CN1541036A - 在oled器件中由供体元件形成改进的稳定性的发射层 - Google Patents
在oled器件中由供体元件形成改进的稳定性的发射层 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1541036A CN1541036A CNA200410032645XA CN200410032645A CN1541036A CN 1541036 A CN1541036 A CN 1541036A CN A200410032645X A CNA200410032645X A CN A200410032645XA CN 200410032645 A CN200410032645 A CN 200410032645A CN 1541036 A CN1541036 A CN 1541036A
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- organic
- anode
- donor element
- substrate
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- XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Cs+] XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
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- 125000002529 biphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
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- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihydridoboron Substances B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
形成稳定性提高的有机发光器件的方法,包括在基底上形成阳极,提供与阳极间隔的阴极,和提供包含发光物质的供体元件,并使该供体元件处于与基底的物质转换关系。该方法进一步包括用辐射照射供体元件以转换发光物质,使该发光物质沉积在阳机上形成发射层,和形成包含有机化合物的有机层,该有机化合物搀杂低功函金属或金属化合物,能作为发射层和阴极之间的供体搀杂剂以降低由有机层进入发射层的电子注入障碍,从而改进有机发光器件的稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及有机电致发光(EL)器件,也称作发射彩色光的有机发光二极管(OLED)。
背景技术
彩色或全色有机电致发光(EL)显示器(也称作有机发光二极管器件,或OLED器件)具有彩色像素阵列(array),例如红色,绿色和蓝色像素(通常称为RGB像素),产生颜色的有机EL介质的精确构图(patterning)需要产生RGB像素。基本的OLED器件都具有阳极,阴极和夹在阳极与阴极之间的有机EL介质。该有机EL介质可由一层或多层有机薄膜层构成,其中一层主要用于光发生或电致发光。通常称该特定层为有机EL介质的发射层或发光层。有机EL介质中的其它有机层能提供基本的电子传输功能,称之为空穴传输层(用于空穴传输)或电子传输层(用于电子传输)。为在全色OLED显示板上形成RGB像素,需要设计一种准确构图有机EL介质的发射层或整个有机EL介质的方法。
在共同受让的美国专利US-A-5,937,272中,Tang已经教导了一种通过EL介质的气相沉积在薄膜晶体管(TFT)阵列的基底上构图彩色像素(例如,红,绿,蓝次像素(subpixel))的方法。通过使用在载体和多孔障板(aperture mask)上的供体涂层将上述EL材料以所选图案沉积在基底上。
使用无图案的供体和诸如激光的精确光源是辐射转换的另一种方法。该方法公开在Littman的美国专利US-A-5,688,551,以及Wolk等人的系列专利(US-A-6,114,088;US-A-6,140,009;US-A-6,214,520和US-A-6,221,553)中。尽管这是有用的制造技术,但用该方法制备的包含发射层的EL器件与用其他如气相沉积方法制备的包含发射层的EL器件相比,其稳定性降低。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种使用辐射转换方法由供体元件形成发射层的方法以及改进由此形成的发射层的稳定性。
