CN1270551A - 用具有热塑性基质的复合材料制造组合件的方法 - Google Patents

用具有热塑性基质的复合材料制造组合件的方法 Download PDF

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CN1270551A
CN1270551A CN98809294A CN98809294A CN1270551A CN 1270551 A CN1270551 A CN 1270551A CN 98809294 A CN98809294 A CN 98809294A CN 98809294 A CN98809294 A CN 98809294A CN 1270551 A CN1270551 A CN 1270551A
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strengthening part
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CN1077842C (zh
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S·麦森
S·默尼耶
C·希布特
L·莫顿
H·帕杨
P·沃蒂
C·夸菲耶-科拉斯
J·德尔贝
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Dassault Aviation SA
Airbus Group SAS
Airbus Helicopters SAS
Aerospatiale Matra
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Airbus Group SAS
Eurocopter SA
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    • B64CAEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C1/00Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/78Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus
    • B29C65/7858Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus characterised by the feeding movement of the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/7879Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus characterised by the feeding movement of the parts to be joined said parts to be joined moving in a closed path, e.g. a rectangular path
    • B29C65/7882Means for handling the parts to be joined, e.g. for making containers or hollow articles, e.g. means for handling sheets, plates, web-like materials, tubular articles, hollow articles or elements to be joined therewith; Means for discharging the joined articles from the joining apparatus characterised by the feeding movement of the parts to be joined said parts to be joined moving in a closed path, e.g. a rectangular path said parts to be joined moving in a circular path
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    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/32Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core on a rotating mould, former or core
