械稳定性。这样可使该浇注树脂模制材料还可适用于SMD器件,即可表面安装的器件,因为它由于其突出的温度特性经受住焊接过程中的高温。低的吸潮性和高于130℃的玻璃转化温度使浇注树脂模制材料能在汽车工业中应用。高的透明度和光学性质方面的耐老化性使浇注树脂模制材料尤其适用于光电子学领域,特别是包封光电子学元件,例如LED。浇注树脂模制材料的高光化学稳定性使该环氧树脂体系可适用于浇注发光强度大的光发射半导体器件,尤其是辐射波长小于500nm的半导体器件。因此,它们适宜于浇注发蓝光的LED,优选为发光含聚物质组合使用。将这些物质掺入环氧树脂中,这样将从半导体元件的蓝光通过发光转化而成发白光的LED。
尤其是通过采用贫氯的、不含羟基的环氧化物基树脂的另一优点在于较低的吸湿性、明显低的E-模量,在几乎不变的玻璃转化温度时的较低热膨胀系数。如果用本发明的环氧树脂体系包封发光器件,则按这种方式可降低包封对该器件施加的热机械应力。因此由机械造成的器件损伤的危险随之降低,从而使整体包装进一步稳定。此外用含氯量低的浇注环氧树脂体系,则会阻碍器件可侵蚀结构的腐蚀。对此,可水解氯的低含量是特别重要的。利用可比含氯量的树脂体系的长期气候试验表明,在严厉的温度/湿度条件和电流负荷下,氯离子和含氯物质可能析出,这可能使半导体芯片和浇注物料之间的界面发生变暗。由此使发光器件的发光强度降低。此外,氯的水解过程使对芯片的粘结力降低,致使浇注物料-芯片的界面出现脱层,而脱层又使发光强度降低。至于本发明环氧树脂体系的耐湿性,曾经发现,基于无羟基的双酚-A-环氧树脂的浇注树脂模制材料在吸湿时其玻璃转化温度仅下降几摄氏度,明显低于常规的浇铸物料。
本发明的环氧树脂体系的另一有利的成分尤其是A-组分中的防光剂。这种物质吸收高能电磁辐射,在无辐照去活之后重新释放能量。这种防光化合物如二苯酮型或基于三嗪的防光化合物对于热塑性树脂已经是熟知的。本发明添加的吸收剂的选择要使对高于420nm的长波光无任何吸收。
为了防光剂对有用的辐射保持低的吸收,需将其在A-组分中的浓度或含量调节到尽可能低。在光电子学器件中用作透明包封的环氧树脂体系中防光剂的有利浓度低于0.2重量%。
下面将用实施例和附图对本发明作较详细的阐述。
附图表示用浇注树脂包封的已知LED的剂面示意图。
本文给出了五种不同的A-组分,其中实施例1和2采用了有利的基本组成,实施例3、4和5分别添加了位阻胺或位阻酚。五个实施例采用相同的B-组分,即用酸性酯改性的甲基六氢化邻苯二甲酸酐。酸性酯是硬化剂的配方组分,其中达50%的双官能酐基与一元或多元醇转化为半酯。六氢化邻苯二甲酸是一种对光电子学应用有利的碱酐。
用实施例1-5的环氧树脂体系制备并固化为模制体,接着对它们进行热机械性质以及耐气候性,尤其是吸湿性进行研究。此外用环氧树脂体系浇注发蓝光的LED。LED的耐老化性在长期运行中根据发出的光强度测定。
至于胺,一般认为,它会使环氧树脂组分凝胶化,因此一般不在可存放的环氧化物-A-组分中作配方组分。在环氧树脂中胺稳定剂的低反应性主要因为在空间所苛求的侧基团屏蔽了胺的反应功能。通过合理的选择吸引电子的基团,这些基团或直接在胺氮上键合,或处于其β位,则胺-氮的碱度降低,从而使其反应性降低。以DSC(动态扫描量热法)研究用HALS稳定的环氧树脂组分的反应行为,尤其是将树脂在80℃存放之后的反应行为,证明了它的可贮存性。其在30℃下的贮存期意外地达到6个月以上。
360nm和500nm之间的短波辐射以及在>420nm(UV-B-滤光器)下的加速老化试验表明了在环氧化物-酐-模制材料中HALS稳定剂的有效作用。
图1是LED的结构示意图,它在这里构成适宜的SMD。半导体元件1,即二极管本身安装在铅框4上,并与其电连结。宜由塑料性塑料组成的塑料壳3、5与透明浇注树脂2构成SMD包装,包装保护元件不受不利的环境影响,从而保证整个寿期内的功能,如果希望有附加的辐射光束,可在浇注树脂包装2上接着固定光学透镜。