本发明的目的是通过形成改进的稳定性的有机发光器件的方法而实现的,其包括:
a)在基底上形成阳极;
b)提供与阳极间隔的阴极;
c)提供包含发光物质的供体元件,并使这样的供体元件处于与基底的物质转换关系;
d)用辐射照射供体元件以转换发光物质,使该发光物质沉积在阳极上形成发射层;以及
e)形成包含有机化合物的有机层,该有机化合物搀杂有能作为发射层和阴极之间的供体搀杂剂的低功函(work function)金属或金属化合物以降低从有机层进入发射层的电子注入障碍,从而改进有机发光器件的稳定性。
本发明的优点在于:通过有机发光物质的辐射转换制造的OLED器件具有改进的工作稳定性。本发明的另一优点在于在给定的电流密度下工作电压降低。
附图说明
图1表示可在本发明实践中所使用的OLED器件的横截面图;
图2表示通过辐射转换由供体元件选择性转换发光物质至基底过程的横截面示例图;和
图3表示根据本发明的方法所包含步骤的示意方框图;
由于器件的尺寸特征,例如层的厚度经常在次-微米(sub-micrometer)范围内,所以附图的比例是为了便于观察而不表示精确的尺寸。
独立于其它领域,术语“像素”在本领域公认的用法是表示能受激发光的显示板区域。术语“OLED器件”在本领域公认的意思是包括有机发光二极管如像素的显示器件,也称之为有机发光器件。彩色OLED器件至少发射一种颜色的光。术语“多色”是用来描述能够在不同区域发射不同色调光的显示板。特别是用来描述能够显示不同颜色图像的显示板。上述区域不是必须相邻的。术语“全色”是用来描述能够在可见光谱的红色,绿色和蓝色区发光并且显示色调任意组合的图像的彩色显示板。红色,绿色,蓝色构成三种原色,通过适当混合这三种原色能产生其它所有的颜色。术语“色调”指的是在可见光谱范围内光发射的强度分布,不同色调表现出在颜色方面的视觉差别。通常像素或次像素用来表示显示板上的最小可寻址单元。对于单色显示器,像素或次像素没有区别。术语“次像素”用于多色显示板并用来表示任何像素的部分,其可以独立寻址以发射特定颜色。例如,蓝色次像素是可以寻址产生蓝光的像素部分。在全色显示器中,通常像素包括三种原色次像素,即蓝,绿和红。术语“间距”用来表示显示板上两种像素或次像素分开的距离。因此,次像素间距表示两种次像素之间的间隔。
现转向图1,其表示可用于本发明实践中OLED器件的横截面图。OLED器件14包括基底10。基底10可以是有机固体,无机固体,或有机和无机固体的组合,其提供了用于从供体接受发射物质的表面。基底10可以是刚性或柔软性的,并且可以加工为分开的单个部件,如薄片或圆片或作为连续卷形物(roll)。典型的基底材料包括玻璃,塑料,金属,陶瓷,半导体,金属氧化物,半导体氧化物,半导体氮化物,或它们的组合。基底10可以是上述材料的均匀混合物,复合物,或多层材料。基底10可以是OLED基底,也就是通常用于制备OLED器件的基底,例如有源矩阵(active-matrix)低温多晶硅TFT基底。基底10可以是光透性的或不透光的,这取决于光发射的预定方向。光透性对于透过基底观察EL发射是需要的。在这种情况下通常使用透明玻璃或塑料。在透过顶部电极观察EL发射的应用中,底部载体的光透性不是必须的,因此可以是光透性的,光吸收的或光反射的。这种情况下使用的基底非限制性包括玻璃,塑料,半导体材料,陶瓷和电路板材料,或其它通常用于形成OLED器件的材料,这些基底可以是无源矩阵(passive-matrix)器件或有源矩阵器件。
在基底10上形成阳极20。当透过基底10观察EL发射时,阳极对于感光趣的发射(emission of interest)应该是透明或基本透明的。通常本发明所用的透明阳极材料是铟-锡氧化物和氧化锡,但也可使用其它金属氧化物,非限制性包括搀杂铝或铟的氧化锌,镁-铟氧化物,和镍-钨氧化物。除了这些氧化物之外,金属氮化物诸如氮化镓,金属硒化物诸如硒化锌,金属硫化物诸如硫化锌也可用作为阳极物质。在透过顶部电极观察EL发射的应用中,阳极材料的光透性就不是必须的,可以使用任何透明的、不透明的或反射性的导电材料。这方面使用的导体的例子非限制性包括金,铱,钼,钯和铂。优选透光或其它的阳极材料具有4.1eV或更高的功函数。用例如蒸发,溅射,化学蒸发沉积,或电化学方法的任何适合方法沉积需要的阳极物质。可以使用公知的光刻法构图阳极材料。
尽管不总需要,但通常在有机发光显示器的阳极20上形成空穴注入层22。空穴注入物质有助于改进后续有机层的膜形成特性并便于向空穴传输层注入空穴。用于空穴注入层22的合适物质非限制性包括美国专利US-A-4,720,432中所描述的卟啉类化合物和美国专利US-A-6,208,075中所描述的等离子体沉积氟烃聚合物。或者在欧洲专利EP 0 891 121A1和EP 1,029,909A1中所描述的据报道用于有机EL器件的空穴注入物质。
