CN1461400A - 蒸汽压缩机系统的除霜方法及装置 - Google Patents

蒸汽压缩机系统的除霜方法及装置 Download PDF

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CN1461400A
CN1461400A CN01815943A CN01815943A CN1461400A CN 1461400 A CN1461400 A CN 1461400A CN 01815943 A CN01815943 A CN 01815943A CN 01815943 A CN01815943 A CN 01815943A CN 1461400 A CN1461400 A CN 1461400A
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卡利·阿弗莱科特
埃纳尔·布伦登
阿明·哈弗奈尔
皮特·尼卡萨
约斯坦恩·皮特森
哈弗·雷科斯塔德
吉尔·斯考根
格拉姆·雷萨·扎科利
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B47/00Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
    • F25B47/02Defrosting cycles
    • F25B47/022Defrosting cycles hot gas defrosting
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/144Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by dehumidification only
    • F24F2003/1446Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by dehumidification only by condensing
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    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F25B1/10Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with multi-stage compression
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F25B2309/061Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25B2313/00Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/023Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/16Receivers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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Abstract

蒸气压缩系统中的热交换器(蒸发器)的除霜方法,该蒸汽压缩系统除了需除霜的热交换器(蒸发器)(3)外,还包括至少一个压缩机(1)、一个第二热交换器(热抑制器)(2)以及一个膨胀装置(6),这些装置通过管道连接以形成一整体封闭回路,其特征在于使需除霜的热交换器(3)受到与压缩机(1)的排放压强基本相同的压强,从而当高压排放气体从压缩机(1)流向热交换器而向所述热交换器(3)放热时使热交换器(3)得到除霜。

