CN1414998A - 燃料组合物 - Google Patents

燃料组合物 Download PDF

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CN1414998A
CN1414998A CN00817881A CN00817881A CN1414998A CN 1414998 A CN1414998 A CN 1414998A CN 00817881 A CN00817881 A CN 00817881A CN 00817881 A CN00817881 A CN 00817881A CN 1414998 A CN1414998 A CN 1414998A
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CN1247749C (zh
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赫里特·伦德特·南宁加
扬·范布鲁乌格尔
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Purac Biochem BV
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种燃料组合物,其含有一种柴油机燃料、一种α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯,以及如果适当的话,还含有C1-C4的醇。所述的柴油机燃料既可从石油中得到,也可从石油的馏分如中间馏分中得到,还可通过生物原料(所谓的生物柴油)的转变而来。本发明的燃料组合物优选含有占组合物总重量3%-6%的C1-C4的烷基酯。

Description

燃料组合物
本发明涉及一种燃料组合物,该燃料组合物含有一种柴油机燃料,一种α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯,以及如果适当的话,还含有一种C1-C4的醇。该柴油机燃料既可从石油中得到,也可从石油的馏分,如中间馏分中得到,还可通过生物原料(所谓的生物柴油)的转变而来。该燃料组合物特别适合用作柴油发动机的燃料。如果该燃料组合物含有生物柴油,那它特别适合用于同时运转发动机和加热装置,如船只上的加热器。
柴油机燃料必须满足一些指标。根据ASTM D-975所述的方法,人们可以区分三种柴油机燃料,即1-D,它用于速度和载荷波动都较大的情况下运转的高速柴油发动机;第二种是2-D,它是大众用途的柴油机燃料;第三种是4-D,它是一种更为粘稠的柴油机燃料,一般用于低速柴油发动机。这种类型的低速柴油发动机一般在速度和载荷保持恒定的状态下运转。这些柴油机燃料的一个非常重要的指标是闪点。闪点表示的是温度,低于这个温度下,处理柴油将不会有起火的危险。换句话说,鉴于柴油机燃料可能发生火灾,因此它的闪点不能太低。另一方面,柴油机燃料的闪点也不能太高,如果太高,柴油机燃料将很难或不能点燃,因为在其闪点温度下,柴油机燃料的挥发成分太少。闪点的测量根据ASTM D-93来进行,1-D,2-D和4-D这三种柴油机燃料的闪点分别为38℃,52℃和55℃,资料来源于Krik-Othmer,化学技术百科全书,第四版,12卷,373-383页(1994)。
已公知在柴油机燃料中加入含氧化合物,如蔬菜油的酯类、醚类和醇以助燃和减少一氧化碳和颗粒的排放。例如,乙醇也可用于降低柴油机燃料的闪点。然而由于其易挥发性,乙醇也存在一个不可忽视的缺点,因此乙醇在柴油机燃料中的确切浓度难以控制并难以保持浓度不变(乙醇沸点为78℃,20℃时蒸汽压为59mbar)。另外,乙醇具有相对低的闪点,甚至少量的乙醇就足够大大降低燃料组合物的闪点:例如将重量百分数为25%的乙醇加入从石油或石油馏分中的得到的柴油机燃料中就能使该组合物的闪点降低约25℃,这一般使柴油机燃料的闪点过于低。那样的乙醇因此不适合用作降低柴油机燃料闪点的添加剂。
各种不同的柴油机燃料都可用作燃料组合物的母料。柴油机燃料可从石油中或石油的馏分中得到,但是优选通过生物原料(所谓的生物柴油)的转变而制得。
人们使用了具有不同闪点的生物柴油。然而,大多数生物柴油的闪点太高,因此它们不能用于闪点较低的柴油机燃料组合物,如1-D和2-D型柴油机燃料。本发明提供了一个解决这些问题的技术方案。
现在人们发现α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯非常适合用作降低柴油机燃料组合物闪点的添加剂,尤其适合用作生物柴油的添加剂。这种类型的酯的例子有羧酸,比如乳酸的甲酯、乙酯、正丙酯、异丙酯、正丁酯、仲丁酯、异丁酯和叔丁酯。所用酯优选乳酸乙酯(它的沸点为154℃,20℃时蒸汽压为2.2mbar)。加入这些酯的还有一个优点在于它们的加入能增加氧气的含量,因此燃烧状况得到改善,减少烟灰的形成。
根据本发明,燃料组合物也含有一种含碳数在1-4的醇。这种类型的醇的例子包括甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、异丁醇和叔丁醇。优选乙醇。
该燃料组合物优选含有占柴油机燃料和醇形成的组合物的总重量的3-6%,最优选4%-5%的C1-C4的烷基酯。如果有醇存在,那么该燃料组合物还优选含有柴油机燃料、酯和醇形成的组合物的总重量的0.05-1.0%,最优选0.1-0.5%的C1-C4的醇。人们发现燃料组合物含有酯和醇具有优点,因为在室温,所有组分(柴油机燃料、醇和酯)以任意比例得到了完全均相的燃料组合物,该组合物倾点低于0℃,经常甚至低于-4℃。而且还发现酯的加入可以减少醇、特别是乙醇大大降低闪点的影响。
该燃料组合物还优选含有一种或多种脂肪酸,以稳定闪点。人们已发现下列脂肪酸组合物明显适合用于燃料组合物。它们是:
游离脂肪酸:含量约80重量%
脂肪酸衍生物:约20重量%
脂肪酸组合物:C14:0酸0.1重量%,C16:0(棕榈酸)6重量%,C16:1酸0.4重量%,C18:0酸0.2重量%,C18:1(油酸)57重量%,C18:2(亚油酸)22重量%,C18:3(亚麻酸)7重量%,C22:1酸0.2重量%。
该燃料组合物还含有常规的添加剂,如十六烷值改进剂,改进冷过滤堵塞点的试剂,点火促进剂,倾点改进剂、除垢剂以及防尘剂。
如果酯用于降低从石油中或石油的馏分如中间馏分得到的燃料(例如柴油机燃料)的闪点,这会导致两相体系的形成。例如将约为3重量%(按总的燃料组合物为基准计算)的酯加入柴油机燃料中,这种情况就会发生。相反,脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物的加入又会抵消两相体系的形成。必须加入到这种燃料中以适当降低燃料组合物闪点的酯、醇、脂肪酸的量处于同一范围内。
实施例1
制备含有下列成分的燃料组合物,组合物的闪点通过ASTM D-93(ISL EP 93 5G)所述的方法来确定。柴油机燃料从壳牌公司获得(1999年11月8日,08.14h,Giessen,the Netherlands)。该柴油机燃料的指标如下:
浊点(与季节有关)
冷过滤堵塞点(EN116,与季节有关)
十六烷指数(ASTM D-4737):最小值46
十六烷值(ASTM D-613):最小值49
密度(ASTM D-4052):820-860kg/dm3
最高沸点(ASTM D-86):最大值370℃
闪点(ASTM D-93):最小值55℃
含硫量(ASTM D-2622):最大值0.05重量%
粘度(ASTM D-445):最小值2.0mm2/S
含水量(ASTM E-1046):最大值200mg/l
脂肪酸组合物从Vogtrans公司(Fettsaüre Typ I,816+781,1999年4月10日)获得。乙醇(无水,分析纯)从Merck公司获得。乳酸乙酯从Purac(batch HK 435GL)获得。得到结果如下(参看表1)。
                           表1
    脂肪酸(wt%)     乙醇(wt%)    乳酸乙酯(wt%)     闪点(℃)
    1     0.00     0.00     0.00     50.6
    2     0.00     0.00     1.25     48.6
    3     0.00     0.00     2.50     47.6
    4     0.00     1.25     0.00     17.6
    5     0.00     1.25     1.25     18.6
    6     0.00     1.25     2.50     20.6
    7     0.00     2.50     0.00     12.5
    8     0.00     2.50     1.25     14.5
    9     0.00     2.50     2.50     15.5
    10     2.50     0.00     0.00     51.6
    11     2.50     0.00     1.25     50.6