尽管不总需要,但通常可在空穴注入层22上,或者如果没有使用空穴注入层,在阳极20上形成空穴传输层24。用例如蒸发,溅射,化学蒸发沉积,或电化学方法,热转换或激光热转换的任何适合方法从供体物质沉积需要的空穴传输物质。众所周知,用于空穴传输层24的空穴传输物质包括如芳族叔胺化合物,其中该芳族叔胺化合物被认为是含有至少一个仅与碳原子相连的三价氮原子的化合物,且上述碳原子至少一个为芳环的环原子。一种形式的芳族叔胺可以是芳基胺如单芳基胺,二芳基胺,三芳基胺,或多芳基胺。在Klupfel等人的美国专利US-A-3,180,730中举例说明了一些示例性的单体三芳基胺。在Brantley等人的美国专利US-A-3,567,450和US-A-3,658,520中公开了其它适合的被一个或多个乙烯基取代的和/或包括至少一个含活泼氢基团的三芳基胺。
更优选的芳族叔胺类型是那些在美国专利US-A-4,720,432和5,061,569中所描述的包括至少两个芳族叔胺部分的化合物。上述化合物包括结构式A所代表的那些。
其中:
Q1和Q2分别选自芳族叔胺部分;和
G是连接基例如碳-碳键的亚芳基,亚环烷基,或亚烷基。
在一实施方案中,Q1或Q2至少一个含有多环稠环结构例如萘。当G是芳基时,G适合为亚苯基,亚联苯基,或萘基部分。
结构式B代表满足结构式A且含有两个三芳基胺部分的有用三芳基胺类型。
其中:
R1和R2分别独立代表氢原子,芳基,或烷基或R1和R2一起代表构成环烷基的原子;和
R3和R4分别独立代表芳基,该芳基依次被结构式C所表示的二芳基取代氨基取代。
其中R5和R6独立选自芳基。在一实施方案中,R5或R6至少一个含有多环稠环结构例如萘。
另一种芳族叔胺类型是四芳基二胺。合适的四芳基二胺包括两个通过亚芳基连接的如结构式C所表示的两个二芳基氨基。有用的四芳基二胺包括结构式D所表示的那些化合物。
其中:
每个Are独立选自亚芳基如亚苯基或蒽基部分;
n是1至4的整数;和
Ar,R7,R8和R9独立选自芳基。
在典型的实施方案中,Ar,R7,R8和R9中的至少一个是多环稠环结构例如萘。
前述结构式A,B,C,D的各种烷基、亚烷基、芳基和亚芳基部分,各自还可以依次被取代。通常的取代基包括烷基,烷氧基,芳基,芳氧基和卤素例如氟、氯和溴。不同的烷基和亚烷基通常含有1至约6个碳原子。环烷基可以含有3至约10个碳原子,但通常含有5,6,或7个碳原子-例如,环戊基,环己基,和环庚基的环结构。芳基或亚芳基部分通常是苯基和亚苯基部分。
OLED器件的空穴传输层可以由芳族叔胺的单一化合物或混合物形成。特别地,将三芳基胺,例如满足结构式B的三芳基胺与四芳基二胺,例如结构式D所表示的四芳基二胺组合使用。当三芳基胺与四芳基二胺组合使用时,后者是作为介于三芳基胺与电子注入与传输层之间的插入层。所用的示例性芳族叔胺如下:
1,1-双(4-二-对-甲苯基氨基苯基)环己烷
1,1-双(4-二-对-甲苯基氨基苯基)-4-苯基环己烷
4,4′-双(二苯基氨基)四苯基
双(4-二甲基氨基-2-甲基苯基)-苯基甲烷
N,N,N-三(对-甲苯基)胺
4-(二-对-甲苯基氨基)-4′-[4(二-对-甲苯基氨基)-苯乙烯基]茋
N,N,N′,N′-四-对-甲苯基-4-4′-二氨基联苯
N,N,N′,N′-四苯基-4-4′-二氨基联苯
N-苯基咔唑
聚(N-乙烯基咔唑)
N,N′-二-1-萘基-N,N′-二苯基-4,4′-二氨基联苯
4,4′-二[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4″-二[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]-对-三联苯
4,4′-二[N-(2-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4′-二[N-(3-苊基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
1,5-二[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]萘
4,4′-二[N-(9-蒽基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4″-二[N-(1-蒽基)-N-苯基氨基]-对-三联苯