实施例1
作为第一个实施例的A-组分,将下列组分按给出的重量百分比均匀相互混合。
双酚A二环氧甘油醚
(Riitapox VE3748-Bakelite公司) 98.98%
脱气剂(BYK A-506,BYK Chemie公司) 0.2%
粘合剂(硅烷A-187,ABCR公司) 0.80%
光学澄清剂(原批09,CIBASCISIN) 0.016%
与上述B-组分反应之后得到一种模制材料,其玻璃转化温度为125-126℃。在冷水中存放6星期之后,吸湿量为0.65重量%,而且与此相关的玻璃转化温度只降至124℃,其降低明显不高。E-模量(拉力,3K/min,1Hz)为2660MPa。热膨胀系数CTE(-50/+50℃)为59.7ppm/K,在23℃一星期后的冷水吸入量为0.31%。
这些已经是很好的热机械性质以及高的耐湿性应归因于特殊双酚-A-二环氧甘油醚产品(Rütapox VE 9748)的羟基的低含量。
实施例2
实施例2的A-组分与实施例1相比在环氧树脂组分上有所调整。它的成分(以重量百分率计)如下:
双酚-A-二环氧甘油醚(Rütapox VE9748) 78.98%
环氧酚醛清漆树脂(D.E.N.,DOW) 20.00%
脱气剂(BYK A-506脱气剂,BYK Chemie) 0.20%
粘合剂(硅烷A-187,ABCR公司) 0.80%
光学澄清剂(原批09,CIBASCININ) 0.016%
实施例2的A-组分与上面给出的B-组分反应。用相应的模制体测定热机械性质。浇注树脂材料的玻璃转化温度随硬化条件的不同可达141℃。在冷水中存在6星期之后吸湿量为0.67%,而玻璃转化温度只降低4℃达到137℃。E-模量(拉力,3K/min,1Hz)为2570MPa。热膨胀系数(-50/+50℃)为57.4ppm/K。在23℃的冷水中存放一星期之后测得的冷水吸入量为0.36%。
实施例3
此例中的A-组分是例1的A-组分添加0.2重量%的位阻N-烷基氧化胺(Tinuvin 123,CIBA特种产品),得到一种能存放的A-组分,其在模制材料中的反应行为几乎不变,玻璃转化温度也几乎不变。用此模制材料浇注的发光二极管表现出对高能电磁辐射作用的改进的耐老化性,与例1相比,老化引起的光强度降低有了明显的改进。
实施例4
在实施例2采用的A-组分中添加0.1重量%的Tinuvin 123(CIBA特种产品)。以此得到能存放的A-组分,此模制材料的反应行为几乎不变,其玻璃转化温度几乎不变。用此模制材料浇注的LED在高能电磁辐射的作用下表现出改进的耐老化性。
实施例5
实施例2的A-组分中添加添加0.2重量%的Tinuvin 123(CIBA特种产品),并且再添0.3重量%的位阻酚的衍生物(AkcrosChemicals公司)。测出的行为与实施例4大致相同,此外老化敏感性或者对氧化的敏感性进一步降低。
这表明,提供了一种含本发明环氧树脂体系的浇注树脂物料,它最适宜浇注电气和电子学器件,尤其是那些在有高的热要求、受高湿度影响和高辐照负荷的器件。由此制备的模制材料的玻璃转化温度较高。与已知模制材料相比耐老化性,尤其对光的耐老化性有改善。高的玻璃转化温度使它特别适于在SMD工艺,因为用它包封的器件能在焊接处理中不受损伤。
本发明所叙述的透明模制材料特别适宜于光电子学器件。由于Tg高,环氧树脂在浇注汽车工业的器件和传感器方面也找到了应用。由于在温度、湿度和辐照方面有好的耐候性,环氧化物浇注物料亦可应用在其它领域。以带HALS稳定剂的基于环氧树脂的清漆和模压物料同样是很有用的,比相应的无HALS稳定剂的已知物料有更好的耐辐照性和耐候性。
总结而言,本发明提供的技术方案可以概括如下:
一种环氧树脂体系,该体系包括一种环氧化物组分,其中含位阻烷基氧化胺作为抗辐射引起的模制材料老化的稳定剂;
所述位阻烷基氧化胺具有通式(R1)(R2)N-O-R3,其中R1和R2是相互独立的烷基、芳基或烷芳基,一起构成两价基,或者与该N-原子构成杂环环,R3代表烷基、芳基或烷芳基。