    12     2.50     0.00     2.50     47.6
    13     2.50     1.25     0.00     18.5
    14     2.50     1.25     1.25     20.5
    15     2.50     1.25     2.50     22.5
    16     2.50     2.50     0.00     15.5
    17     2.50     2.50     1.25     16.5
    18     2.50     2.50     2.50     16.5
    19     5.00     0.00     0.00     52.6
    20     5.00     0.00     1.25     50.6
    21     5.00     0.00     2.50     49.6
    22     5.00     1.25     0.00     20.5
    23     5.00     1.25     1.25     22.5
    24     5.00     1.25     2.50     24.5
    25     5.00     2.50     0.00     16.5
    26     5.00     2.50     1.25     17.5
    27     5.00     2.50     2.50     19.5
    28     2.50     1.25     1.25     20.5
    29     2.50     1.25     1.25     20.5
    30     2.50     1.25     1.25     20.5
从上表可以看出采用乙醇实际上不能降低燃料组合物的闪点。
计算表明,由乳酸乙酯(2.50重量%)和脂肪酸组合物(5.00重量%)造成的闪点升高,通过加入0.12重量%的乙醇而抵消了。当加入大于约3重量%的乳酸乙酯时,组合物在室温就发生分层,这种现象又可通过加入脂肪酸组合物而抵消。
实施例2
首先制备含有下列成分的燃料组合物,然后根据ASTM D-93(ISLEP 5G)所述的方法测定这些组合物的闪点。生物柴油从Q8(KPA 2536,生物柴油/RME,RL98-1719)获得。脂肪酸组合物从Vogtrans(Fettsaüre Typ I,816+781,1999年4月10日)获得。乙醇(无水,分析纯)从Merck公司获得。乳酸乙酯从Purac(batch HK435GL)获得。得到的结果如下(参看表2)。
从表2可以看出,当加入乙醇和/或乳酸乙酯时,体系没有发生分层,因此脂肪酸的加入没有严格的必要。单独加入乳酸乙酯就可降低闪点,不过必须加入约12重量%的乳酸乙酯以将闪点从170℃降低至70℃,这种作法经济上不可取。另外它还有一个弊端是使燃烧效率降低约6%。由于实际的原因,根据本发明,优选通过加入乙醇和乳酸乙酯的混合物来降低闪点。
ASPEN计算结果表明乳酸乙酯降低燃料的倾点(如果是油酸甲酯燃料,加入10重量%的乳酸乙酯就能将倾点从7.67℃降低至-0.18℃),这是另一个优点,因为必须要加入的倾点下降剂可以减少。
                            表2
    脂肪酸(wt%)     乙醇(wt%)    乳酸乙酯(wt%)     闪点(℃)
    1     1.03     0.99     3.19     44.9
    2     2.02     0.98     3.19     45.9
    3     1.03     1.95     3.22     31.9
    4     1.99     1.94     3.16     33.0
    5     1.02     0.96     6.14     46.0
    6     1.96     0.96     6.12     47.0
    7     1.02     1.87     6.04     35.0
    8     1.98     1.87     6.01     35.0
    9     2.01     1.81     5.09     34.5
    10     2.09     0.55     5.21     54.5
    11     1.69     1.43     4.68     39.0
    12     1.68     1.43     4.61     40.0
    13     0.00     0.00     6.24     85.0
    14     0.00     1.54     0.00     34.2
    15     2.33     0.00     0.00     181.0
    16     0.00     0.00     0.00     176.0
    17     0.00     1.00     3.90     48.2
    18     0.00     0.51     3.91     59.0
    19     0.00     0.52     0.00     34.2
    20     0.56     0.53     3.90     59.0
    21     0.93     0.51     3.96     47.0
    22     0.00     0.32     1.38     67.0
    23     0.00     0.49     2.63     63.0
    24     0.66     0.60     1.90     56.0
    25     0.94     1.00     1.11     36.8
    26     1.01     1.00     0.00     54.8
    27     1.05     0.00     1.13     124.8
    28     0.00     0.00     0.00     176.8
    29     0.00     0.00     3.24     97.8
    30     0.00     0.00     6.35     81.8
    31     0.00     0.27     0.00     101.8
    32     0.00     0.26     3.27     78.8
    33     0.00     0.25     6.38     67.8
    34     0.00     0.53     0.00     77.8
    35     0.00     0.51     3.29     63.8
    36     0.00     0.50     6.39     57.8
    37     0.00     0.26     3.22     77.8
    38     0.00     0.26     3.21     76.8
    39     0.00     0.00     3.28     96.8
    40     0.00     0.53     0.00     62.8
    41     0.00     0.53     0.00     72.8
    42     0.00     0.53     0.00     67.8
    43     0.00     1.05     0.00     42.8
    44     0.00     1.03     3.22     43.8
    45     0.00     0.98     6.13     46.8
    46     0.00     0.00     11.84     70.8
    47     0.00     0.94     11.99     50.7
    48     0.00     0.78     0.00     48.12
    49     0.00     0.77     3.18     49.1
    50     0.00     0.69     9.22     52.1
    51     0.00     0.73     6.46     50.2
    52     0.00     0.87     3.21     46.2
    53     0.00     0.39     5.13     61.2
    54     0.00     0.41     3.87     62.2
    55     0.00     0.31     3.21     68.2
    56     0.00     0.49     2.62     59.2
    57     0.00     0.99     2.94     43.2