4,4′-二[N-(2-菲基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4′-二[N-(8-荧蒽基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4′-二[N-(2-芘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4′-二[N-(2-并四苯基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4′-二[N-(2-苝基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯
4,4′-二[N-(1-蔻基(coronenyl))-N-苯基氨基]联苯
2,6-双(二-对-甲苯基氨基)萘
2,6-双[二-(1-萘基)氨基]萘
2,6-二[N-(1-萘基)-N-(2-萘基)氨基]萘
N,N,N′,N′-四(2-萘基)-4,4″-二氨基-对-三联苯
4,4′-二{N-苯基-N-[4-(1-萘基)-苯基]氨基}联苯
4,4′-二[N-苯基-N-(2-芘基)氨基]联苯
2,6-二[N,N-二(2-萘基)胺]芴
1,5-二[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]萘
另一类有用的空穴传输物质包括如欧洲专利EP 1 009 041所述的多环芳族化合物。另外,可以使用聚合的空穴传输物质,例如聚(N-乙烯基咔唑)(PVK),聚噻吩,聚吡咯,聚苯胺,以及例如也称为PEDOT/PSS的聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)/聚(4-苯乙烯磺酸酯)的共聚物。
响应于空穴-电子的重组(recombination),在阳极20或例如空穴传输层24的其它任何层上形成发光的发射层26。用例如蒸发,溅射,化学蒸发沉积,电化学方法或辐射转换的任何合适的方法从供体物质沉积需要的有机发光物质。然而,为了本发明的目的,沉积方法应限于从供体物质的辐射转换。有用的有机发光物质是众所周知的。正如在美国专利US-A-4,769,292和5,935,721中所充分描述的,有机EL器件的发射层26包括发光或荧光物质,其中电致发光是电子-空穴对在该区域重组的结果。发射层26可以包含单一物质,但更通常是含有搀杂客体化合物或搀杂剂的主体物质,其中光发射主要来自于搀杂剂并且可以是任何颜色。发射层26中的主体物质可以是如下定义的电子传输物质,如上定义的空穴传输物质,或承载空穴-电子重组的另一种物质。搀杂剂通常选自高荧光染料,但是磷光化合物,例如在WO 98/55561,WO 00/18851,WO00/57676,和WO 00/70655中所述的有用的过渡金属络合物。通常将搀杂剂以0.01-10重量%涂覆在主体物质上。
与选择染料作为搀杂剂有重要关系的是比较其能带隙势能(bandgappotential),该能带隙势能是分子的最高占有分子轨道与最低未占有分子轨道之间的能量差。对于从主体物质到搀杂剂分子的有效能量转移,必须的条件是搀杂剂的能带隙小于主体物质。
使用的主体物质和发光物质非限制性包括在美国专利US-A-4,768,292;US-A-5,141,671;US-A-5,150,006;US-A-5,151,629;US-A-5,294,870;US-A-5405,709;US-A-5,484,922;US-A-5,593,788;US-A-5,645,948;US-A-5,683,823;US-A-5,755,999;US-A-5,928,802;US-A-5,935,720;US-A-5,935,721;和US-A-6,020,078;
8-羟基喹啉的金属络合物和相似衍生物(分子式E)构成一种有用的能承载电致发光的主体物质类型,并特别适用于波长超过500nm的光发射如绿色,黄色,橙色和红色。
其中:
M代表金属;
n是1至3的整数;和
Z各自独立地代表构成具有至少2个稠和芳环的成核原子。
由上述明显可知,金属可以是单价,二价或三价金属。金属可以例如是碱金属如锂,钠或钾;碱土金属如镁或钙;或土金属如硼或铝。通常可以使用已知作为有用的螯合金属的任何单价,二价或三价金属。
Z构成含有至少两个稠和芳环的杂环核,至少其中一个是吡咯或吖嗪环。如果需要,其它包括脂肪族或芳香族环的环如果需要可以与上述两个必需的环稠和。为避免在功能没有改进下分子体积(molecular bulk)增加,环原子的数目通常为18或更小。
示例性有用的螯合喔星类(oxinoid)化合物如下:
CO-1:铝三喔星[又名,三(8-喹啉合)铝(III)]
CO-2:镁二喔星[又名,二(8-喹啉合)镁(II)]
CO-3:二[苯并{f}-8-喹啉合]锌(II)