一种实施方案是:其用作浇注树脂,该体系包括含环氧化物的A-组分和含酐作硬化剂的B-组分,其中A-组分含60重量%以上的基于缩水甘油醚或缩水甘油酯的环氧化物以及无NH-基的位阻胺作为抗辐射引起的模制材料老化的稳定剂。
一种实施方案是:其中R3代表含1-18碳原子的烷基。
一种实施方案是:其中位阻胺在A-组分中的含量为0.1-5.0重量%。
一种实施方案是:其中B-组分包括环脂族或芳族的二羧酸或四羧酸的酐作为主要成分和含以脂族醇得到的相应的酐的酸性酯作次要成分。
一种实施方案是:其中B-组分含有有机磷氧化稳定剂和加速剂。
一种实施方案是:其中是A-组分含位阻酚的衍生物作为另一种稳定剂。
一种实施方案是:其中A-组分含二环氧甘油醚、二环氧甘油酯,环脂族环氧化物或其混合物作为主要成分。
一种实施方案是:其中A-组分含双酚-A的二环氧甘油醚作为主要成分和含多官能的环氧酚醛清漆树脂作为次要组分,除其它添加剂之外,其量共计为80重量%以上。
本发明还提供了以下技术方案:
一种环氧树脂模制材料,它通过上述环氧树脂体系的硬化而制备,其玻璃转化温度至少为130℃。
一种用上述环氧树脂体系浇注的可表面安装的器件。
一种光电子学器件,它具有配置在器件的辐射路径中的并对辐射是透明的包封,该包封是由上述环氧树脂体系构成的。一种实施方案是:它构成发光二极管LED。
一种实施方案是:该器件的发射波长在500nm以下的蓝色光谱区。
本发明也提供了以下技术方案:
上述模制材料或器件在汽车工业中作为外部构件的应用。
上述模制材料或器件在包封白光LED中的应用。
上述环氧树脂体系在制造耐光和耐气候清漆体系中的应用。
上述环氧树脂体系在制造耐辐照和耐气候的含矿物填充料的浇注树脂模制材料或塑胶模制材料中的应用。
本发明还提供了以下技术方案:
一种环氧树脂体系,该体系包括一种环氧化物组分,其中含位阻烷基氧化胺化合物作为抗辐射引起的模制材料老化的稳定剂;
所述位阻烷基氧化胺化合物具有通式:
(R1)(R2)N-O-R3,
其中R1和R2是相互独立的烷基、芳基或烷芳基,一起构成两价基,或者与N-原子构成杂环的环,R3代表烷基、芳基、烷芳基或环烷基,其在链中可以含有氧原子。
一种实施方案是:其中R3代表醚基或酯基。
一种实施方案是:环氧树脂体系中B-组分包括环脂族或芳族的二羧酸或四羧酸的酐作为主要成分和含以脂族醇得到的相应的酐的酸性酯作次要成分。
一种实施方案是:环氧树脂体系中B-组分含有有机磷氧化稳定剂和加速剂。
一种实施方案是:环氧树脂体系中是A-组分含位阻酚的衍生物作为另一种稳定剂。
本发明还提供了:
一种环氧树脂模制材料,它通过上述环氧树脂体系的硬化而制备,其玻璃转化温度至少为130℃。
一种用上述环氧树脂体系浇注的可表面安装的器件。
一种光电子学器件,它具有配置在器件的辐射路径中的并对辐射是透明的包封,该包封是由上述环氧树脂体系构成的。
上述环氧树脂体系在制造耐光和耐气候清漆体系中作为外部构件的应用。
上述模制材料、上述器件在汽车工业中的应用。
Claims (10)
1.一种环氧树脂体系,该体系包括一种环氧化物组分,其中含位阻烷基氧化胺化合物作为抗辐射引起的模制材料老化的稳定剂;
所述位阻烷基氧化胺化合物具有通式:
(R1)(R2)N-O-R3,
其中R1和R2是相互独立的烷基、芳基或烷芳基,一起构成两价基,或者与N-原子构成杂环的环,R3代表烷基、芳基、烷芳基或环烷基,其在链中可以含有氧原子。
2.根据权利要求1的环氧树脂体系,其中R 3代表醚基或酯基。
3.根据权利要求1的环氧树脂体系,其中B-组分包括环脂族或芳族的二羧酸或四羧酸的酐作为主要成分和含以脂族醇得到的相应的酐的酸性酯作次要成分。
4.根据权利要求1或2的环氧树脂体系,其中B-组分含有有机磷氧化稳定剂和加速剂。
5.根据权利要求1的环氧树脂体系,其中是A-组分含位阻酚的衍生物作为另一种稳定剂。