Description

蒸汽压缩机系统的除霜方法及装置
技术领域
本发明涉及制冷或热泵系统中热交换器(蒸发器)的除霜方法和装置,除第一热交换器(蒸发器)外,该系统还包括,至少一压缩机,第二热交换器(热抑制器)以及一膨胀装置,通过管道以可操作的方式连接形成一整体封闭回路。
背景技术
在某些申请中,例如空气源热泵或在制冷系统中的空气冷却器,当环境温度接近或低于水的冰点时,吸热的热交换器(用作蒸发器)上就会结霜。由于积霜,热交换器的传热性能下降,并由此引起系统性能下降。因此需要一个除霜装置。最常规的除霜方法是电除霜和热气除霜。当系统有两个或多个蒸发器时,第一种方法(电除霜)简单,但效率不高,而热气除霜更适宜采用。对于热泵系统,这两种方法都需要启动辅助加热系统,以满足除霜循环中的热量需求。
在这方面,美国专利US5845502公开了一除霜循环,借助蓄热器中制冷剂的加热装置,使外热交换器中的压强和温度升高,而不需反转热泵除霜。尽管该系统通过将热泵维持在加热模式而改善了内部的热舒适度,但这种除霜方法仍需要足够大的加热装置,以将吸入压强和相应的饱和温度升高到高于水(霜)的冰点。在实际中,这可能会限制采用这种除霜方法(散热器系统)的加热装置(热源)的种类。在这一专利中,除霜循环只有在有可逆热泵时才能工作。这个系统的另一个缺点是制冷剂在蓄热器中的温度必须高于0摄氏度,这就会限制传向蓄热器的热交换的有效温差。
最后,该系统的另一缺点是需除霜的热交换器中制冷剂温度相对较低,从而融霜的时间很长。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种新的,改进的,简单且有效的制冷或热泵系统中蒸发器除霜的方法及装置,克服了上述系统的缺点。
该方法如权利要求1所述,其特征在于使需除霜的热交换器中的压强与压缩机的排气压强基本相同,从而在高压排放气体从压缩机流过热交换器时放热,使热交换器除霜。
该装置如独立权利要求11所述,其特征在于,在回路中,具有第一阀的第一旁通管与膨胀装置连接,减压装置设置在第二旁通管上,第二旁通管与设置在需除霜的热交换器3后面的第二阀连接,从而除霜时第一阀打开,第二阀关闭。
从属权利要求2-11以及13-19限定了本发明的优选实施例。
附图说明
下面参考附图对本发明进行详细说明。
根据本发明,图1和图2所示的是本发明除霜循环运行原理的示意图。
图3,4所示的是图1,2中本发明实施例的简图。
图5所示的是利用图1中除霜方法进行除霜的T-S图。
图6示出了温熵(T-S)图中CO2和R12加热过程的比较,其中R12的除霜过程对应于US5845502中的过程。
图7,图8,图9和图10所示的是本发明其它实施例中除霜循环的简图。
图11所示的是相应权利要求4中运行除霜循环的实验结果。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及制冷和热泵系统,更具体地是在超临界过程下,对结霜的热交换器,特别是对蒸发器进行除霜,蒸发器中的制冷剂,可以是任一流体,特别是二氧化碳,但本发明也不限于此。
本发明可用于任何制冷和热泵系统,该系统最好有一压强接收器/蓄热器。如果需要,本发明还可在除霜循环期间排出内部冷却气流,这与热泵系统中常规的除霜方法相同。这可通过外部热源如电阻或废热(例如来自汽车散热器冷却系统)或其它任何可纳入接收器/蓄热器中的适当装置,或是回路中沿制冷剂通路的连接管来实现。热量也可从储存器中提供。本发明既可用于亚临界和超临界制冷系统,还可用于具有接收器/蓄热器的热泵系统。本发明也可由仅有一个蒸发器的制冷和热泵系统实现。
下面,参考图1和图2中描述本发明用于热泵系统或制冷(冷却)系统的除霜循环运行的方法。该系统包括压缩机1,需除霜的热交换器3,热交换器9,两个膨胀装置,第一膨胀装置6和第二膨胀装置6’,第二热交换器2(热抑制器),阀16’和16,接收器/蓄热器7以及加热装置10。第二膨胀装置6’设置在旁通管上,相对于设置在热交换器(蒸发器)3后的阀16。  本发明的主要新颖特征在于,加热装置加入的热量以及第二膨胀装置6’从旁路绕过阀16,阀16’从旁路绕过第一膨胀装置6,从而,可使热交换器中的压强与压缩机1的排气压强基本相同,从而借助压缩机1的高压排放气体流过热交换器时产生的热量,使热交换器3进行除霜。加热装置10最好借助接收器/蓄热器7将热量传给制冷剂,也可在除霜循环中将热量沿着制冷剂通路中传给任何一处的制冷剂。
正常运行(图1):