CO-4:二(2-甲基-8-喹啉合)铝(III)-μ-氧-二(2-甲基-8-喹啉合)铝(III)
CO-5:铟三喔星[又名,三(8-喹啉合)铟]
CO-6:铝三(5-甲基-喔星)[又名,三(5-甲基-8-喹啉合)铝(III)]
CO-7:锂喔星[又名,8-喹啉合锂(I)]
9,10-二-(2-萘基)蒽的衍生物(式F)构成一类有用的能承载电致发光的主体物质,并特别适用于波长超过400nm的光发射如蓝色,绿色,黄色,橙色或红色。
其中R1,R2,R3,R4,R5和R6代表每个环上的一个或多个取代基,上述每个取代基分别选自以下基团:
基团1:氢或1至24个碳原子的烷基;
基团2:5至20个碳原子的芳基或取代芳基;
基团3:构成蒽基,芘基或苝基稠和芳环所需的4至24个碳原子;
基团4:作为构成呋喃基,噻吩基,吡啶基,喹啉基或其它杂环系的稠和杂芳环所需的5至24个碳原子的杂芳基或取代杂芳基;
基团5:1至24个碳原子的烷氧氨基,烷基氨基,或芳基氨基;以及
基团6:氟,氯,溴或氰基。
吲哚衍生物(式G)构成另一类能用于承载电致发光的主体物质,并特别适用于波长超过400nm的光发射如蓝色,绿色,黄色,橙色或红色。
其中:
n是3至8的整数;
Z是O,NR或S;
R′是氢;1至24个碳原子的烷基,例如丙基,叔丁基,庚基等;5至20个碳原子的芳基或杂原子取代的芳基,例如苯基和萘基,呋喃基,噻吩基,吡啶基,喹啉基和其它杂环系;或例如氯,氟的卤原子;或形成稠和芳环所需的原子;和
L是包括烷基,芳基,取代烷基,或取代芳基的连接单元,该连接单元与多个吲哚一起共轭或非共轭连接。
有用的吲哚的例子是2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-亚苯基)三[1-苯基-1H-苯并咪唑]。
合适的荧光搀杂剂包括蒽,并四苯,呫吨,苝,红荧烯,香豆素,若丹明,喹吖啶酮,二氰基亚甲基吡喃化合物,噻喃化合物,聚甲炔(polymethine)化合物,吡喃鎓化合物(pyrilium)和噻喃鎓化合物(thiapyrilium)化合物,以及2-羟基喹啉(carbostyryl)化合物的衍生物。示例性有用的搀杂剂的例子非限制性包括以下的化合物:
如Wolk等人共同受让的美国专利US-A-6,194,119B1及其引用的参考文献所教导的,其它的有机发射物质可以是聚合物,例如聚亚苯基亚乙烯基衍生物,二烷氧基-聚亚苯基亚乙烯基衍生物,聚-对-亚苯基衍生物,和聚芴衍生物。
尽管没有表示出来,但如果为满足得到的OLED器件本身的合适发射性能需要,发光层26可以另外包括两个或多个发射层。
在发射层26上形成有机层28。有机层28一般是电子传输层。通过例如蒸发,溅射,化学蒸发沉积,电化学方法,热转换或激光热转换的任何适合方法从供体物质沉积需要的电子传输物质。本领域公知用于有机层28的优选电子传输物质是包括喔星(oxinoid)本身(通常也称为8-羟基喹啉或8-羟基喹啉)的螯合物在内的金属螯合喔星类化合物。这种化合物有助于注入和传输电子并展现出高性能水平,而且可以以薄膜状容易的制造。预期的喔星类化合物的示例是前述满足结构式(E)的那些化合物。
其它本领域公知的电子传输物质是包括在美国专利US-A-4,356,429中公开的各种丁二烯衍生物和在美国专利US-A-4,539,507中描述的各种杂环荧光增白剂。满足结构式(G)的吲哚化合物也是有用的电子传输物质。
本领域公知的其它电子传输物质可以是聚合物,例如聚亚苯基亚乙烯基衍生物,聚-对-亚苯基衍生物,聚芴衍生物,聚噻吩,多炔,和其它如在Handbookof Conductive Molecules and Polymers,Vols.1-4,H.S.Nalwa,ed,John Wiley andSons,Chichester(1997)中所公开的那些导电聚合有机物质。
在有机层28上形成阴极30,并与阳极20隔开。当光发射透过阳极时,阴极物质可包括几乎任何的导电物质。合适的物质具有好的成膜性以确保与下面有机层的良好接触,促进低电压下电子注入,并具有好的稳定性。有用的阴极材料通常含有低功函金属(<3.0eV)或金属合金。如美国专利US-A-4,885,221所述,优选的阴极物质由Mg:Ag合金组成,其中银占1-20%。另一类合适的阴极材料包含双层结构,该双层包括较薄低功函金属或金属盐层,覆盖的较厚导电金属层。在美国专利US-A-5,667,572中描述了由LiF薄层和较厚的铝层组成的该种阴极。其它有用的阴极物质非限制性包括在美国专利US-A-5,059,861,US-A-5,059,862,和US-A-6,140,763中所公开的那些物质。
