CN1461500A - 包含一个有低硫酸根和高金属离子含量的导电透明聚合物层的发光二极管(led) - Google Patents
包含一个有低硫酸根和高金属离子含量的导电透明聚合物层的发光二极管(led) Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种有机发光二极管(LED),包含一种透明电极、重叠一层导电透明聚合物(CTP)、再重叠一层发光聚合物、低聚物、或低分子量化合物、再重叠一种金属电极,其特征在于该CTP层有低于7500ppm的硫酸根离子含量和高于0.04mmol/g的金属离子含量。
Description
本发明涉及一种有机发光二极管(LED),包含一种透明电极、重叠一层导电透明聚合物(CTP)、再重叠一层发光聚合物、低聚物、或低分子量化合物、再重叠一种金属电极,其中该CTP层有低硫酸根和高金属离子含量。
包含一种导电透明聚合物的LED是业内已知的,它实质上提高了聚合物LED的寿命。例如,在专利申请WO 96/08047中已经描述了有CTP层的LED。各种聚合物材料已被描述适合用于LED中作为一方面提供电绝缘区域另一方面提供用来作为真实空穴注入阳极的导电区域的材料。在聚噻吩、聚胺、聚吡咯、聚苯胺、和聚乙炔等类别中已经找到了这样一些因位置而异而可能处于导电状态和非导电状态的聚合物,这些聚合物可以有烷基、烷氧基、卤素等取代。据报告,这些CTP层的厚度在50~500nm之间。较好的是薄层,以防止可见光的实质性吸收而降低LED的性能。然而,实际上,这些层必须是相对厚的,以防止漏电、短路、和针眼以及改善器件寿命。
这些CTP层的主要缺点是诸如用于基体或分段有机LED显示器中的有导电区域和非导电区域的层制作的复杂和昂贵方法。制作整个层上有相同导电率的层会是一个实质性优点。经由CTP层电连接的象素在多路驱动下会蒙受一个象素内发射光的不均匀衰减,即所谓阳极收缩。多路驱动的实例可参阅US 6,014,119。典型地说,阳极收缩可先在显示器侧看到,然后向基体显示器内部一列接一列或一行接一行传播。一般来说,阳极收缩会在一个显示器的任何两个象素或片段之间出现。进而,总的来说,这些CTP聚合物的层会由于该分散液、溶液、或悬浮液中所包括的化合物而影响该器件的寿命。本发明的一个目的是改善由于该收缩而引起的象素退化和改善该器件的寿命。此外,通过将喷墨运用于CTP层的配置,也有可能使一个覆盖不止一个象素的连接CTP层比制备一种在一个象素周围有隔离壁以防止分配给一个象素的CTP分散液、悬浮液、或溶液也覆盖其它象素的基材构造更容易且更廉价地实现。此类经由CTP层电连接的象素在多路驱动下会蒙受收缩。
现在已经发现,当CTP层有低于7,500ppm的硫酸根离子(SO4 2-)含量和高于0.04mmol/g的金属离子含量时,可观地改善了该LED的寿命和阳极收缩。因此,本发明涉及一种有机发光二极管(LED),包含一种透明电极、较好是一层氧化铟或氧化铟锡(ITO),再重叠一层导电透明聚合物(CTP),再重叠一层发光的聚合物、低聚物、或低分子量化合物,再重叠一种金属电极,其特征在于该CTP层有低于7,500ppm的硫酸根离子含量和高于0.04mmol/g的金属离子含量。
该导电透明聚合物可以用任何适用方法制成一层,而且一般是用一种旋涂工艺从一种溶液、分散液、或悬浮液或者用一种喷墨工艺沉积而成的。为了应用于一种有机LED显示器中,该导电透明聚合物的干燥薄膜较好满足下列性能中的一种或多种,以达到长寿命、最低限度阳极收缩、以及高效率:
该导电透明聚合物选自聚噻吩、聚吡咯、聚苯胺、聚胺、和聚乙炔这一组;
用来作为抗衡离子的盐或聚电解质选自一种磺酸,例如聚苯乙烯磺酸和对甲苯磺酸;
该干燥薄膜中硫酸根浓度低于1,250ppm;
该干燥薄膜中金属离子浓度高于0.5mmol/g,以避免基体或分段显示器中的阳极收缩;