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/68Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts by incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. inserts or layers, e.g. foam blocks
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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Abstract

提出了一种简单快速而且花费少的方法,它能用具有热塑性基质的复合材料来制造由蒙皮(10)和加强部件(12,16)构成的大尺寸组合件,例如,飞机机身部分。在通过叠合、加固和成型分别制造这些加强部件以后,把这些加强部件放在加工设备(32)上,在此制造此蒙皮(10),并同时通过扩散焊接把它装配在加强件(12,16)上。更详细讲,通过叠合头(36)使蒙皮(10)叠合并连续加固,以便直接得到所需要的组合件。

Description

用具有热塑性基质的复合材料制造组合件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及的是能用具有热塑性基质的复合材料,来制造包含有蒙皮和加强部件的大尺寸组合件的方法。
包含有蒙皮和添加加强件的大尺寸组合件是由复合材料制作的,如果想要受惠于此复合材料所特有的优点的话,则按照本发明的方法可以用于许多工业领域。因而,在航空工业中,按照本发明的方法尤其是可以用来制造飞机机身部分、飞机喷气发动机的挡板等。
技术状态
当需要在不过分增加其重量而制作力学性能好的薄外罩时,通常是在此薄外罩上添加象纵肋、边框、局部加强件等这样的加强部件,下面把此薄外罩称为“蒙皮”。
过去,这样的构件总是全金属的,蒙皮的形式是金属板(tle),加强部件的形式是金属板或是仿形件,它们通过象铆钉这样的固定方式添加在蒙皮上。尤其是当组合件的尺寸大时,这样构成的金属构件还是大量的。特别是在航空工业中,如文献US-5,560,102和US-5,586,381所表明的那样,飞机机身部分以及围绕飞机喷气发动机的挡板一直是用这种方式制造的。
在过去的几年里,有越来越多的金属组合件被复合材料组合件所代替,这种复合材料是由长纤维,例如碳纤维,嵌入在树脂基质中而形成的。之所以发生这种变化是因为复合材料具有特有的优点。这些优点中尤其有一条是其重量与类似的金属组合件相比轻大约25%,而机械性能却与金属组合件的性能相似,而且还可以按照需要而进行调整。复合材料组合件也表现出很好的抗疲劳行为、没有腐蚀,有非常好的特性。在树脂基质中嵌入了长纤维的复合材料,其重量轻,机械性能出色,这特别说明了为什么这种材料会渗透进航空领域中的原因。
更详细地讲,航空工业中现在使用的大多数由复合材料做成的组合件都是用热固性树脂制造的组合件。这是因为这种类型的树脂最初是唯一能提供所需机械性能的树脂。
然而用具有热固性基质的复合材料来制造组合件有一个明显的缺点。其原因是,由于所使用树脂的热固特性,在制造每一个组合件时,都必须进行较长时间的固化操作,而这种固化操作通常是在高压釜中进行的。
在组合件尺寸小的情况中,这最后的操作实际上没有特别造成的损失。这是因为可以使用小的比较价廉的高压釜,在每个高压釜中可以同时对几个组合件进行固化。
相反,当组合件的尺寸较大时,在同一个高压釜中同时只能对一个组合件进行固化,而且必须使用特别昂贵的尺寸非常大的高压釜。由于操作的持续时间长和高压釜的花费高,使此方法很快地就不能用于工业应用了。这就是为什么尽管文献US-A-5,170,967和US-A-5,223,067提出用具有热固性基质的复合材料来制造飞机机身部分,但是从工业的观点来看,利用此技术制造大尺寸组合件的理由是不充分的。
近来出现了热塑性树脂,例如PEEK(聚醚醚酮)树脂,这种树脂允许能得到具有长纤维和热塑性基质的复合材料,其机械性能与最近的具有热固性基质的复合材料的机械性能相当,因而现在的趋势是用具有热塑性基质的复合材料做成的组合件来代替现有的金属组合件。
除了上面所提到的具有有机基质的复合材料的优点之外,具有热塑性基质的复合材料还具有好的抗冲撞击和耐火以及吸收水份低的性能。最后,由于浸渍细丝的树脂已经固化了,所以可以在室温下保存半成品,而且,其寿命实际上是无限的。
