CN1266040C - 从吹扫气体中回收氨 - Google Patents
从吹扫气体中回收氨 Download PDFInfo
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 227
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
- B01D2253/106—Silica or silicates
- B01D2253/108—Zeolites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D2257/406—Ammonia
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
- B01D2259/40083—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption
- B01D2259/40086—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by using a purge gas
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Industrial Gases (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及氨合成回路,其含有不反应并且如果不释放出的话将会聚集的气体。通过本发明,吹扫气体中的氨被在完全的合成回路压力下操作的吸附剂回收。吸附剂的选择使得可以在与回路压力相同的高压下通过让一种含有氢气和氮气的气体经由它而再次除去氨,这使得吸附剂能被进入到合成回路之前来自于合成气压缩机的新鲜合成气再生。这样,再生需要绝对最少量的能量消耗和设备。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及从氨合成工厂的合成回路吹扫出的气体中回收氨。
特别地,本发明旨在在填充床中吸附吹扫气体中的氨并将吸附的氨返回到合成回路中。
背景技术
传统的吹扫气体吸附是以逆流方式在水中进行的,随后通过蒸馏回收。这种方法简单可靠,但就投资和能量消耗而言是不经济的,因为蒸馏需要中压蒸汽,净化的洗涤水必须泵回到吸附塔中,且必须通过冷却水冷却一部分液体物流。
或者,吹扫气体可以经由分子筛或另一种多孔氨吸附疏松物质。
Isalki在US4266957中公开了一种用于从吹扫气体中吸附氨的方法,该方法包括在非常接近于大气压力下通过用来自于净化的吹扫气体中的氢气吹洗吸附的氨而再生吸附剂。
在US4077780中,Doshi描述了另一种从氨合成回路吹扫气体中吸附氨和甲烷的方法。这里包括了四个吸附器,且在该压力波动吸附方法中,吸附剂的再生是在接近于大气压力下进行的。一部分净化的吹扫气体用于再生,且再生的排出气被送到废气总管中。
发明内容
本发明涉及氨合成回路,其中一部分气体不反应,且如果它们不被释放出的话将会聚集。但是,这些吹扫气体流包含一定量的有价值的产物氨。
因此,要回收这些氨,最通常的方法包括从吹扫气体中吸附或吸收氨,然后通过蒸馏洗涤水或在低压下从吸附剂中吹洗而回收这些氨。
除了用于泵、压缩机和蒸馏蒸汽的能量成本之外,上述方法还需要投资以用于蒸馏体系、洗涤水循环体系,包括泵和热交换器、用于降压和返回到高压合成回路的阀。
本发明的目的在于提供一种改进的氨合成方法,它是通过用在全合成回路压力下操作的吸附剂回收吹扫气体中的氨实现的。吸附剂的选择使得可以在与回路压力相同的高压下通过让一种含有氢气和氮气的气体经由它而再次除去氨,这使得吸附剂能被进入到合成回路之前来自于合成气压缩机的新鲜合成气再生。
因此,本发明提供一种从氨合成回路中含有氨、氢气、氮气、氩气、氦气和甲烷的吹扫气体流中除去并随后回收氨的方法,包括以下步骤:将吹扫气体流引入到含有选择性氨吸附剂的第一氨吸附器中,在与合成回路相同的压力下将吹扫气体中的氨吸附在氨吸附剂上,从第一氨吸附器中抽出不含氨的吹扫气体,将含有氢气、氮气和痕量的至少一种氩气、氦气和甲烷的补偿气引入到含有被氨饱和的选择的氨吸附剂的第二氨吸附器中,在与合成回路压力相同的压力下由补偿气除去氨吸附剂中的氨,从第二氨吸附器中抽出含氨排出气并在正常的补偿气加料点将排出气引入到氨合成回路中,并在预设的时间段之后将吹扫气体引入到第二氨吸附器并同时将不含氨的补偿气按上述步骤引入到第一氨吸附器中。
这一方法用于廉价、有效地从吹扫气体中回收氨,其中氨是在压力为5-25MPa,优选8-18MPa的氨合成回路中产生的,并且吹扫气体中氨量不超过10体积%,优选为2体积%-6体积%。本发明的方法能够回收氨而勿需用于蒸馏塔、洗涤水循环泵、压缩机、热交换器、蒸汽和各种控制阀的高投资和高成本。
现在已经发现,一些吸附剂能够选择性地吸附氨合成回路吹扫气体中的氨,该氨可以在与合成回路压力相同的压力下,由包含氢气和氮气的不含氨气流再次除去,并且这种不含氨气流可以便利地为合成回路的补偿气流。
为阐明本发明的方法,参考附图进行说明。
该图描述了氨合成回路,其中来自于氨转化器2的排出气1在多个热交换器中冷却,产生的氨冷凝并在分离器3中与气相分离。气相返回到转化器。
合成回路的进料物流4包含氢气、氮气和少量甲烷与氩气,氢气和氮气取代或补偿用于氨转化中的氢气和氮气,因此,进料物流4也称作补偿气。
因为甲烷和氩气不转化,所以如果不从回路中释放出的话,它们将会聚集在回路中。
该释放在合成回路中的最后一个冷却器5和分离器3中进行。在吹扫气体冷却器6中进一步冷却并冷凝,和在吹扫气体分离器7中分离吹扫气体之后,冷凝的氨返回到回路,气相8被引入到氨吸附单元中。