该金属离子较好是一种碱金属离子或碱土金属离子。更好的是,该金属离子实质上是K、Rb、Cs、Mg、Ba、和/或Ca的离子。
该金属离子实质上只是K、Rb、Cs、Mg、Ba、和/或Ca的这一较好要求,当该CTP层在一种活性基体基材上用来实现该器件的长寿命和避免阳极收缩时具有特别重要意义。因此,金属离子深度必须是高的,但Li和Na离子浓度应当尽可能低、较好低于1010离子/cm2,以避免MOS不稳定性效应和优化门介电值(gate dielectrics)。该金属离子可以以其氧化物、氢氧化物、或盐的形式添加。适用的盐是,例如,碳酸盐、硝酸盐、卤化物(氟化物、氯化物、溴化物、和碘化物)、有机盐、及其混合物。
该干燥层中硫酸根含量必须低于7,500ppm,这是当在一种4wt%固体CTP分散液中硫酸根含量低于300ppm时得到的。该干燥层中硫酸根含量为1,250ppm对应于在一种用于CTP层制作的4wt%分散液中50ppm的含量。
该干燥层中金属离子含量必须高于0.04mmol/g,这是当在一种用于制作该CTP层的4wt%固体CTP分散液中该金属离子含量高于1.6μmol/g时得到的。该干燥层中金属离子含量为0.5mmol/g对应于在一种4wt%分散液中0.02mmol/g的含量。
适用于该CTP层的聚合物是业内已知的。具体地说,可参照专利申请WO 96/08047,该申请公开了各种材料及其制备方法,其内容列为本文参考文献。可用的聚合物是聚噻吩、聚吡咯、聚苯胺、聚胺、和聚乙炔。尤其可用的是聚-3,4-乙二氧基噻吩、聚苯胺(PANI)、和聚氨酯例如ConQuest(Ex.DSM,荷兰)。该聚合物可以与单体、低聚物、或其它聚合物混合。用于该CTP层的较好材料是聚-3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩与聚苯乙烯磺酸的混合物(PEDOT)。
该活性层位于两个导电材料电极层之间。所述电极层中至少一个必须对活性层中发出的光线是透明的或半透明的。这些电极层之一用来作为向该活性层中注入空穴的(正)电极。这个电极层的材料有高工作功能而且一般是用一层氧化铟或氧化铟锡(ITO)形成的。此外,这样的层对活性层中发出的光线是透明的。具体地说,ITO是由于其令人满意的电导率和高透明性才适用的。另一个电极层用来作为向该活性层中注入电子的(负)电极。这一层的材料有较低工作功能而且一般是用一层诸如铟、钙、钡、或镁形成的。
ITO电极层是用真空蒸发、溅射、或CVD工艺提供的。这个电极层且往往还有诸如钙的负电极层,是按照一种图案借助于一种惯常光刻蚀工艺或在真空沉积工艺期间用一种对应于显示器所希望图案的掩膜部分地覆盖它来构造的。在一种显示器的典型实例中,第一电极层和第二电极层的电极具有以直角互相插入的线结构,从而形成可独立驱动矩形LED的基体。该矩形LED构成该显示器的象素或图象元素。如果将第一电极层和第二电极层的电极连接到一个电源上,则在这些电极的交点上形成发光象素。这样,就能以一种简单方式形成一种显示器。该象素结构不限于一种特定形状。基本上所有象素形状都可能导致一种诸如用于显示像或简单图形的片段显示器。
该发光的聚合物、低聚物、或低分子量化合物可以是任何一种电致发光材料,例如WO 97/33323中公开的聚芴共聚物、DE 19615128中公开的聚螺共聚物、聚(3-烷基噻吩)、和WO 98/27136中公开的聚(对苯乙烯基)(PPV)。较好使用可溶的共轭聚合物和低聚物,因为它们可以容易地用旋涂工艺或用喷墨法施用。可溶的共轭PPV衍生物的较好实例是聚(二烷基对苯乙烯基)和聚(二烷氧基对苯乙烯基)。该发光材料也可以是一种掺杂的低分子材料,例如用真空工艺沉积的、掺杂了一种染料例如喹吖啶酮的8-羟基喹啉铝。
因该共轭聚合物的制备而异,所述聚合物可以包含5~10%非共轭单元。已经发现,这样的非共轭单元提高了由该活性层中每注入一个电子产生的光子数所定义的电致发光效率。