尤其是如文献US-A-5,362,347所表明的,人们已经建议使用具有热塑性基质的复合材料来制作飞机机翼的前缘。更详细讲,这个文献提出分别制造加强部件和蒙皮,然后用焊接/扩散把它们装配在一起。
由于加强部件和蒙皮在它们装配起来以前分开制造的,因而蒙皮和加强部件一样,必须在它们装配起来之前经受加固操作。应该注意的是,这些加固操作的主要功能是在消除空隙的同时,在不同组成层,一方是蒙皮,另一方是每个加强部件之间产生结合。这些操作包含有向待加固的部件上施加压力,以及把此部件加热到高于树脂熔化温度的一给定温度。这些加固操作是在高压釜中进行的。这使得这个方法不适于制造具有大尺寸蒙皮的组合件,其理由与在用具有热塑性基质的复合材料制造组合件方面已经提到的理由相同。
本发明的描述
详细地讲,本发明的目的是能利用具有热塑性基质的复合材料,以适宜于工业制造的高速价廉方式,来制造大尺寸的组合件,例如飞机机身部分的方法,由于无论是蒙皮,还是得到的最终构件在其制造过程的最后都不必放入高压釜中,因而实际上是没有尺寸限制的。
按照本发明,这样的结果是用复合材料,利用制造大尺寸组合件的方法而得到的,这种组合件中包含有蒙皮和加强部件,此方法的特征在于它包含有下述阶段:
-由浸渍了热塑性树脂的长纤维条带,用叠合、加固和成型的方法分别制造加强部件;
-把这些加强部件放在其形状与待制造组合件的形状相互补的加工设备上;以及
-直接在支承加强部件的加工设备上,通过对至少一个浸渍了热塑性树脂的长纤维条带进行叠合和连续加固,制造蒙皮并同时把此蒙皮和加强部件装配起来。
由于加强部件和蒙皮是在制造蒙皮时装配起来的,而且由于这种制造过程包含有对纤维条带的连续加固,而此纤维条带是在其叠合时形成蒙皮的,所以可以不必把蒙皮或得到的组合件放入高压釜中就能制造任何尺寸的组合件。
此外,由于蒙皮和加强部件的装配和蒙皮的制造是同时进行的,所以制造组合件的时间特别短。而且一个给定组合件中的这些加强部件,可以在制造前一个组合件的蒙皮的过程中来制造。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,加强部件是这样制造的:连续自动地铺设浸渍了已固化热塑性树脂的长纤维条带,以形成一张平板,这类似于传统金属组合件中的金属板;从此平板中切下坯料;然后对这些坯料进行加固和成型。
一般说来,这些坯料是在其成型之前被加固的。
这些坯料既可以在高压釜中加固,也可以在热压机中加固。应该注意的是,在高压釜中或在热压机中加固于涉及的是较小尺寸的组合件,所以可以使用具有传统尺寸的普通高压釜或加热压机,而且在其中可以同时加固几个坯料。
此外,最好是用热成型的方法使坯料成型。如果纤维在加强部件中需要取向得很好的话,热成型前可以先进行弯曲操作。
在某些特殊的情况中,尤其是当加强部件的弯曲相对于平面来讲是较有限时,可以在热压机中通过热成型对这些坯料同时进行加固和成型。
按照本发明的方法用于制造中空的组合件是有好处的。这时把加强部件放入在属于加工设备的框架上加工的凹口中;然后使框架绕其轴旋转,在框架上进行叠合和连续加固。
在一种特殊情况中,按照本发明的方法被用来制造飞机机身部分,在这种情况中,制造了包含有纵肋、边框和局部加强件的加强部件。
附图简介
参考附图,作为一个非限制性的例子,来描述一个本发明的优选实施例,附图中有:
-图1示意地表示出本发明方法的第一阶段,在这个阶段,分别制造纵肋、局部加强件和边框;
-图2是一个横切剖面视图,它图示出本发明方法的最后阶段,在这个阶段,蒙皮的制造及其向加强部件上的装配是同时进行的;以及
-图3是一个透视图,它表示出想要制造的机身部分中纵肋和边框的相对布局。
优选实施例详述
现在对用于制造飞机机身部分的本发明方法进行描述。尤其如图2和图3所示的那样,这样的机身部分包含有外部蒙皮10和由纵肋12、边框14以及局部加强件16组成的加强部件。分别沿着纵向和圆周方向取向的纵肋12和边框14构成了机身的骨架(图3),其构成方式与它是金属时相同。局部加强件16形成厚度余量,它局部地添加在蒙皮10上,以便使其加固,尤其是在窗口17周围的区域使其加固(图3)。
然而不能认为是必须限于这种应用。这是因为,如已经看到的,按照本发明的方法,可以用于制造任何由具有热塑性基质的复合材料制成的大尺寸组合件,这种组合件是通过把蒙皮和加强部件组装起来而形成的。因而,此组合件的形状和尺寸可以不同,加强部件的性质、数目和布局也可以各种各样。特别是,虽然本发明特别适合制造旋转的中空组合件,但是它也可以用来制造不同形状的非旋转组合件。
按照本发明制造方法的第一阶段,在这里由纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16组成的加强部件是由浸渍了已固化热塑性树脂的长纤维条带18,通过叠合、加固和成型而制成的。
