CN1305664C - 通道尺寸变化的蜂窝状结构及其制造用模具 - Google Patents

通道尺寸变化的蜂窝状结构及其制造用模具 Download PDF

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CN1305664C
CN1305664C CNB028170288A CN02817028A CN1305664C CN 1305664 C CN1305664 C CN 1305664C CN B028170288 A CNB028170288 A CN B028170288A CN 02817028 A CN02817028 A CN 02817028A CN 1305664 C CN1305664 C CN 1305664C
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D·M·比尔
J·马切尔
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Abstract

一种蜂窝状结构,它包括彼此相对的一入口端和一出口端、以及沿着一轴线从入口端至出口端延伸的多个网眼通道,诸网眼通道具有不等的方形横截面。本发明还涉及一种用于制造该蜂窝状结构的一挤压模。

Description

通道尺寸变化的蜂窝状结构及其制造用模具
本申请是提出于2001年8月30日的序列号为09/943,258的申请的部分延续。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种诸如蜂窝状结构之类的多室结构,特别是用于捕获和燃烧柴油机排气微粒的多室结构。
背景技术
在柴油机排气的净化中使用壁流过滤器,通常这样的柴油机微粒过滤器用堇青石或碳化硅制成,并包括一蜂窝状本体,该蜂窝状本体具有互连的多孔薄壁,诸多孔壁形成在该结构的两端面之间纵向延伸的、具有相同液压直径的平行网眼通道。在蜂窝状本体一端面上的交替的网眼用陶瓷过滤器材料堵塞,以形成一“棋盘”式的图案。该图案在相对侧上是相反的,以使各通道的端部仅在结构的一端处被堵塞。当柴油机排气穿过一个端面(亦即入口端)进入过滤器时,它被迫使穿过多孔壁,以穿过相对的端面(亦即出口端)排出。
为了进行柴油机排气过滤,具有约10至300网眼/平方英寸(约1.55至46.5网眼/平方厘米)之间、更典型地是在约100至200网眼/平方英寸(约15.5至31网眼/平方厘米)之间的网眼密度的蜂窝状结构被认为可用来以一紧凑的结构提供足够的薄壁区域。壁厚可以从提供结构整体性的最小尺寸、约0.002英寸(约0.05毫米)开始向上变化,但一般小于约0.060英寸(1.5毫米),以使过滤器体积最小。约0.010至0.030英寸(约0.25至0.76毫米)之间的一范围、例如0.019英寸是最通常被选为这些材料的较佳网眼密度。
薄壁的互连开孔的孔隙率可以变化,但最一般的是大于薄壁体积的25%,并通常大于约35%,以允许流体流过薄壁。当开口孔的体积高于约70%时,柴油机过滤器的整体性会出现问题;因此,这些体积通常为50%左右。为了进行柴油机微粒过滤,人们认为该开孔孔隙率可由平均直径在约1至60微米范围内、较佳地在约10至50微米范围内的通道壁的孔隙来提供。
使用所述的堇青石材料可以实现高达或超过90%(重量)的柴油机排气微粒的过滤效率。对于其它的过滤应用、包括较小型的柴油发动机的排气过滤,可要求过滤较少一些、但仍是相当一部分(亦即小于50%)的微粒。当然,效率会随载带在排气流中的微粒尺寸的范围和分布状态而变化。体积孔隙率和平均空隙尺寸通常规定为由传统的压汞孔隙率测定法来确定。