吸附单元由两个含有氨吸附剂的容器组成。吹扫气体被送经一个容器10,在那里氨被吸附,与此同时,另一个含有饱和的吸附剂的容器进行再生。这是通过令来自于压缩机9的补偿气4经由吸附器来完成的,这一操作在将补偿气引入到氨合成回路之前进行,引入点是氨冷却器5的上游,即位于分离器3之前的最后一个热交换器的上游,但吹扫气体提取单元6和7的下游。
通过这种方法,吹扫气体中的氨返回到氨合成回路中并与氨产物相结合,并且这是在没有任何减压和再增压到高的回路压力、通常是140巴的情况下进行的。吸附剂中的压降是本发明方法唯一的能量消耗,因为由于孔的蒸发,冷却器负载将保持不变。
可用作本发明吸附剂的物质为固体沸石或与氨形成配合物的物质,如Ni、Co、Cu或Zn,它可以呈一般负载于载体如氧化铝上的硫化物形式。
在通常的2000MTPD的氨装置中,从合成回路中抽出的吹扫气体为22500Nm2/h,氨浓度为4%。这相当于900Nm2/h氨。假设吸附剂的氨容量为125Nm3氨/m3吸附剂,在1/2-3/4小时的吹扫后,5m3的吸附剂将能包含氨。由于吸附剂中孔的冷凝,出口气体的温度将会略高于进口温度,这有利于通常的后续氢气回收单元。
本发明的方法能适于取代通用的方法,后者除了各种阀之外,还需要一个塔用于将氨吸附到水中,需要一个塔用于蒸馏氨水来重新获得氨,需要泵来在两个于不同压力下操作的塔间循环洗涤水,和需要热交换器。除了这一投资之外,通用的方法还包括蒸汽和冷却水成本,这与本发明的方法恰恰相反。
附图描述
唯一的图示出氨合成回路流程图,其中通过本发明的方法回收吹扫气体中的氨。
具体实施方式
实施例
将1.1710克含有30wt%沸石Y的Y/SiO2-Al2O3沸石碾碎,筛分到0.3-0.8mm级,并装载到直径为9mm的管式反应器中,在400℃和1巴下,将沸石在30N1/h的N2流下干燥4小时,之后将催化剂冷却到室温。
然后在100巴和室温下将沸石暴露于流速为30N1/h的含24.17%N2、72.20%H2和3.73%NH3的气体混合物下,用红外分析仪在线测定出口气流中的氨,当氨的出口浓度等于进口浓度时,沸石被氨饱和,通过对氨出口含量进行积分测定吸附的氨量。测定出吸附的氨量为0.69克氨。
在沸石完全饱和了氨之后,在100巴下,在H2∶N2摩尔比例为3∶1,流速为30N1/h的氢气-氮气混合物下,以3℃/min的加热速率把饱和的沸石从室温加热到140℃。正如在吸附研究中那样,用红外分析仪在线记录出口气流中的氨量,当出口气流中没有可测量的氨时,脱附完成。通过对氨出口含量进行积分测定脱附的氨量,测定出脱附的氨量为0.73克氨。
通过精确地按如上所述进行另外的吸附/脱附循环测定试验的重复性,这样,在第二次循环中,吸附了0.71克氨,脱附出0.73克氨,在第三次循环中,吸附了0.70克氨,脱附出0.70克氨。
Claims (5)
1.一种从氨合成回路中含有氨、氢气、氮气、氩气、氦气和甲烷的吹扫气体流中除去并随后回收氨的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)将吹扫气体流引入到含有选择性氨吸附剂的第一氨吸附器中,
(b)在与合成回路相同的压力下将吹扫气体中的氨吸附在氨吸附剂上,
(c)从第一氨吸附器中抽出不含氨的吹扫气体,
(d)将含有氢气、氮气和痕量的至少一种氩气、氦气和甲烷的补偿气引入到含有被氨饱和的选择性氨吸附剂的第二氨吸附器中,
(e)在与合成回路压力相同的压力下由补偿气除去被氨饱和的氨吸附剂中的氨,
(f)从第二氨吸附器中抽出含氨排出气并在正常的补偿气加料点将排出气引入到氨合成回路中,和
(g)在预设的时间段之后将吹扫气体如步骤(a)-(c)中那样引入到第二氨吸附器并同时将不含氨的补偿气如步骤(d)-(f)中那样引入到第一氨吸附器中。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中吹扫气体中氨量不超过10体积%。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中吹扫气体中氨量为2体积%-6体积%。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中氨合成回路的压力为5-25MPa。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中氨合成回路的压力为8-18MPa。
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EP (1) | EP1344561B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4270914B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1266040C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE353701T1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2422269C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60311689T2 (zh) |
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WO2013082078A1 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | Cummins Inc. | Solid storage media charging with ammonia for use in selective catalytic reduction |
