CN1345189A - 包含略微负电性的不易消化的多糖的营养组合物及其在降低由紧密结合部转运中的应用 - Google Patents
包含略微负电性的不易消化的多糖的营养组合物及其在降低由紧密结合部转运中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1345189A CN1345189A CN00805565A CN00805565A CN1345189A CN 1345189 A CN1345189 A CN 1345189A CN 00805565 A CN00805565 A CN 00805565A CN 00805565 A CN00805565 A CN 00805565A CN 1345189 A CN1345189 A CN 1345189A
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含略微负电性的不易消化的多糖的营养组合物,所述多糖的分子量为8-40000kD,该组合物的特征在于由于多糖导致的组合物粘度升高不超过20mPa·s。本发明还涉及该营养组合物在降低高分子量物质、过敏原及微生物通过肠壁吸收中的应用,具体而言是降低高分子量物质、过敏原及微生物通过肠紧密结合部的转运。本发明的营养组合物可用于防止或者治疗过敏、过敏反应、脓毒病和炎性疾病,例如在情感和物理压力下产生的那些,缺血,手术期间以及之后的再灌注损伤,放射治疗和/或化学治疗癌症患者以及炎性肠道疾病,腹泻和过敏。
Description
本发明涉及包含某些类别的不易消化的多糖的营养组合物。这些组合物降低高分子量物质、过敏原和微生物经由肠壁的吸收。具体而言,本发明涉及降低上述物质经由肠紧密结合部(tight junction,TJ)的转运,但不阻碍低分子量物质如营养素通过肠上皮的转运。该组合物可用于防止肠壁渗透性由于各种原因增加,以及由此导致的肠腔中存在的毒素、抗原和病原微生物的渗透。
紧密结合部的结构及功能描述于例如Ann.Rev.Physiol.60,121-160(1998)以及Ballard T.S.等人,Annu.Rev.Nutr.,1995,15:35-55中。紧密结合部对于由肠腔通过肠上皮扩散至血流中以及相反方向的扩散都不是刚性屏障,但起到重要的作用。
紧密结合部的渗透性是高度可调的,而且会受到疾病以及肠腔中某些毒素的干扰。调节作用由神经系统、激素系统以及免疫系统进行。当紧密结合部开放时,高分子量的物质、过敏原以及甚至微生物会由该紧密结合部中通过。高分子量物质的转移在某些条件下可使免疫系统致敏,并在随后的接触中导致过敏反应。病原微生物的转移使得完全需要免疫系统,而且特别是在抵抗力降低时,可导致人和动物产生疾病。这对于例如能够从上皮层中通过并能够到达血流中的细菌毒素也是相同的。
本发明涉及包含略微负电性的不易消化的多糖的营养组合物,所述多糖的分子量为8-40000kD,该组合物的特征在于由于多糖导致的组合物粘度升高不超过20mPa·s。
具体而言,本发明涉及这些组合物在降低高分子量物质、过敏原及微生物经由肠壁吸收中的应用。
更具体而言,本发明涉及上述组合物在降低高分子量物质、过敏原和微生物通过肠紧密结合部转运中的应用。
上述多糖的一些例子已有所描述。第2 813 797和2 834 684号美国专利描述了羧甲基葡聚糖作为增稠剂的应用,通过该方法,营养素获得某些所希望的功能特性。如以下所述,该粘度升高作用对于本发明是非所希望的。
另外,在WO97/41899中,氧化态葡聚糖的增稠作用被用于制备伤口敷料,通过该敷料可以受控及缓慢释放的方式向敷料下的组织释放活性成分。
EP 0 772 446描述了脱乙酰壳多糖与硫酸葡聚糖的组合在防止受损组织非所希望地粘连于周围组织中的应用。EP 0 759 760公开了脱乙酰壳多糖与硫酸葡聚糖的组合物对于皮肤伤口愈合的刺激作用。
在EP 0 754 460中描述了硫酸化粘多糖和硫酸葡聚糖可用于治疗与炎症有关的疾病,例如类风湿性关节炎、心或脑缺血、特异反应性皮炎、器官移植后的浸润。
在EP 0 737 072中描述了硫酸多糖如硫酸葡聚糖可防止细菌与呼吸道壁的结合。WO96/30027公开了硫酸多糖如角叉胶和硫酸葡聚糖可用于对抗轮状病毒感染。EP 0 719 783描述了不易消化的高度磷酸化多糖在增加营养素中钙吸收方面的应用。