授予Frost等人的美国专利第4,420,316号讨论了堇青石壁流柴油机微粒过滤器设计。美国专利第5,914,187号讨论了碳化硅壁流柴油机微粒过滤器。
存在着与这里所述类型的传统过滤器相关的问题。特别是,当排气通过过滤器时,微粒物质(亦即炭黑)积聚在网眼通道的壁上或者在壁的孔中,并形成一炭黑层。该炭黑层减小了网眼通道的流力直径,导致穿过滤器长度的一压降,并导致过滤器对发动机的反压逐渐上升。
最终,压降变得令人无法接受,而必须更新过滤器。在传统的系统中,更新过程包括加热过滤器以使炭黑层开始燃烧。通常,在更新过程中,过滤器中的温度从约400-600℃上升至最高约800-1000℃。在某些环境下,当燃烧的起始与排气中的高氧气含量和低流速(诸如发动机空转情况)相一致或紧接其后时,可能会产生所谓的“不受控的更新”。在不受控的更新过程中,炭黑的燃烧可能会在过滤器内产生温度峰值,这样的温度峰值可能会对过滤器造成热冲击和使其热开裂,或者甚至熔化过滤器。因为排出流沿着过滤器往下游携带燃烧热量,所以炭黑的燃烧从过滤器的进入面向排出面行进,因而,由于炭黑燃烧的累积效应,在更新中的最高温度将在过滤器排出端附近产生。
除了捕获炭黑之外,过滤器还捕获排气所携带的“灰份”微粒。这些微粒包括金属氧化物杂质、来自润滑油的添加剂、硫酸盐等等,它们不燃烧,因而无法在更新过程中去除掉。此外,如果在不受控条件下的温度足够高,则灰份微粒最终可能会烧结到过滤器上,或者甚至与过滤器起反应并导致部分的熔化。
人们已经认识到,由于在工作中,炭黑的形成减小了网眼通道的有效流动面积,所以微粒的这种集聚在网眼壁表面上和诸孔隙中形成结块,最终也会影响到压降。于1981年6月30日授权于Outland的美国专利第4,276,017号中提出了一种解决该问题的方法。Outland揭示了一种过滤器设计,其入口通道的横截面面积比相邻的出口或者排放通道的横截面面积大。为了实现面积不等的入口和出口通路,Outland给出了一种不等边六角形横截面的入口网眼通道,其与三角形横截面的出口网眼通道相邻,如图5h-j所示,还给出了带有曲线状或凸出的入口和/或出口通道的图案,如图5k-p所示。在过滤器结构的设计中,Outland还要求除了在它们的交叉点、诸如在角部处之外,所有内壁都在入口和出口通道之间延伸。不过,这样的设计是不实际的,并且更重要的是难于以高效和成本经济的方式进行制造。现有技术的模具限制了这种复杂的蜂窝状结构的制造。
人们想要获得这样一种柴油机排气微粒过滤器,它在保持良好的气体流速的同时,表现出加大的炭黑和灰份微粒存储能力。人们还想要利用现有的模具技术来高效和成本经济地制造这样一种过滤装置。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供一种柴油机微粒过滤器,一种柴油机排气微粒过滤器,它包括一个堵塞的壁流蜂窝状过滤器本体,所述蜂窝状本体用陶瓷材料制成,并具有从其前面的入口端至其排出的出口端穿过该本体的多个平行的端部堵塞的入口和出口网眼,诸网眼以棋盘式图案布置,使得每一个出口网眼具有四侧,四侧的每一侧与一单个的入口网眼相邻,其中,诸网眼具有由内多孔壁所形成的不等的方形横截面,且入口网眼的横截面比出口网眼的横截面大,内多孔壁包括:便于入口与出口网眼之间相通的一第一部分,以及仅接合入口网眼而不与出口网眼相通处的内壁的其余部分。
这种柴油机微粒过滤器在使用中保持良好的气体流速的同时增加存储炭黑和灰份微粒的能力。与此同时,本发明的结构可以利用目前的模具技术以高效和成本经济的方式进行制造。