以上提到的共轭PPV衍生物可以溶解于惯常有机溶剂例如卤代烃如氯仿和芳香族烃如甲苯中。也可以使用丙酮和四氢呋喃作为溶剂。
该共轭聚合物的聚合度范围是10~100,000。
该共轭聚合物发光层的层厚范围往往是10~250nm、尤其50~130nm。
该LED结构可以在诸如从玻璃、石英玻璃、陶瓷、或合成树脂材料制成的一种基材上提供。在该基材与该透明电极之间可以存在晶体管或其它电子手段,形成一种所谓活性基体基材。较好使用一种透明的或半透明的基材。如果希望得到一种可挠曲电致发光器件,则利用一种透明的合成树脂箔。适用透明和可挠曲的合成树脂是,例如,聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯、和聚氯乙烯。
本发明的这些方面及其它方面,将从以下所述实施方案显而易见,并将参照以下所述实施方案加以阐述。
在附图中,
图4示意性地显示呈一种显示器形式的一种电致发光器的一幅平面视图,
图5示意性地显示图4中沿线II-II取的一个横截面视图。
在一种真空溅射工艺中,经由一个障板给基材3提供构建的ITO(或另一个透明电极)4。用旋涂法沉积该CTP层,作为所构建ITO上的一个密封层。旋涂该有机发光材料6,作为该CTP层上的一个密封层。经由一个掩膜,在该发光层6上真空蒸发电极7。
电极4与电极7的每次交叉都定义一个象素。例如,将电极7之一(图4的中间电极)和电极4之一(图4的最左边电极)连接到一个电源上,将电极7接地。象素11位置上的有机发光层6就会发光,光线经由基材3离开该LED(如箭头13所指出的,图5)。
该有机发光器件1进行封装,从而避免与氧气和水接触。
该有机发光器件1进一步包括一个能提供足以得到200cd/m2或以上亮度的光发射的电流的电源。
器件1中的象素形成一种基体或片段显示器,其中,在一种多路驱动方案中象素是一对一驱动的。在一种如专利US 6,014,119中所述的多路驱动方案中,电脉冲对每个象素施加某一定时间,导致诸如200cd/m2的时间平均亮度。也可以把电极4全都互相连接,电极7也全都互相连接,以施加恒定电流。在这种情况下,所有象素在相同时间都有相同电流密度,在此称之为DC-驱动。
该有机发光器件1可以进行DC-驱动服务寿命试验,其中,该电源的正极连接到所有阳极4上、负极连接到所有阴极7上,使该器件以恒定电流并以200cd/m2的初始亮度驱动,同时保持80℃的环境温度。该服务寿命定义为其亮度降低到其初始值的一半所需要的时间。DC-驱动寿命试验导致所有象素电致发光的均匀衰减。一个典型结果作为硫酸根浓度的函数显示于图1中。
图1,在80℃,在DC-驱动下,初始亮度为200cd/m2时,CTP层PEDOT的分散液中的硫酸根浓度与一种polyLED的寿命之间的相关性。
I是合成后的PEDOT,分散液中含有120ppm SO4 2-离子,其聚-3,4-乙二氧基噻吩∶PSS之比=1∶20。
II是离子交换的I,导致分散液中不足10ppm SO4 2-离子(所使用方法的检测极限)。
III是一种标准净化物料,分散液中有42ppm SO4 2-(聚-3,4-乙二氧基噻吩∶PSS之比=1∶6)。
当向III中添加960ppm SO4 2-离子时,寿命缩短到4小时。
从图1可以得出结论:尤其当该LED显示器用于电信市场上时,在一种4wt%分散液中,SO4 2-离子浓度应当低于300ppm、较好低于50ppm。一个电信基体显示器较好应当在80℃存活至少125小时。
在一种多路驱动方案下的服务寿命测试中,把电脉冲对每一个象素施加某一段时间以导致该器件的初始亮度为200cd/m2。
该样品显示出在多路驱动下的服务寿命测试期间的阳极收缩,即各列象素中电致发光的不均匀退化,如图2中所示。
图2显示在多路驱动下的服务寿命测试之后表现出阳极收缩的象素照片。左:表1第13条(1.0mmol/g Na)。右:表1第3条(0.086mmol/g Na)。