这些文献都没有描述如本发明之权利要求1所定义的略微负电性的多糖的有益作用。更具体而言,没有描述这些多糖对肠紧密结合部的作用,而且在紧密结合部的渗透性受到干扰时能够降低高分子量物质、过敏原及微生物经由紧密结合部转运至肠道中。
除显著降低有害物质及微生物的转运外,本发明的显著优点是仍基本上保留有用物质(营养素)如葡萄糖、氨基酸、二肽或者微量元素的正常转运。
根据本发明,不易消化的多糖应理解为在身体的主要条件下不或者几乎不被人消化酶消化或者转化的多糖。必须指出的是,一些不易消化的多糖可被肠道(结肠、盲肠以及部分回肠)中存在的微生物发酵。不希望囿于任何理论,但认为多糖对副细胞(paracellular)转运的作用不是通过发酵产物进行的。
多糖的消化程度可使用Minekus,M.,博士论文,University of Utrecht,1998,Development and validation of a dynamic model of the gastrointestinaltract,Section 2描述的方法来测定。根据本发明的多糖低于50%、优选低于30%是可消化的。
优选的是,根据本发明的多糖包含在pH5.5-8的范围为负电性的基团,如羧基、硫酸或磷酸酯基,其量为每3-10000个糖单元含有1个负电性基团,优选每10-10000个糖单元含有1个负电性基团。其中负电性基团为羧基的多糖是最优选的。
这些多糖可通过合成途径或者利用天然多糖来制得。
改性多糖的例子是已向其中引入负电性基团的葡聚糖,例如羧基葡聚糖或者羧甲基葡聚糖。在高分子量葡聚糖水解之后或者期间,一个或多个羧基可通过衍生化作用引入到分子中。可例如使用Kiliani-Fischer反应或者用例如氯乙酸进行羧甲基化或者例如氧化分子的还原端,由此进行衍生化作用。天然的中性多糖也可按此方法产生一个或多个酸基。合适的天然多糖的例子是葡甘露聚糖;(半乳)甘露聚糖,如瓜尔胶、tara胶、角豆树胶、和刺槐豆胶;凝胶多糖;琼脂;阿拉伯聚糖;(阿拉伯)半乳聚糖、枸子胶、出芽短梗霉聚糖、和(阿拉伯)木聚糖。优选的是使用这些多糖的缩短形式或者水解产物。也可使用改性多糖的混合物。
天然多糖如阿拉伯胶、一些角叉胶制剂、chia胶、psyllium、黄蓍胶、茄替胶、okra胶、一些半纤维素制剂、welan胶、rhamsan胶、吉兰糖胶、以及具有高酯化度的某些果胶是合适的,但优选以一些其他方式得到的水解形式或者缩短形式。
当多糖包含过多负电性基团时,如藻酸盐、一些角叉胶制剂、吉兰糖胶、黄原胶、刺梧桐胶和许多果胶制剂,则通过例如酯化作用保护合适部分的这些负电性基团,可得到合适量的负电性基团。由此,可增加与紧密结合部的特异性相互作用。
优选的是使用每10-10000个糖单元中包含1个羧基的多糖。分子量为20-2000kD而且每10-10000个糖单元中包含1个羧基的羧基葡聚糖是特别优选的。
制剂中多糖的量优选使肠道中这些多糖的浓度为0.1-20g/l,优选0.5-10g/l,并最优选为1-6g/l。活性物质的最小量是使通过紧密结合部的转运显著降低时所观察到的量。
将多糖给药于副细胞转运受到干扰的位置处不是必须的。在胃与受影响部位之间的肠道位置处存在活性物质就已足够。
根据本发明使用的一些多糖具有粘度升高作用,这将阻碍营养成分的吸收。制剂中的成分不应阻碍正常的跨细胞转运。
更具体而言,根据本发明的营养组合物具有低于100mPa·s、优选低于40mPa·s、甚至更优选低于30mPa·s的粘度。对于本发明特别重要的是,无论组合物的其他组成如何,多糖仅具有轻微的粘度升高作用。组合物中活性多糖的粘度升高作用必须低于20mPa·s、并优选低于10mPa·s,而且例如可以是3mPa·s。产物的粘度因此主要是由产物中的组分而非多糖产生的。
粘度是在每秒100的剪切速率和20℃下使用Carri-med测定的。
对于干燥产物,在产物复原后上述粘度限制也是适用的。
因此,通常情况下,多糖的类型(结构及分子量)及其浓度的选择应使效果和粘度得到最佳组合。不仅分子大小,而且分枝程度和负载量也决定活性、粘度和/或发酵性质。
根据本发明的多糖防止高分子量物质、过敏原以及微生物通过肠壁紧密结合部的自由转运。在此方面,高分子量物质应理解为在正常条件下不能由紧密结合部中通过而且由其产生毒性或过敏作用的物质。这些物质通常具有大于4000道尔顿的分子尺寸。抗原是激活免疫系统的物质,其通常为肽,可以是或者不是糖苷化的,经常具有超过10000道尔顿的分子量。过敏原是导致过敏反应的抗原,其通常是由免疫球蛋白E介导的。
在本发明中,微生物应特别理解为在肠道腔中存在的微生物。因此,在某些情况下,由于该紧密结合部与这些微生物的接触增加,导致微生物在小肠中的生长。