除了经济上的优点之外,本发明的过滤器的其它优点还包括性能上的优点。一个这样的优点为在高炭黑负载(亦即>5克/升)下具有较低的压降,并因而具有较低的压力增加速率。穿过壁流过滤器的压降取决于多个因素,包括结构的原始或“净”压降、网眼通道的流力直径、结构内壁上的炭黑填塞密度、以及炭黑穿入内壁孔隙(特别是在炭黑沉积的早期中)的程度。当积聚的炭黑量增加时,流力直径减小,并导致排气穿过壁和炭黑层的流动阻力逐步增加。该流动阻力可用穿过滤器的长度来测量,且该阻力导致对发动机的反压增加。
在本发明的较大的入口网眼通道中,相同量的炭黑将产生较薄的炭黑层,并对产生较小的有害的流力直径减小。因而,排气不仅能更为容易地穿过网眼通道,而且也较易穿过内壁上的炭黑层。因此,较少需要更新。
一个相关的优点是较高的灰份存储能力。诸如炭黑之类的灰份沉积在入口网眼的内壁上。同样,较大的入口网眼表面面可以积聚较大量的灰份,且清洗次数较少。
另一优点是较少的面堵塞。面堵塞是当灰份或炭黑覆盖或阻塞入口通道、从而实际上在这些敞开的网眼中形成堵塞物时所发生的一种情况。令人不希望的是,这种情况破坏了过滤器的功能。较大的入口通道可以减轻或消除该问题。
本发明的过滤器设计成保持了与厚壁蜂窝状结构相关的高热质量,并兼有较薄的内网眼壁结构才可能有的加大的开口前面面积和大的入口流力直径。为了说明的目的,在网眼密度为每平方英寸(cpsi)200网眼的一本发明结构中,热质量将等于网眼密度相同且壁厚为0.019密耳的一蜂窝状结构,而开口的前面面积和流力直径则将等于同样具有相同的网眼密度但壁厚为0.012密耳的一蜂窝状结构的开口的前面面积和流力直径。高的热质量有力地确保了在柴油机排放系统中所遇到的情况中更大的耐熔化和抗热开裂能力,且同时,如前所述,入口端处的较大的开口前面面积和入口网眼通道处的流力直径可保持在高炭黑负载下的较低压降。
本发明的柴油机微粒过滤器包括一个蜂窝状本体,所述蜂窝状本体具有彼此相对的一入口端和一出口或排放端,以及沿着一轴线从入口端至出口端延伸的多个网眼通道。诸网眼通道具有不相等的流力直径,并且穿过结构的表面交替布置。流力直径指的是排气流动穿过的有效横截面面积。网眼通道具有由内多孔直壁形成的方形横截面,且入口网眼的横截面比出口网眼的横截面大。在本发明的结构中,内壁包括便于入口与出口网眼之间相通的一第一部分、以及仅接合入口网眼而不与出口网眼相通处的其余或者第二部分。较佳的是,第一内壁部分是进行过滤的,即允许排气在流出入口网眼通道和流入出口网眼通道中容易地穿过,并且可将炭黑、灰份微粒等等收集和捕获于其中。内壁的其余部分较佳地是不进行过滤的,即不希望柴油机排气穿过其以从入口流出和流入出口网眼。该第二内壁部分围绕入口通路延伸,且只与入口通路相通。较佳的是,入口网眼的横截面为出口网眼的1.1-2.0倍、较佳的是1.3-1.6倍。本发明的结构具有不相等的入口和出口通路的优点,亦即炭黑和灰份微粒的存储能力增加,面堵塞减少,且为方形横截面的网眼设计,这样的设计可用现有的模具设计技术以高效和成本经济的工艺来制造。
蜂窝状结构可以用堇青石、碳化硅或其它类似的多孔但是耐热的陶瓷材料制成。尽管在本发明中网眼密度不是关键的,但是较佳的是,蜂窝状结构具有约100至300网眼/平方英寸(约15.5-46.5网眼/平方厘米)、更佳地是在约200网眼/平方英寸(15.5-31网眼/平方厘米)的网眼密度,且壁厚约0.01至0.025英寸(0.25至0.64毫米)。
本发明还涉及一种包括一模具本体的制作蜂窝状结构用的挤压模,所述模具本体包括:一入口面,一与入口面相对的挤出面,从入口面延伸入本体的多个馈送孔,多个挤出槽的一交叉阵列,诸挤出槽从挤出面延伸入本体,以在模具内在馈送孔/槽的交叉点处与馈送孔连接,挤出槽的交叉阵列由两种不同横截面面积、形成大小交替布置的一多个销的棋盘矩阵的多个销的侧面形成。
附图简述
图1是带有等直径的入口和出口网眼通道的一现有技术的端部堵塞的蜂窝状结构的图;