6.一种环氧树脂模制材料,它通过权利要求1-5之一的环氧树脂体系的硬化而制备,其玻璃转化温度至少为130℃。
7.一种用权利要求1-5之一的环氧树脂体系浇注的可表面安装的器件。
8.一种光电子学器件,它具有配置在器件的辐射路径中的并对辐射是透明的包封,该包封是由根据权利要求1-5之一的环氧树脂体系构成的。
9.权利要求1-5之一的环氧树脂体系在制造耐光和耐气候清漆体系中作为外部构件的应用。
10.权利要求6中所述的模制材料或权利要求7或8所述的器件在汽车工业中的应用。
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DE10213294B4 (de) * | 2002-03-25 | 2015-05-13 | Osram Gmbh | Verwendung eines UV-beständigen Polymers in der Optoelektronik sowie im Außenanwendungsbereich, UV-beständiges Polymer sowie optisches Bauelement |
PL1951800T3 (pl) * | 2005-11-22 | 2009-09-30 | Huntsman Adv Mat Licensing Switzerland Gmbh | Układ żywicy epoksydowej odporny na wpływy atmosferyczne |
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US8044412B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2011-10-25 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd | Package for a light emitting element |
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CN101735708B (zh) * | 2010-01-12 | 2012-07-25 | 广州飞宇建材科技有限公司 | 一种抗老化环氧涂料及其制备方法与应用 |
US8592511B2 (en) | 2010-04-23 | 2013-11-26 | Pixelligent Technologies, Llc | Synthesis, capping and dispersion of nanocrystals |
CN107416764A (zh) | 2010-10-27 | 2017-12-01 | 皮瑟莱根特科技有限责任公司 | 纳米晶体的合成、盖帽和分散 |
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US9359689B2 (en) | 2011-10-26 | 2016-06-07 | Pixelligent Technologies, Llc | Synthesis, capping and dispersion of nanocrystals |
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TWI260331B (en) | 2006-08-21 |
EP1287063B1 (de) | 2005-03-16 |
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US7183661B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 |
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