根据本发明的另一个方面提供包含略微负电性的不易消化的多糖的食品或制剂。这些食品可以是:
—完全食品;
—食品增补剂;
—促进健康的制剂;以及
—管喂食料。
根据本发明的组合物可用于防止或者治疗过敏、过敏反应、脓毒病和炎性疾病,例如在情感和物理压力下产生的那些,缺血,手术期间以及之后的再灌注损伤,放射治疗和/或化学治疗癌症患者以及炎性肠道疾病,腹泻和过敏。
如上所述的完全食品和食品增补剂可用于治疗或预防肠道炎性疾病,如溃疡性结肠炎、炎性肠疾病和局限性回肠炎。可掺入在所述食品及增补剂中的其他具体组分是生长激素、谷氨酰胺、n-3 LCPUFA以及必须量的常量成分和微量成分。
另外,根据本发明的食品可在手术前和手术后使用。具体而言,在手术期间,常引起肠道缺血和再灌注损伤,其结果是导致紧密结合部开放。在手术前和手术后向肠道中引入根据本发明的多糖,可防止非受控的副细胞转运。在化疗之后给药这些多糖也是有益的。
如果是腹泻,也会发生许多与紧密结合部的渗透性增加有关的病理—形态变化。这些变化可发生在旅行者腹泻、抗生素治疗后的腹泻以及食物中毒后的腹泻中。根据本发明的完全食品和食品增补剂可用于抵消该渗透性增加引起的负面后果。
在物理以及情感压力期间,紧密结合部也会开放,其结果是发生细菌转移。发生该现象的情感压力的一个例子是在将猪运送至屠宰场时发生的压力。其结果是发生猪肉污染。另一个例子是在阉割小猪时发生的压力。可在压力之前、期间或之后给药根据本发明的多糖。
借助于根据本发明的多糖,还可制备适用于对食物如牛奶或花粉过敏的患者的制剂。可防止由于接触过敏原导致的渗透性增加。这些制剂的配制应使其中不包含过敏原。
现在将根据以下实施例并参考附图更为详细地说明本发明,在附图中:
图1显示了实施例中所使用的Ussing腔室;
图2显示了证实本发明之效果的图;以及
图3显示了实施例中使用的测试装置。
实施例I、制备活性化合物的方法
实施例1
20g略微水解的瓜尔胶溶解在300ml二甲基甲酰胺中。在该溶液中添加50g吡啶三氧化硫,之后将温度保持在80-140℃共6小时。减压除去二甲基甲酰胺,然后将产物溶解在300ml水中。用200ml二氯甲烷洗涤3次后,透析含水相,然后冻干。
实施例2
将1.1kg葡聚糖(147kD)溶解在2.3L水中,然后添加17.4g氯化铵和4.8g氰化钾,由此制得羧基葡聚糖。在55℃下搅拌40小时,然后添加7ml的HCOOH,并剧烈通入氮气3小时。进一步添加7ml的HCOOH后,进行冻干,由此制得干燥的氰基葡聚糖。将1.1kg的氰基葡聚糖溶解在2L水中,然后添加14.6g碳酸钠。在60℃下搅拌136小时,同时剧烈地通入氮气,然后冻干,得到所希望的羧基葡聚糖。
实施例3
将100g葡聚糖(147kD)溶解在500ml水中,然后在该溶液中添加40g氢氧化钠和12g氯乙酸,由此制得分子量为147000道尔顿的羧甲基葡聚糖。在60℃下搅拌混合物2小时,然后处理该混合物的5/6。用乙醇从水中沉淀3次后,将产物溶解在水中,然后透析并冻干。
实施例4
将20g略微水解的瓜尔胶与20g磷酸二氢钠和30g磷酸氢二钠一起溶解在500ml水中。由此得到Ts<0.1的磷酸化瓜尔胶。将其在60℃下干燥,然后在140℃下保持2小时。接着透析并干燥。II、产物的实施例
以下给出各种产品的组成的例子,其中活性成分为羧基葡聚糖。根据本发明,在本申请中描述的其他多糖以及它们的混合物也可以使用。
各种类型的产品可以是完全肠溶食品,可为患者自己使用或者作为管喂食品。产品可为液体形式或者是粉末形式,后者可在溶解后备用。活性成分也可在其他食品(例如面包)或者食品增补剂中使用,例如长条形面包,奶制品如酸牛奶,或者为小袋形式的粉末。
实施例5
在手术之前或者之后使用的立即可食的液体完全食品。每100ml产品具有以下组成:
蛋白质 7.0g
脂肪 4.0g
碳水化合物 21g
根据实施例2的羧基葡聚糖 0.2g
每100ml产品中,以推荐日允许量(RDA)的1/15添加矿物质。以略高的量,如2/15 RDA,添加微量元素和维生素。产品的配制使患者必须消耗1500ml。
实施例6
用管向炎性肠疾病患者给药完全食品。该产品每100ml包含以下成分:
以酪蛋白为基础的蛋白质:7.0g
以植物油及10%鱼油和20%MCT为基础的脂肪;亚油酸含量为20%,而α-亚麻酸含量为4.5%