图2是根据本发明的端部堵塞的蜂窝状结构的一实施例的图,其中入口网眼通道的直径比出口网眼通道的直径大;
图3是图2所示结构的标号为100的部分的图;
图4a-d是一组照片,示出了对称的一现有技术蜂窝状结构和用其制得的壁流过滤器(图4a、b),还示出了根据本发明所指示的技术的一蜂窝状结构和用其制得的壁流过滤器(图4c、d)。
具体实施方式
请参见图1,其中示出了一现有技术的、其网眼通道流力直径相等的端部堵塞的蜂窝状结构的俯视图。图2中示出了本发明的一实施例的俯视图。蜂窝状结构10有一前端或入口端12。尽管没有示出,出口端与入口端12相对。被分成入口网眼通道14和出口网眼通道16的许多网眼通道在入口和出口端之间延伸。网眼通道具有由内多孔壁18形成的正方形横截面。内壁18是笔直的,基本纵向和相互平行地在结构的入口和出口端之间延伸。网眼通道或通路布置成交替设置入口网眼通道14和出口网眼通道16,形成一种大小流力直径的网眼通道交替布置的图案。因此,各网眼通道14在所有的侧面上与网眼通道16接壤,反之亦然。
请参见图3,其中示出了图2标号为100的部分的放大图。内壁18的一第一部分是入口14和出口16网眼共有的。由标号110标示的该部分位于出口网眼16的整个长度之间,但仅位于入口网眼14的部分之间。内壁18的标号为110的部分铰接的是进行过滤的,即在工作中,柴油机排气穿过其从入口通路14流至出口通路16。内壁18的其余部分112与入口通路14的不与出口通路16相通的部分接合。内壁112较佳的是不进行过滤的,即在工作中,排气不太可能从入口通路14穿过其流到达出口通路16。不过,应予注意的是,一些碳质和灰份的微粒可能会被捕获和收集于其中。入口网眼通道14的横截面或流力直径为大约出口网眼通道16的流力直径的1.1-2.0倍、较佳地约1.3-1.6倍。尽管不是关键性的,但较佳地是,该结构具有约100-300网眼/平方英寸(15.5-46.5网眼/平方厘米)的网眼密度,且更佳地是约200网眼/平方英寸(15.5-31网眼/平方厘米),并且壁厚较佳的是约0.001至0.025英寸(0.25-0.64毫米),且更佳的是约0.019英寸(0.486毫米)。
入口网眼通道14和出口网眼通道16都沿着它们的一段长度堵塞,可以在入口端处或者在出口端处。在图2和3中,由于所示为入口端,则堵塞了出口网眼通道16。堵塞物的厚度较佳的是大约2毫米至5毫米。因此,入口网眼通道14在入口端敞开,而在出口端堵塞。反之,出口网眼通道16在入口端堵塞,而在出口端敞开。这种堵塞的棋盘式结构使得流动流体与结构的多孔壁之间更加密切地接触。流入蜂窝状结构的流动流体穿过入口网眼通道、然后穿过多孔壁、并穿过出口网眼通道流出该结构。
请参见图4a-d,通过分别将现有技术的对称蜂窝状结构和用其制成的一端部堵塞的过滤器与本发明的蜂窝状结构和用其制成的一端部堵塞的过滤器作并列对比,就可以更好地说明本发明。
本发明的结构尤为适于柴油机微粒过滤器,特别是在通过燃烧炭黑来更新过滤器时可能会在过滤器中产生局部的高温、从而需要良好的耐热冲击性的应用场合中。本发明的蜂窝状结构可以用堇青石、碳化硅或者其它类似的多孔但耐高温的陶瓷材料制成。蜂窝状结构的横截面可以是圆形或者是方形的。不过,过滤器当然不一定要具有这些形状,也可以是椭圆、长方形、或者任何所选用的特定排放系统设计规定的横截面形状。
本发明还涉及一种用于制造本发明的蜂窝状结构的挤压模。如本发明所述的,适于制造带有交替的通道直径的蜂窝状本体的、制造蜂窝状结构用的挤压模将具有包括大小交替布置的多个销的销阵列。如何制作这些模具对本发明来说不是关键性的,因而可以用许多已知方法中的任一种来提供,这些方法包括美国专利第4,468,365号中所揭示的板阵列组件,或者通过如美国专利第5,761,787号中所述的那样将销阵列结合到一合适的模具基板上来提供。不过,一较佳的方法是使用一种插入EDM工艺,在该工艺中,一EDM电极构造成具有两个不同的横截面面积交替布置的、多行平行对齐的凸部。