在一种显示器中,退化现象在多路驱动下发生,称之为阳极收缩。这种现象导致如图2中所示在寿命测试期间典型地从边上向中心扩展的象素退化。一般地说,阳极收缩会在一种显示器的任何两个象素或片段之间出现。
这种电致发光的不均匀退化与该发光聚合物无关,但与该CTP层有关,如实施例3中所示。
也测定了金属离子对阳极收缩的影响。例如,向一种PEDOT分散液中添加氢氧化钠(NaOH)形式的钠。
发现了钠浓度与阳极收缩量之间的相关性,见图2和表1。
表1
阳极收缩 | ||||
条目 | PEDOT比# | Na[mmoles/g] | SO4 2-[ppm] | 收缩表现 |
12345678910111213 | 1/121/201/121/201/121/121/201/201/201/201/121/121/6## | 0.0100.0270.0860.1310.1610.1650.2530.2860.2880.3980.4750.5431.000 | 3508751,3001,700500675<250###275<250<250<250<2501,050 | --****************** |
#聚-3,4-乙二氧基噻吩∶PSS之比
##标准PEDOT(比值1/6)
###检测极限
表1.用星号定性表示的阳极收缩(-=无用,*=不良,**=中等,***=最佳材料)与干燥PEDOT层的钠浓度之间的相关性。在0.08mmol/g左右可以看到改善,较好的是0.25mmol/g以上的钠浓度。
第2条的材料在80℃ 24小时后显示出损失3列象素。向第2条的材料的分散液中添加氯化钠形式的钠0.022mmol/g而制成的显示器,在80℃ 24小时后没有显示出阳极收缩的迹象。对其它金属离子发现类似的效应。向第2条的材料中添加氯化钠形式的钠0.088mmol/g而制成的显示器,在服务寿命测试期间没有显示出阳极收缩。
这证实向CTP层中添加过量钠离子是有益的。然而,钠离子(还有锂离子)对晶体管的门介电值是有害的。因此,当本CTP层用于活性基体基材上时,较好的是不使用锂和钠离子。已发现,更大的离子或二价、三价、和四价离子有益于防止阳极收缩而不影响门介电值。因此,当使用碱金属离子时,较好的是使用K、Rb、和/或Cs。Li和Na离子由于其对门介电值的有害影响而会限制该器件的寿命。
在一个较好的实施方案中,只是构建透明电极(较好ITO)和阴极。将PEDOT和发光聚合物或低聚物旋涂在该构建的透明电极(ITO)上并且仍然作为该器件中的一个密封层在不同象素中任何一个上连接,因为构建该聚合物是不可能的或困难的。所使用的构筑物由于其容易制备而成聚合物LED行业的成熟技术。
有了这种“连接的PEDOT层”器件构筑物,阳极收缩就成为一个由于象素中的任何一个是经由该密封的PEDOT薄膜连接的而发生的问题。要说明的是,PEDOT可以用另一种聚合物代替。因此,尽管本说明书中描述了PEDOT,但也可以使用适用聚合物中的任何另一种。
以下用实施例说明本发明。
实施例1
参照图4和5,用以下方式构建一种有机LED:
a)一种钠钙玻璃基材3以一种经由障板的溅射工艺涂布氧化铟锡(ITO,170nm厚,由Balzers执行),导致图4中的构建层4。在沉积CTP层之前,该基材在超声波处理下用水洗涤、离心干燥、用紫外线/臭氧净化15分钟。
b)依次,该构建的ITO层覆盖一个借助于旋涂工艺提供的CTP材料PEDOT(聚-3,4-乙二氧基噻吩和聚苯乙烯磺酸,呈1∶20的比例)(Bayer公司,BaytronP,PSS添加到1∶20的比例)的200nm层5。该层在热板上于空气中在170℃干燥5分钟。后两层(ITO和PEDOT)一起构成该空穴注入电极。该干燥的PEDOT层含有0.027mmol/g Na和875ppm硫酸根(表1第2条)。