实际上,通常使用的是浸渍了PEEK树脂的碳纤维。然而在某些应用方面,可以使用不同性质的纤维和/或热塑性树脂,而不会超出本发明的范围。
通常使用的条带18是由取向单一的纤维形成的,这些纤维间由已固化热塑性树脂联结起来。然而作为一种变化形式,在某些情况下,也可以使用浸渍了已固化树脂的纺织纤维条带。在环境温度下,浸渍了已固化热塑性树脂的纤维层18是可弯曲的不粘条带,一般储存在卷轴上。
如图1中a所图示的那样,条带18的叠合阶段包含有铺设几层厚度的条带18,以便形成一确定数目的层,考虑到想要得到的机械性质,在不同的层中其取向可以相同也可以不同。在这个叠合阶段所叠放的层数取决于对加强件12、14和16所构成的加强部件所要求的机械性能。
图1中a所图示的叠合阶段对所有由纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16组成的加强部件可以是共同的,或相反,对这些加强部件中每一个都是特有的,这取决于这些部件是否必须有同样的厚度。条带18对所有加强件也可以是相同的,或者对其中的某些是不同的。
根据具体情况,利用叠合来制作一种或几种形式的平板20。
条带18的叠合操作是利用绕成卷(未画出)的材料,最好是用一个叠合头(未画出)来进行的,这个叠合头适合对由浸渍了已固化热塑性树脂的长纤维制成的条带进行叠合。为此,使用法国专利申请No96 14799中描述的高速叠合头是有好处的。
叠合头确保把条带18加热到高于树脂熔化的温度,然后向敷设的条带施加压力,通过扩散而使其焊接在先前敷设的条带上。叠合头在使用后就立刻使条带冷却,以便防止它重新分开。此外,可以设置使条带之间相互精确定位的机构。
用叠合头把条带18敷设在平的通常是固定的支撑物上。因此由这种叠合操作所得到的这张或这些平板20是平的板,最好是大尺寸的平板,这种平板在工业方法上可以连续制造。
在这张平板或这些平板20的制造过程中或在制造以后,从这张或这些平板中切下坯料22。这种切割过程进行得使坯料的尺寸与想要制造的加强部件12、14和16的尺寸相适宜。如果在加强部件加工成型后需要进行修整的话,这些尺寸也可以稍大一些。
如图1中用b所图示的那样,一般接着对在这张平板或这些平板20中切下的坯料22进行加固操作,其主要作用是消除材料内部的孔隙,以及改善各个不同组成层之间的结合。
这种加固操作的特点是在坯料22上施加压力(通常在2和20巴之间,取决于所用材料的类型),以及把它加热到通常高于树脂熔化的温度,以便使树脂软化(在PEEK树脂的情况,例如大约为400℃)。
坯料22的加固可以在高压釜中或在热压机中进行。
应该注意的是,当在高压釜中进行加固时,由于待加固坯料22的尺寸与待加工组合件的加强部件在加工成型前的尺寸相当,所以使用的高压釜是具有常规尺寸的通常高压釜。在同一高压釜中通常可以对几个坯料22进行加固,这使得时间和成本节省很多。
作为一种变化形式,坯料22的加固也可以在文献EP-A-0,584,017所描述那样的热压机中进行。
然后分别使各个不同的已加固坯料22成型,对纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16而言,分别如c、d和e所示。
如图1中用c所图示的那样,纵肋12是直的,或基本是直的仿形件,其截面大约成Ω形。用同一方法可以制造具有不同截面,例如L、Z或U形截面的直的仿形件,以便集成在最终组合件中。
象纵肋12这样的加强部件是利用热成型的办法加工成型的,例如在一个装备有冲模与模具,或冲模与袋模的热压机型机器中加工成型。由具有热塑性基质的复合材料做成的组合件是用热成型的方法加工成型的,这种技术是熟知的,因而这里不作详细介绍。
如图1中的d所图示的,象局部加强件16这样的加强部件是由相对于平面稍微弯曲的平板弓形件组成的,这种加强部件也可以用先前已加固的平的坯料22,特别是在冲模和袋模之间,通过热成型来制造。尤其是可以用与前面所述的文献EP-A-0,584,017中的热压机相类似的热压机来进行加工成型。
考虑到局部加强件16小的弯率,这些加强部件的加固和成型阶段也可以同时进行。从平板20中切割下来平的坯料22然后就直接放在热压机中,此压机同时进行这两种功能。这里也可以使用与文献EP-A-0 584 017中所描述的类似的热压机。
如图1中的e所示意的那样,象边框14这样的加强部件是圆形或圆弧形的仿形件。在所示实施例中,这些仿形件的截面是U形的。然而任何其他截面,例如L形截面,都是可以考虑的,而不超出本发明的范围。
为了从最初是直条带形的平坯料22得到一个圆的部件,必须首先把此直的坯料在其平面内弯曲,以便在此部件的整个周边上保证纤维的连续性。这种弯曲尤其是可以利用与文献FR-A-2,635,484所描述的装置类似的装置来进行,不过进行之前此装置要做调整以考虑到所使用树脂的热塑性特性。这种调整尤其是在使条带弯曲的圆锥形的滚筒的前面,增加一个加热机构。