因此,该新颖的模具包括一模具本体,该模具本体包括一入口面、一与入口面相对的挤出面、从入口面延伸入本体的多个馈送孔、以及多个挤出槽的一交叉阵列,诸挤出槽从挤出面延伸入本体,以在模具内在馈送孔/槽的交叉点处与馈送孔连接,挤出槽的交叉阵列由横截面面积不同、大小交替布置以形成一棋盘矩阵的多个销的侧面形成。
用于制作本发明的结构的一种合适的方法是:形成粉末状原材料的一可塑混合物、然后将其挤压穿过而成一带有交替布置的网眼通道直径的蜂窝状本体(可以将其干燥),然后再进行烧制以形成产品结构。烧制出的蜂窝式过滤器通常通过紧贴定位在一圆筒形钢制过滤器壳体内来安装,且在过滤器侧壁与壳体壁之间设置一难熔的弹性垫衬。然后,壳体的端部可以设有入口和出口锥体,用来将排气引入并穿过该结构的交替地堵塞的通道和多孔壁。
在本发明中,堵塞工艺由于入口和出口网眼通道的尺寸不同而变得更加容易。通常堵塞工艺是手工地进行的,它包括在一过滤器中采用一柔性蒙罩来遮盖棋盘图案中的每一个其它的网眼通道。然后用陶瓷浆糊(与蜂窝状结构相似材料的陶瓷浆糊)来填充外露的通道,该陶瓷浆糊可被烧制成陶瓷堵塞物。在结构的相对端上的图案是相反的,以仅在一端堵塞其各网眼通道。这种工艺过程的一个缺点是,在堵塞了第一侧之后,难于确定在第二端上应将蒙罩插入到那个孔中。在一较佳的实施例中,将单独的面罩安装到前端(或入口端)和后端(或出口端)上,以克服前述的缺点。蜂窝状结构可以用与生坯相同或相似材料的浆糊在烧制之前或之后进行堵塞,且采用适量的液态物来使之具有可工作的粘度,也可以添加粘合剂和塑化剂,如美国专利第4,329,162号中所述。
除了这里所述的实施例之外,熟悉本技术领域的人们能明白,可以不背离本发明的设计原理和保护范围而对上述发明作出许多修改和变化。

Claims (7)

1.一种柴油机排气微粒过滤器,它包括一个堵塞的壁流蜂窝状过滤器本体,所述蜂窝状本体用陶瓷材料制成,并具有从其前面的入口端至其排出的出口端穿过该本体的多个平行的端部堵塞的入口和出口网眼,诸网眼以棋盘式图案布置,使得每一个出口网眼具有四侧,四侧的每一侧与一单个的入口网眼相邻,其中,诸网眼具有由内多孔壁所形成的不等的方形横截面,且入口网眼的横截面比出口网眼的横截面大,内多孔壁包括:便于入口与出口网眼之间相通的一第一部分,以及仅接合入口网眼而不与出口网眼相通处的内壁的其余部分。
2.如权利要求1所述的柴油机排气过滤器,其特征在于,内壁的第一部分是进行过滤的,内壁的其余部分是不进行过滤的。
3.如权利要求1所述的柴油机排气过滤器,其特征在于,入口网眼的流力直径为出口网眼的1.1-2倍。
4.如权利要求3所述的柴油机排气过滤器,其特征在于,入口网眼的流力直径为出口网眼的1.3-1.6倍。
5.如权利要求4所述的柴油机排气过滤器,其特征在于,蜂窝状本体用堇青石或碳化硅制成。
6.一种包括一模具本体的制作蜂窝状结构用的挤压模,所述模具本体包括:
一入口面,
一与入口面相对的挤出面,
从入口面延伸入本体的多个馈送孔,
多个挤出槽的一交叉阵列,诸挤出槽从挤出面延伸入本体,以在模具内在馈送孔/槽的交叉点处与馈送孔连接,
挤出槽的交叉阵列由两种不同横截面面积、形成大小交替布置的一多个销的棋盘矩阵的多个销的侧面形成。
7.如权利要求6所述的制作蜂窝状结构用的挤压模,其特征在于,诸销具有一方形横截面。
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