c)该电致发光层6也借助于旋涂法提供,而且是用一种由式I的重复单元的有芳基取代聚对芳基乙烯基组成的材料制成的(见以下)。式I的聚合物引自WO 98/27136和P.W.M.Blom,H.F.M.Schoo和M.Matters,Appl.Phys.Lett.73,1998,3914-3916,p.3916,图2中入口,以及红光到橙光的光致和电致发光。
该发光聚合物有式I:
d)该电致发光层6相继覆盖厚度分别为10nm和100nm的一个Ba层和一个Al层,两层一起形成电子注入电极,每一层都是经由障板在真空中用金属蒸气沉积法施用的,导致图4和5中显示的象素化器件。
该有机发光器件1进行DC-驱动服务寿命测试,其中,电源的正极连接到该器件的所有阳极4上而负极连接到其所有阴极7上,使该器件以恒定电流和200cd/m2的初始亮度驱动,同时保持80℃的环境温度。这样测定的、定义为亮度下降到其初始值的一半所需要的时间的服务寿命是约140小时,且所有象素中发光强度均匀下降。
在一种其中电脉冲对每一个象素都作用某一段时间而导致该器件的初始亮度为200cd/m2的、多路驱动方案下的寿命测试中,达到了约140小时的服务寿命。该样品显示出多路驱动下的阳极收缩。在80℃ 96小时后,如图3中所示,得到了4列象素中的不均匀电致发光。这种电致发光的不均匀退化与该发光聚合物无关,但与CTP层有关(见
实施例3)。
图3是多路驱动下,在80℃,在96小时服务寿命测试后,LED的阳极收缩。
实施例2
重复实施例1,所不同的是向PEDOT分散液中添加不同浓度的硫酸根离子。为了证实SO4 2-离子对PolyLED的寿命和效率是有害的,将硫酸(H2SO4)添加到PEDOT中:
实施例1的PEDOT分散液100ml有4wt%固体含量,其中约95wt%是PSS。这对应于100ml PEDOT中0.021摩尔PSS单体。
分别将0.001摩尔(0.096g=960ppm SO4 2-/100ml)和0.005摩尔(0.48g=4800ppm SO4 2-/100ml)H2SO4添加到PEDOT分散液中。如表2中所示,这些器件的效率和寿命大幅下降。
向PEDOT分散液中添加的金属离子硫酸盐例如K2SO4有与H2SO4同样有害的效果。
表2
在4wt%分散液中的SO4 2-[ppm] | 在干燥薄膜中的SO4 2-[ppm] | 在室温4V下的效率cd/A | 80℃的寿命[小时] | |
PEDOT,表1中第2条 | 35 | 875 | 2,1 | 140 |
加0.096g H2SO4 | 960 | 24,000 | 0,6 | 4 |
加0.48g H2SO4 | 4,800 | 120,000 | 0 | 0 |
表2.用标准的和改性的PEDOT时,该发光聚合物的室温下效率和在80℃、200cd/m2、DC-驱动下的寿命。连接所有阴极和所有阳极,施加恒定电流,导致在室温下200cd/m2的初始亮度。
实施例3
重复实施例1,所不同的是向PEDOT分散液中添加NaCl以防止图4中所示的阳极收缩,给出该分散液中0.022mmol/g钠。如实施例1中所使用的材料,在多路驱动下在80℃ 24小时后,已经在4列象素中显示出不均匀电致发光,而在含有0.022mmol/g钠的添加时,基体显示器在24小时后并没有给出阳极收缩。
实施例4
重复实施例1,所不同的是向PEDOT分散液中添加NaCl,以给出该分散液中0.088mmol/g钠。
在多路驱动方案下96小时服务寿命测试后,该基体显示器未显示出任何阳极收缩。
以上实施例说明,在有机LED中使用的电荷输送聚合物(CTP)中钠的数量,对以多路驱动方式驱动该LED的加速服务寿命测试中观察到的阳极收缩程度有显著影响。这些实施例中使用的发光聚合物是一种PPV。
对于作为发光聚合物的聚芴,得到了类似结果。在一个包含一种发射红光聚芴和一种包含约0.25mmol/g Na的CTP层的LED的特定实施例中,在80℃进行了600小时的寿命测试中没有观察到阳极收缩。相比之下,若使用相同的CTP层但没有钠,则观察到严重阳极收缩。若以发射绿光的聚芴代替发射红光的聚芴,则得到相同结果:CTP层含钠时无收缩,而CTP层无钠时严重收缩。