当可透过阴极看见光发射时,阴极必须是透明或几乎透明的。对于这种应用,金属必须是薄的或必须使用透明导电氧化物,或这些物质的结合。任选的透明阴极已更详述在美国专利US-A-5,776,623中。可以通过蒸发,溅射,或化学蒸发沉积来沉积阴极物质。当需要时,可以通过多种公知的方法构图,这些方法非限制性包括如美国专利US-A-5,276,380和EP 0 732 868中所述的通罩(through-mask)沉积,全荫罩(integral shadow masking)沉积,激光消融和选择性化学气相沉积。
在该实施方案中没有示出的其它层在OLED器件中有时也是有用的。例如,可以在阴极30和电子传输层之间沉积电子注入层,也就是说,在有机层28上形成电子注入层,上述有机层28也是电子传输层28,然后在电子注入层上形成阴极30。电子注入物质的例子包括碱金属卤盐如LiF。
为了本发明的目的,通过辐射转换由供体物质形成发射层26。图2的横截面图表示在一种光处理方法中通过供体物质的辐射转换,由供体元件40选择性转换发光物质50至部分基底10上的过程。辐射转换在本文中定义的任何机制如升华,消融,蒸发或其它方法,借此通过如光或热的辐射从一开始就转换物质。由供体承载元件46上的光吸收层48制备供体元件40。在Tang等人共同受让的美国专利US-A-5,904,961中已经描述了供体承载元件46。光吸收层48包括能够在光谱的预定部分吸收光以产生热的辐射吸收物质。光吸收层48可以包括诸如在美国专利US-A-5,578,416中具体说明的染料,诸如碳的颜料,或诸如镍,铬,钛等的金属。供体元件40包括涂覆在供体元件上的光发射物质50,光发射物质50也称为发射层。
供体元件40处于与基底10的物质-转换关系,其中基底10可以是OLED基底。物质转换关系意味着供体元件40与基底10相接触或与基底10可控分离。如果基底10已经涂覆有上述的其它层,那么与基底10接触就意味着供体元件40实际上与基底10上的顶部涂层相接触。在该实施方案中,供体元件40与基底10接触,通过薄膜晶体管阳极20的结构保持间隙56且插入高起的表面部分58。应该理解在实施方案中可能没有间隙。如激光42的激光源44选择性照射辐射供体元件40的非转换表面52。例如红外激光源的激光源44可以形成足够的热量54以影响此处所述的辐射转换。供体元件40的光吸收层48吸收激光42并产生热量54。涂布在供体元件40上的受热材料部分某些或全部升华,蒸发,或消融,于是以图形转换沉积在基底10的接受表面38。以这种方式,可以将发光物质50转换以在阳极20上选择性形成发射层26和其它插入层。于是影响了主体物质和搀杂剂物质的蒸发转换,其中主体物质和搀杂剂物质包含发光物质50的各种不同的层。
在一系列专利(U.S.6,396,202,U.S.6,013,384,EP 1 011 155)中,Kido等人公开了与阴极接触用作电子传输层的有机层能降低OLED器件的驱动电压并得到提高的效率及发光,该有机层包含混合有金属或金属化合物的有机化合物。然而,在教导中没有提及在稳定性方面的任何改进。稳定性是指在给定的电流密度下达到初始亮度一半所需要的时间。
现已发现用作电子传输层的有机层的使用能预料不到的显著改进OLED器件的稳定性,其中该有机层包含混合有低功函金属或金属化合物的有机化合物,且通过辐射转换在上述OLED器件上由供体元件形成发射层。
在本发明的使用中,有机层28可以是包括搀杂有低功函金属或金属化合物或它们的混合物的有机化合物的电子传输层,该有机层能够作为发射层26和阴极30之间的供体搀杂剂,以降低由有机层28进入发射层26的电子注入障碍,从而改进OLED器件16的稳定性。低功函意味着功函数小于4.0eV。有机化合物可以是用于如有机层28的电子传输层的上述任何电子传输物质。低功函金属可以是碱金属如锂,钠,钾,铷,铯,碱土金属如钙,锶,钡,或稀土金属如La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu或Y,或它们的混合物。尤其优选的是如锂或铯的碱金属。搀杂剂与主体优选的化学计量比从0.2∶1至3∶1。
在金属化合物搀杂剂情况下,所用的金属化合物并不限定于一特定化合物,只要它含有碱金属离子,碱土金属离子和稀土金属离子中的至少一种金属离子,或它们的混合物作为低功函金属离子。金属化合物的阴离子部分可以是卤化物或有机配体,或它们的混合物。对于卤化物来说,优选使用氟化物,更优选使用如氟化锂,氟化钠,氟化钾,氟化铷和氟化铯,和它们的混合物的碱金属氟化物作为金属卤化物。对于金属化合物的有机配体,尽管它们不限于下述的化合物,但优选使用8-羟基喹啉,苯并8-羟基喹啉,acrydinol,菲啶醇(phenanethridinol),羟基苯基噁唑,羟基苯基噻唑,羟基二芳基噁二唑,羟基二芳基二唑,羟基苯基吡啶,羟基苯基苯并咪唑,羟基苯并三唑,羟基氟硼烷(hydroxyfurborane),联吡啶,菲咯啉(phenanethroline),酞菁染料,卟啉,环戊二烯,β-二酮,甲亚胺和它们的衍生物,或它们的混合物。