在正常运行条件下,第二膨胀装置6’设置在阀16的旁路上,而阀16”设置在第一膨胀装置6的旁路上,第二膨胀装置6’和阀16”关闭而阀16打开。可以理解,第二膨胀装置6’可为毛细管或类似装置,从技术角度说它们不会“关闭”,但实际上在正常运行中却没有制冷剂流过。循环的制冷剂在外热交换器3中蒸发。制冷剂在穿过过热的内热交换器9之前进入接收器/蓄热器7。过热的制冷剂蒸汽由压缩机1抽出。在蒸汽进入第二热交换器(热抑制器)2之前压缩机1将蒸汽的压强和温度升高。通过热耗散,制冷剂蒸汽借助于压强冷凝(在亚临界压强)或冷却(在超临界压强)。接着,高压制冷剂在通过第二膨胀装置6将其压强降低到蒸发压强之前,通过内热交换器9,完成循环。
除霜循环:
参照图1,除霜开始时,阀16’打开,阀16关闭。根据本发明,第二热交换器(热抑制器)2和第一热交换器(蒸发器)3串联或并联连接,如上所述,它们与压缩机的排气压强几乎相同。如果需要,热交换器2也可有旁通。在这种情况下,在除霜循环期间制冷系统中不需要通过所述热交换器进行热耗散。(图2)
在制冷剂蒸汽进入热交换器2之前,通过压缩机1升温和增压。热泵运行时,在除霜循环期间需要热量传输,制冷剂蒸汽通过向冷源放热(假设为空气系统的内部空气)而冷却。高压制冷剂进入将除霜的热交换器(蒸发器)3之前,可通过内部热交换器9或选择旁通(如图1中所示),穿过阀16’。接着,热交换器3出口的冷却制冷剂通过膨胀阀6’,膨胀阀6’将其压强降到接收器/蓄热器7中的压强。最好向接收器/蓄热器7中的制冷剂加热,使进入接收器/蓄热器7中的液态制冷剂蒸发。
应用的类型和要求决定了加热装置的类型以及完成除霜过程所需的热量。例如,使用具有吸气冷却型电机的压缩机,电机放出的热和/或压缩热可用作“热源”,以便在很少热量输入的除霜循环期间向制冷剂加热。图11所示的是使用吸气冷却压缩机的一些实验结果,其中压缩热和由压缩机电机放出的热被用作“热源”。或者,在热水器热泵系统情况下,积聚在热抑制器中和/或热水槽中水的热量可被用作“热源”。
利用超临界热损耗压强,另一“自由度”增加了本发明的灵活性。在亚临界系统中冷凝器、热交换器2中的压强(和饱和温度)可自动由所述热交换器(热抑制器)传热过程的平衡决定,超临界压强可被主动控制优化过程和传热性能。
图4示出了本发明的另一实施例,热交换器2,3由三通阀22并联联接,这取决于所需的除霜速度和加热效率,从压缩机出来的部分制冷剂通过旁通管22引入热交换器3。在此例中,从热交换器2中引出的制冷剂由第二旁通回路中打开的阀16”旁通到热交换器3中。
另外,图5示出了另一实施例,三通阀22用作旁通,部分或全部热交换器2(热抑制器)穿过另一管道回路21。这一实施例在需要快速除霜的情况下有用。
如图5所示,根据本发明,在除霜循环期间,超临界压强可被主动控制以升高温度和压缩机1后的制冷剂的比焓,。压缩机1(图中b点)之后制冷剂较高的比焓是排气压强增加时,压缩量增加的结果。在这方面,增加压缩量的可能性可看作为除霜方法的“备用加热装置”。例如,在热泵系统中,在需要较高热量的除霜循环时,本发明的这一特征可满足内部热舒适的需求。除霜循环时,进行除霜的第二热交换器(冷凝器)2和将被除霜的第一热交换器(蒸发器)3也可以并联而不串联。
图7进一步示出了相比于美国专利US584550,本发明更强的除霜效果(归于增加工作量的比焓)。图右边表示本发明的流程,而左边表示该美国专利的流程。如图可知本发明的除霜温度很高。
除了应用于热泵或热回收系统,本发明的主要目的是尽快和高效的完成除霜循环。在这种情况下,如图2所示,除霜期间热交换器2(热抑制器)可旁通,旁通管回路上有一阀16,在这种情况下是打开的。除霜循环可比先前的情况更快的完成。
如图1所示,类似的内热交换器9可由带有阀16’的管道回路旁通。
所附的权利要求限定的本发明并不限于上面描述的实施例。因此根据本发明,除霜循环可用于任何具有接收器/蓄热器的制冷和热泵系统。如图7-9所示,在不同实施例中可完成相同的除霜循环,例如回流装置4和5分别设置在子过程循环A和B上,以快速完成从热泵到制冷模式的转变。根据本发明,图10示出了使用中间压强接收器的基本除霜原理。上述附图所示的除霜循环,用于除霜期间不需通过热交换器2进行热耗散,且压缩热用作加热装置的系统。除霜循环期间,阀16’和阀16”打开而阀16关闭。结果,从压缩机出来的高压高温气体在进入将除霜的热交换器3之前穿过阀16’。接着,冷却的制冷剂的压强由膨胀装置阀6减到中间压强接收器7的压强。由于所述接收器通过具有阀16的旁通管直接与压缩机的吸气侧连接,从而所述接收器中的压强基本上与压缩机吸气口的压强相同。当吸气口的气体被压缩机压缩到高温高压时,压缩热传给制冷剂。由于目前系统中没有外部加热装置,压缩机的吸气压强以及压强接收器7的压强降低,直到两者之间达到压强平衡。