CTP层中钠的存在量对包含一种PPV作为发光聚合物的LED的寿命有一点影响,但不严重。作为一个典型实施例,若一种有一个包含0.003mmol/g Na的PEDOT CTP层的PPV LED的寿命是77小时,则一种除该CTP层包含1mmol/g Na外所有方面都相同的LED的寿命延长到111小时。
然而,聚芴显示出钠对寿命的一种更复杂影响,如以下表中所示。
表3
PEDOT层号 | Na(mmol/g) | L(t=0),Cd/m2 | 寿命(小时) |
1 | 2.2 | 382 | 24 |
2 | 0.34 | 545 | 107 |
3 | 0.15 | 599 | 166 |
4 | 0.003 | 656 | 30 |
在表3中,第2栏指出该CTP层中Na的浓度,第3栏指出该LED的效率,用服务寿命测试开始时的发光度L表示,最后一栏指出当强调该服务寿命测试是以6.25mA/cm2的恒定电流密度进行的DC服务寿命测试时该LED的寿命。预期在多路驱动条件下有类似结果。令人惊讶的是,与普通信念相反,表3表明,虽然服务寿命测试开始时效率随钠量的降低而提高,但其寿命并没有遵照相同的趋势,并在约0.15mmol/g Na时显示出最佳效果。
Claims (7)
1.一种有机发光二极管(LED),包含一个透明电极层,重叠一层导电透明聚合物(CTP),再重叠一层发光的聚合物、低聚物、或低分子量化合物,再重叠一种金属电极,其特征在于该CTP层有低于7,500ppm的硫酸根离子含量和高于0.04mmol/g的金属离子含量。
2.权利要求1的LED,其中,该CTP包含一种选自聚噻吩、聚吡咯、聚胺、聚苯胺、和聚乙炔的聚合物。
3.权利要求2的LED,其中,该CTP是聚-3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩与聚苯乙烯磺酸的一种混合物(PEDOT)。
4.权利要求1~3中任何一项的LED,有一个CTP层,其中硫酸根离子含量低于1,250ppm。
5.权利要求1~4中任何一项的LED,有一个CTP层,其中金属离子含量高于0.5mmol/g。
6.权利要求1~5中任何一项的LED,有一个CTP层,其中,该金属离子是碱金属或碱土金属,较好是K、Rb、Cs、Mg、Ba、和/或Ca。
7.权利要求1~6中任何一项的LED,其中,该透明电极层是一层氧化铟或氧化铟锡(ITO)。
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EP (1) | EP1382075A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2004519830A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20030024690A (zh) |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101160594B (zh) * | 2005-04-15 | 2014-03-05 | 波利Ic有限及两合公司 | 具有电子功能的多层复合体 |
CN101681578B (zh) * | 2007-06-08 | 2012-04-11 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | 显示装置 |
CN103201341A (zh) * | 2010-10-12 | 2013-07-10 | 赫劳斯贵金属有限两和公司 | 包含具有确定的硫酸根含量的聚噻吩的分散体 |
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