与常规形式的微量元素、维生素和矿物质Na、K、Ca、Mg、P、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、维生素B1、B2、维生素PP、A、D、K、B6、B12、泛酸、叶酸的预混物
根据实施例2的羧基葡聚糖:0.6g实施例7
用于食品过敏患者的食品增补剂。
以大豆奶为基础的酸牛奶。该酸牛奶每100ml包含以下成分:
蛋白质:4.0g,脂肪3.9g,碳水化合物12.3g,0.1 RDA的维生素和微量元素
Na=80,K=135,Cl=125,Ca=50,P=50,Mg=20mg
根据实施例2的羧基葡聚糖:0.5g
实施例8
运动员用的能量饮料。
每100ml液体包含以下成分:
碳水化合物: 7.0g
葡萄糖: 0.2g
果糖: 1.8g
乳糖: 0.4g
蔗糖: 1.7g
多糖: 2.5g
有机酸: 0.4g
矿物质:
Na: 37mg
K: 17mg
Cl: 58mg
Ca: 8mg
Mg: 1mg
维生素C: 15mg
根据实施例2的羧基葡聚糖:0.1g实施例9
用于猪或小猪饲料的预混物。
A/预混物由90%玉米粉和10%的150kD羧基葡聚糖组成。
B/预混物由合适的维生素、微量元素和矿物质的预混物以及10%根据实施例2制得的羧基葡聚糖组成。
预混物A、B或者它们的混合物可以猪饲料的形式使用。这些混合物特别适合用作以下时期的饲料:在运输猪或者在圈中不同的位置转移或者抵抗力下降时。
这些预混物还可用作阉割后的小猪饲料,作为已知的小猪饲料的添加剂或者替代品。III、对经由肠紧密结合部的转运的影响
使用已确立的模型来测定所用多糖的作用。
使大鼠麻醉。然后切开胃壁,结扎回肠。取出肠组织,并从其上剥离肌肉层。将所得的肠组织在两个室之间拉伸,并通过这两个室流入加氧溶液(图1)。肠组织用缓冲液(对照或者零值)或者在缓冲液中的碳酰胆碱处理,以使紧密结合部开放(100%渗透性),或者用在缓冲液中的碳酰胆碱与特定浓度的多糖组合处理。作为渗透性的量度,根据已知的方法测量HRP(辣根过氧化酶)跨过肠组织的转运。
如图2所示,与具有可比分子量的中性葡聚糖相比,羧基葡聚糖降低了碳酰胆碱引起的肠渗透性升高。
由两个患有微绒毛包含(microvillus inclusion)疾病的儿童中抽取十二指肠活检组织。在Ussing腔室中,这些组织所显示的对HRP的渗透性比正常值高4倍。在Ussing腔室中向空室添加4.2g 70kD羧基葡聚糖,渗透性降低至正常水平。用电子显微镜在副细胞空间或者紧密结合部中没有进一步检测出HRP。
Claims (11)
1、包含略微负电性的不易消化的多糖的营养组合物,所述多糖的分子量为8-40000kD,该组合物的特征在于由于多糖导致的组合物粘度升高不超过20mPa·s。
2、如权利要求1所述的营养组合物,其中所述多糖包含在pH为5.5-8时为负电性的基团,其量为每3-10000个糖单元含有1个负电性基团,优选每10-10000个糖单元含有1个负电性基团。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的营养组合物,其中所述负电性基团是羧基、硫酸或磷酸酯基,优选羧基。
4、如前述权利要求之一所述的营养组合物,其中所述多糖是通过在葡聚糖、略微水解的中性半乳甘露聚糖、中性葡甘露聚糖或者阿拉伯木聚糖中引入酸基而得到的。
5、如前述权利要求之一所述的营养组合物,其中所述多糖是分子量为20-2000kD而且每10-10000个糖单元包含1个羧基的羧基葡聚糖。
6、如前述权利要求之一所述的营养组合物,其中组合物中所述多糖的量使肠道中这些多糖的浓度为0.1-20g/l,优选0.5-10g/l,并最优选为1-6g/l。
7、如前述权利要求之一所述的营养组合物,其为完全食品的形式。
8、如前述权利要求之一所述的营养组合物,其为食品增补剂的形式。
9、如前述权利要求之一所述的营养组合物在降低高分子量物质、过敏原及微生物通过肠壁吸收中的应用。
10、如权利要求9所述的应用,其是降低高分子量物质、过敏原及微生物通过肠紧密结合部的转运。
11、如权利要求9或10所述的应用,其是用于防止或者治疗过敏、过敏反应、脓毒病和炎性疾病,例如在情感和物理压力下产生的那些,缺血,手术期间以及之后的再灌注损伤,放射治疗和/或化学治疗癌症患者以及炎性肠道疾病,腹泻和过敏。
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2000
- 2000-03-21 WO PCT/NL2000/000187 patent/WO2000057727A1/en active Application Filing