Claims (15)

1、一种燃料组合物,其含有一种柴油机燃料和一种α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯。
2、如权利要求1所述的燃料组合物,其中柴油机燃料是生物柴油。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的燃料组合物,其包含一种C1-C4的醇。
4、如权利要求1-3之一所述的燃料组合物,其中α-羟基一元羧酸是乳酸。
5、如权利要求1-4之一所述的燃料组合物,其中α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯是乳酸乙酯。
6、如权利要求1-5之一所述的燃料组合物,其中C1-C4的醇是乙醇。
7、如权利要求1-6之一所述的燃料组合物,其含有占组合物总重量的3%-6%的C1-C4的烷基酯。
8、如权利要求1-7之一所述的燃料组合物,其含有占组合物总重量的4%-5%的C1-C4的烷基酯。
9、如权利要求1-8之一所述的燃料组合物,其含有占组合物总重量的3%-6%的C1-C4的烷基酯和0.05%-1.0%的C1-C4的醇。
10、如权利要求1-9之一所述的燃料组合物,其含有占组合物总重量的4%-5%的C1-C4的烷基酯和0.1%-0.5%的C1-C4的醇。
11、α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯在降低燃料组合物的闪点中的用途。
12、α-羟基一元羧酸的C1-C4的烷基酯在降低燃料组合物的倾点中的用途。
13、如权利要求11或12所述的用途,其中所述的燃料组合物含有一种生物柴油。
14、如权利要求11或12所述的用途,其中燃料含有一种从中间馏分制备的柴油机燃料。
15、如权利要求11-14之一所述的用途,其中所述的酯是乳酸乙酯。
CNB00817881XA 1999-12-27 2000-12-22 燃料组合物 Expired - Fee Related CN1247749C (zh)

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