当条带形式的坯料22在其平面内已被弯曲时,这个坯料就在冲模与模具或冲模与袋模之间通过热成型而被加工成型,所使用的方法与前面所述纵肋12的成型方法相同。
重要的是要遵守这样的工序:在机身部分的批量制造过程方面,可以同时进行上面的各个不同的叠合、加固和成型操作,这构成了刚描述过的制造加强部件12、14和16的第一阶段。
当制造机身部分所必须的纵肋12、加强件16和边框14都现成了时,把所有这些加强部件放在加工设备23上,如图2所示。
更详细讲,此加工设备23包含有一个中空的框架24,例如一个金属框架,其外表面的形状与想要制造的机身部分的蒙皮10下表面的形状互补。为了简化,图2所示框架24是圆的。
如图所非常概括地表示的那样,中空的框架24安装在辐条26上,这能把框架连接在中心轴套28上,此框架可以被这个轴套驱动而沿着图2所示箭头F的方向旋转。任何能使框架24以相对低的恒定受控转速旋转的适当机构都可以提供这种旋转驱动。
在其外部表面上,框架24包含有一些凹口30,其形状与各种不同加强部件12、14和16的形状互补。因而,当纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16放置在这些凹口30中时,所有加强部件都与这些凹口30之间的框架24的外表面取平。
如图3所示,例如,由于在边框14中,在加强部件相交的位置,加工有凹槽14a,因而才可能对交叉的纵肋12和边框14进行装配。凹槽14a是在纵肋12和边框14放进凹口30中之前加工形成的。
可以使用任何适当方法,例如双面胶带、少量胶,或是使用吸力等把这些加强部件固定在凹口30中,这能使后来拆卸容易。为了能进行这样的拆卸,框架24本身是可以拆卸的。为此,此框架可以是由装配在一起的几个可拆卸的部分构成的,或是能自身缩回的,或是用任何其他的在组合件做成后能使此组合件容易拆卸的方式构成的。
如图2所示,在某些加强部件(在本例中是纵肋12)放入凹口30中时,这些加强部件具有朝外的中空部分。最好是把芯材40放在这些中空部分中,这能避免在制造蒙皮10时发生任何变形。按照与用于浇铸的技术类似的技术,所使用芯材40的材料是在组合件做成后是容易被破坏或拆除的(例如可溶的芯材)。
当机身部分的组合中所有加强部件都放入凹口30中时,可以如图2所示的那样开始本方法的下一阶段。在这个阶段中,直接在承载加强部件12,14和16的框架24上,通过对长纤维条带32的叠合和连续加固,同时进行蒙皮10的制造以及此蒙皮和这些加强部件的装配,这里的长纤维被浸渍了已固化的可塑性树脂。
具有浸渍了树脂的长纤维条带32的性质通常与用于制造纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16的条带的性质是相同的。因此,通常涉及的是浸渍了已固化PEEK(聚醚醚酮)树脂的碳纤维条带。但应该注意的是,在某些特殊的应用中,形成蒙皮10的复合材料可以不同于制造加强部件的复合材料。
如图2所示,叠合和连续加固操作是用最初绕在滚筒34上的条带32进行的。利用36所表示的叠合头来进行叠合和连续加固。这种叠合头36安装在一个支座(未画出)上,使得它与框架24的轴线平行地逐渐移动。当框架被驱动而沿箭头F方向旋转时,条带32就按照所确定的叠合顺序,绕着此框架做螺旋状卷绕,使得逐渐形成组合件的蒙皮10。条带32也可以铺设得与框架24的轴线平行。
应该注意的是,可以采用叠合头36和框架24之间的其他任何能形成蒙皮10的相对运动,而不超出本发明的范围。
叠合头36设计得能同时在框架24上对条带32进行叠合;连续地对这样制造的蒙皮10进行加固;以及把此蒙皮10和由纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16构成的加强部件装配起来。为此,叠合头36使材料经受一预定的压力和温度的过程。这个过程包括在条带32就要铺在框架24上前对此条带加热;当条带32铺在框架上以后向此条带32上施加压力;然后对刚铺设的条带进行冷却。
预先把条带32加热到高于树脂熔化的温度,使树脂能足够地流动,以便通过扩散而在不同的铺设层之间进行焊接,以及使空隙的消除更加容易。在PEEK树脂的情况下,可以使用的温度大约为400℃,这只是作为说明而绝不是限制。
例如,通过滚筒38以大约在2和20巴之间的压力将条带32铺设在框架24上。视所使用材料的类型而定。
对铺设上的条带最后进行冷却是防止此条带重新分开。目的是把条带的温度降到树脂的熔化温度以下,如果可能的话,降到其玻璃态转变温度以下。
当得到了所需要蒙皮10的层数时,就让框架24的旋转停止,把条带32切下来。这时蒙皮10就已经被加固了,并通过扩散而焊接接在加强部件上,在这种情况下,加强部件是由纵肋12、边框14和局部加强件16组成的。