- 2000-03-21 ES ES00914366T patent/ES2338747T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-03-21 AT AT00914366T patent/ATE452544T1/de active
- 2000-03-21 EP EP00914366A patent/EP1164874B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-03-21 JP JP2000607492A patent/JP2002539809A/ja active Pending
- 2000-03-21 AU AU35755/00A patent/AU3575500A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-03-21 CN CNB008055653A patent/CN100448451C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-03-21 PT PT00914366T patent/PT1164874E/pt unknown
- 2000-03-21 DE DE60043579T patent/DE60043579D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-03-21 DK DK00914366.0T patent/DK1164874T3/da active
- 2000-03-21 US US09/937,395 patent/US6686341B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-06-25 HK HK02104709.2A patent/HK1042833B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109793751A (zh) * | 2019-01-15 | 2019-05-24 | 广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所 | 阿拉伯木聚糖磺酸盐在制备治疗骨关节炎的药物中的应用 |
CN109793751B (zh) * | 2019-01-15 | 2021-02-26 | 广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所 | 阿拉伯木聚糖磺酸盐在制备治疗骨关节炎的药物中的应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1164874A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 |
EP1164874B1 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
NL1011680C2 (nl) | 2000-09-27 |
CN100448451C (zh) | 2009-01-07 |
AU3575500A (en) | 2000-10-16 |
ATE452544T1 (de) | 2010-01-15 |
PT1164874E (pt) | 2010-03-22 |
DK1164874T3 (da) | 2010-03-01 |
DE60043579D1 (de) | 2010-02-04 |
HK1042833A1 (en) | 2002-08-30 |
HK1042833B (zh) | 2010-02-26 |
US6686341B1 (en) | 2004-02-03 |
ES2338747T3 (es) | 2010-05-12 |
WO2000057727A1 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
JP2002539809A (ja) | 2002-11-26 |
EP1164874A4 (en) | 2002-04-08 |
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