现转向图3,同时参照图1和图2,该图是包含根据本发明实施方案的方法形成有机发光器件的步骤方框图。在方法的开始步骤(步骤60),在基底10上形成阳极或阳极20的图案(步骤62)。或者阳极20可以是基底10的一部分,例如OLED基底。然后任选在阳极20的整个表面上形成均匀的空穴注入层22(步骤64)。接着任选在空穴注入层22的整个表面上形成均匀的空穴传输层24(步骤66)。然后使供体元件40处于与基底10的如上所述的物质转换关系(步骤68)。接着用诸如激光42的辐射照射供体元件40以加热供体元件40,沉积发光物质50并在阳极20上形成发射层26和任何的插入层(步骤70)。在发射层26上形成均匀的如上所述的有机层28(步骤74)。然后在有机层28上沉积阴极层或系列的阴极30(步骤76)。还可以有进一步的步骤,例如在方法结束之前沉积保护层(步骤78)。
具体实施方式
通过下面的本发明的和对照实施例可以更好的理解本发明及它的优点。
实施例1(本发明实施例)
用以下方法制造满足本发明要求且搀杂有低功函金属的有机层的OLED器件:
1.在干净的玻璃基质上真空沉积铟锡氧化物(ITO)以形成34nm厚透明电极。
2.用等离子氧蚀刻处理上面制备的ITO表面,接着如美国专利US-A-6,208,075所述等离子沉积1.0nm氟烃聚合物(CFx)层。
3.在约10-6托真空下通过真空沉积进一步处理上面制备的基底以从加热舟皿源(heated boat source)沉积170nm4,4′-二[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯(NPB)空穴传输层。
4.将上述制备的基底从真空中取出,并在放入氮气烘箱之前将基底在空气中暴露约5分钟。
5.通过在75微米的聚砜片上真空涂覆40nm的铬制备供体基底。
6.将上述制备的供体基底进一步真空涂覆20nm搀杂有1.25%2,5,8,11-四叔丁基苝(TBP)的2-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-9,10-二(2-萘基)蒽(TBADN),接着再涂覆0.8nmNPB以得到供体元件。
7.将上述制备的供体元件从真空中移出,并在放入氮气烘箱之前将供体元件在空气中暴露约5分钟。
8.使上述供体元件处于与上述步骤3的基底的物质转换关系,使用垫片使供体元件与基底之间的距离保持在75微米间隙。
9.使用755mJ/cm2能量的多波段激光照射供体元件以在空穴传输层或基底上形成发光层。
10.将上述基底暴露于空气中约10分钟,然后再返回至真空中。
11.在基底上真空沉积35nm含1.2体积%锂(Alq:Li)的三(8-喹啉合)铝(III)(Alq)的电子传输层,其涂覆台包括两个分别用于Alq和锂的加热舟皿源。
12.在受体元件上沉积220nm的阴极层,其涂覆台包括两个独立的分别盛有银和镁的钽蒸发皿。阴极层是10∶1体积比的镁和银。
13.然后将OLED器件转移到烘箱中进行封装。
实施例2(对比实施例)
除了如下的步骤11(沉积电子传输层)以外,用实施例1所述的方法制造OLED器件:
11.在基底上真空沉积35nm三(8-喹啉合)铝(III)(ALQ)的电子传输层,其涂覆台包括一个加热舟皿源。
结果
通过在室温下两电极间施加80mA/cm2的恒定电流测试实施例1和2的器件,并测量初始电压和亮度减至初始亮度(80mA/cm2半衰期)的50%所需要的时间。相对于实施例2的对照标准计算每个实施例的相对电压和相对半衰期。下表列出了结果。
实施例(类型) | 电子传输层(35nm) | 相对电压@80mA/cm2 | 相对半衰期@80mA/cm2 |
1(本发明) | Alq:Li | 0.9 | 2.7 |
2(对照) | Alq | 1 | 1 |
不具有搀杂低功函金属有机层的器件(实施例2)比具有搀杂低功函金属有机层的器件(实施例1)明显具有更短的半衰期和更高的电压。在电子传输层中加入锂搀杂剂提高半衰期2倍多(实施例2比实施例1),因而器件的稳定性提高。
Claims (10)
1.形成改进的稳定性的有机发光器件的方法,包括:
a)在基底上形成阳极;
b)提供与阳极间隔的阴极;
c)提供包含发光物质的供体元件,并使该供体元件处于与基底的物质转换关系;
d)用辐射照射供体元件以转换发光物质,使该发光物质沉积在阳极上形成发射层;和