因此,在拆下或缩回框架24并取出放在纵肋12里的芯材40以后,马上就得到了机身部分。特别是,这样得到的机身部分没有必要最后再通过高压釜处理。
在本发明方法的扩展应用中,如果需要的话,也可以使用一个支架〔未画出〕来支承框架24和叠合头36,以便把避雷设备加入到此结构的蒙皮中,以及至少部分地完成精整,例如,铺设上用于接受油漆的第一涂层。
上面所做的描述表明,本发明的方法能用具有热塑性基质的复合材料,以工业方式廉价地制造大尺寸组合件,这种组合件是通过把蒙皮和加强部件装配起来而形成的,实际上,组合件的尺寸没有限制。于是大量通常是金属的组合件可以这样由复合材料来制造,从而能受惠于这些材料特有的优点。
应该注意的是,当使用制造具有热塑性基质的复合材料的技术来制造这些部件是不可能的或是花费太大时,按照本发明的方法并不禁止随后加入由不同材料,特别是金属做成的某些加强部件或其他部件。

Claims (10)

1.用复合材料来制造大尺寸组合件的方法,此组合件包含有蒙皮〔10〕和加强部件〔12,14,16〕,此方法特征在于它包含有以下阶段:
-由浸渍了热塑性树脂的长纤维条带〔18〕通过叠合、加固和成型的方法分别制造加强部件〔12,14,16〕;
-把这些加强部件〔12,14,16〕放在其形状与待制造组合件的形状相互补的加工设备(23)上;以及
-直接在支承加强部件〔12,14,16〕的加工设备〔23〕上,通过对至少一个浸渍了热塑性树脂的长纤维条带〔32〕进行叠合和连续加固来制造蒙皮〔10〕并同时把此蒙皮和加强部件〔12,14,16〕装配起来。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:加强部件〔12,14,16〕是这样制造的:连续而自动地铺设浸渍了已固化热塑性树脂的长纤维条带〔18〕,以形成平板〔20〕;在此平板中切下坯料〔22〕;然后对这些坯料〔22〕进行加固和成型。
3.按照权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:坯料〔22〕是在其加工成型之前被加固的。
4.按照权利要求2或3中的一项所述的方法,其特征在于:这些坯料〔22〕是在高压釜中或在热压机中被加固的。
5.按照权利要求2到4中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于:坯料〔22〕是通过热成型的方法而成型的。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于:坯料〔22〕是在其热成型之前被弯曲的。
7.按照权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:坯料(22)是在热压机中通过热成型的方法同时被加固和成型的。
8.按照前面权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,应用于制造中空的组合件,其特征在于:把加强部件〔12,14,16〕放置在设置在加工设备〔24〕的框架〔23〕上的凹口中,然后让框架绕其轴旋转,而对此框架上的条带〔32〕进行叠合和连续加固。
9.按照权利要求8所述的方法,用来制造飞机机身部分,其特征在于:制造了包括纵肋〔12〕、边框〔14〕和局部加强件〔16〕的加强部件。
10.按照上面权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于:然后在蒙皮〔10〕中集成了避雷设备。
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CN1077842C (zh) 2002-01-16
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FR2766407A1 (fr) 1999-01-29
FR2766407B1 (fr) 1999-10-15
JP2001510746A (ja) 2001-08-07
WO1999004952A1 (fr) 1999-02-04
US6613258B1 (en) 2003-09-02
CA2297266A1 (fr) 1999-02-04
EP0998383A1 (fr) 2000-05-10
DE69809427T2 (de) 2003-09-25
EP0998383B1 (fr) 2002-11-13
CA2297266C (fr) 2008-04-29

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