Claims (19)

1.蒸气压缩系统中的热交换器(蒸发器)的除霜方法,该蒸汽压缩系统除了需除霜的热交换器(蒸发器)(3)外,还包括至少一个压缩机(1)、一个第二热交换器(热抑制器)(2)以及一个膨胀装置(6),这些装置通过管道连接以形成一整体封闭回路,
其特征在于使需除霜的热交换器(3)受到与压缩机(1)的排放压强基本相同的压强,从而当高压排放气体从压缩机(1)流向热交换器而向所述热交换器(3)放热时使热交换器(3)得到除霜。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,
其特征在于加热装置(10)向压强容器/蓄热器(7)中的制冷剂加热或沿制冷剂管道向任何地方加热。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,
其特征在于,除霜循环期间,压缩机工作的压缩热和/或压缩机电机产生的热用作加热装置。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,
其特征在于,除霜时循环期间,积蓄在热抑制器中,和/或贮罐和/或系统的其他部分的热用作加热装置。
5.根据权利要求1-4的方法,
其特征在于,除霜循环期间,两热交换器(2和3)串联连接,压缩机的高压排放气体在流过第二热交换器(3),对其除霜前,首先流过第一热交换器(热抑制器)(2),并放热。
6.根据权利要求1-4的方法,
其特征在于,除霜循环期间,两热交换器(2和3)并联连接,压缩机的高压排放气体以可控制的方式同时流过两热交换器并向其传热。
7.根据权利要求1-6的方法,
其特征在于,制冷或热泵循环是超临界的。
8.根据权利要求1-7的方法,
其特征在于,制冷剂是二氧化碳(CO2)。
9.根据权利要求1-8的方法,
其特征在于,除霜过程是超临界的。
10.根据权利要求1-8的方法,
其特征在于,除霜循环期间,压缩机(1)的排气压强可主动控制,以改变(增大或减小)所述压缩机出口的制冷剂的温度和比焓。
11.根据权利要求1-10的方法,
其特征在于,将制冷剂引入回路中压强容器/蓄热器(7)中。
12.用于对蒸气压缩系统中的热交换器(蒸发器)除霜的装置,该系统除了需除霜的热交换器(蒸发器)(3)外还至少包括一压缩机(1)、一第二热交换器(热抑制器)(2)以及一膨胀装置(6),通过管道以可操作的方式连接成一整体封闭回路,通过一加热装置(10)将热传给制冷剂,
其特征在于,在回路中,具有第一阀(16’)的第一旁通回路连接膨胀装置(6),一减压装置(6’)设置在第二旁通回路中,第二旁通回路与第二阀(16)连接,第二阀设置在需除霜的热交换器(3)之后,除霜开始时,第一阀(16’)打开,第二阀(16)关闭。
13.如权利要求12的方法,
其特征在于,第一阀(16’)设在一旁通回路(20’)中,旁通回路(20’)将压缩机(1)的出口连到需除霜的热交换器(蒸发器)(3)的入口。
14.如权利要求12和13的方法,
其特征在于,在回路中设置一低或中压的压强容器(7)。
15.如权利要求12-14的装置,
其特征在于,热交换器(2,3)串联连接。
16.如权利要求12-14的装置,
其特征在于,热交换器(2,3)并联连接。
17.如权利要求16所述的装置,
其特征在于,在压缩机之后设置三通阀(22)设置,通过旁通管道回路使全部或部分制冷剂引入需除霜的热交换器中。
18.如权利要求12-16所述的装置,
其特征在于,具有另一阀(16)的管道回路(21),全部或部分旁通第二热交换器(热抑制器)(2)。
19.如权利要求12-15所述的装置,回路上有一内热交换器(9),
其特征在于具有另一阀(16’)的管道回路(20)旁通内热交换器(9)。
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