e)形成包含有机化合物的有机层,该有机化合物搀杂低功函金属或金属化合物或它们的混合物,能作为发射层和阴极之间的供体搀杂剂,以降低由有机层进入发射层的电子注入障碍,从而改进有机发光器件的稳定性。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中低功函金属包括锂,钠,钾,铷,或铯或它们的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中金属化合物包括金属卤化物。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中金属卤化物包括氟化锂,氟化钠,氟化钾,氟化铷,或氟化铯或它们的混合物。
5.形成改进的稳定性的有机发光器件的方法,包括:
a)在基底上形成阳极;
b)提供与阳极间隔的阴极;
c)提供包含发光物质的供体元件,并使该供体元件处于与基底的物质转换关系;
d)用辐射照射供体元件以转换发光物质,使该发光物质沉积在阳极上形成发射层;和
e)形成包含有机化合物的有机电子传输层,该有机化合物搀杂有低功函金属或金属化合物或它们的混合物,能作为发射层和阴极之间的供体搀杂剂以降低由有机电子传输层进入发射层的电子注入障碍,从而改进有机发光器件的稳定性。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中在发射层上形成电子传输层。
7.根据权利要求5的方法,其中进一步包括在电子传输层上形成的电子注入层和在电子注入层上形成的阴极。
8.根据权利要求5的方法,其中低功函金属包括锂,钠,钾,铷,或铯或它们的混合物。
9.根据权利要求5的方法,其中金属化合物包括金属卤化物。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中金属卤化物包括氟化锂,氟化钠,氟化钾,氟化铷,或氟化铯或它们的混合物。
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-
2003
- 2003-04-16 US US10/417,314 patent/US6703180B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-04-05 EP EP04076068A patent/EP1469534A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-04-14 JP JP2004119100A patent/JP4745619B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-04-15 TW TW093110549A patent/TW200505276A/zh unknown
- 2004-04-16 KR KR1020040026348A patent/KR20040090925A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-04-16 CN CNA200410032645XA patent/CN1541036A/zh active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111900255A (zh) * | 2015-06-23 | 2020-11-06 | 诺瓦尔德股份有限公司 | 包含极性基质、金属掺杂剂和银阴极的有机发光器件 |
CN111900255B (zh) * | 2015-06-23 | 2024-03-15 | 诺瓦尔德股份有限公司 | 包含极性基质、金属掺杂剂和银阴极的有机发光器件 |
Also Published As
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EP1469534A2 (en) | 2004-10-20 |
TW200505276A (en) | 2005-02-01 |
US6703180B1 (en) | 2004-03-09 |
JP4745619B2 (ja) | 2011-08-10 |
EP1469534A3 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
KR20040090925A (ko) | 2004-10-27 |
JP2004319504A (ja) | 2004-11-11 |
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