CN102861509A (zh) * | 2012-09-26 | 2013-01-09 | 开封黄河空分集团有限公司 | 一种沼气脱碳三级解析工艺 |
CN103041672B (zh) * | 2013-01-21 | 2014-12-17 | 天津英利新能源有限公司 | 一种外排氨水回用系统 |
EP3037386A1 (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2016-06-29 | Casale SA | A plant and a process for ammonia production with cryogenic purification, and a related method of revamping |
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JP6850449B2 (ja) * | 2015-12-07 | 2021-03-31 | 国立大学法人広島大学 | アンモニア除去材料、アンモニア除去方法及び燃料電池自動車用水素ガスの製造方法 |
JPWO2017104021A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-16 | 2018-10-04 | 日揮株式会社 | アンモニアの製造方法 |
EP3257814A1 (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2017-12-20 | Casale SA | Process for ammonia production |
CN108744882B (zh) * | 2018-05-29 | 2021-02-26 | 浙江天采云集科技股份有限公司 | 一种led-mocvd制程废气全温程变压吸附提氨再利用的方法 |
CN109092010B (zh) * | 2018-05-29 | 2021-01-15 | 浙江天采云集科技股份有限公司 | 一种led-mocvd制程废气全温程变压吸附提氢再利用的方法 |
EP3603790A1 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-05 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Improved productivity of equilibrium-restricted reactions |
EP3604210A1 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-05 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Production of carbon dioxide and ammonia from residual gases in the steel and metal industries |
CN114263848B (zh) * | 2020-09-16 | 2023-09-26 | 重庆川维物流有限公司 | 一种液氨槽车装车的低压氨气吹扫装置及其使用方法 |
NL2031757B1 (en) * | 2022-05-02 | 2023-11-13 | Proton Ventures B V | Ammonia separation system for an ammonia synthesis loop. |
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US3531246A (en) * | 1964-04-08 | 1970-09-29 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Molecular sieve sorbent and process for the manufacture of ammonia |
FR2070387A5 (zh) * | 1969-12-03 | 1971-09-10 | Air Liquide | |
US4077780A (en) * | 1976-10-20 | 1978-03-07 | Union Carbide Corporation | Recovery of hydrogen and nitrogen from ammonia plant purge gas |
US4266957A (en) * | 1979-06-07 | 1981-05-12 | Petrocarbon Development Limited | Recovery of hydrogen and ammonia from purge gas |
IL63630A (en) | 1981-08-21 | 1985-01-31 | Ram Lavie | Process for the manufacture of ammonia |
CA1229485A (en) * | 1984-01-23 | 1987-11-24 | Toyo Engineering Corporation | Process for refining an ammonia synthesis gas |
US4689062A (en) | 1986-02-24 | 1987-08-25 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Argon recovery from ammonia plant purge gas utilizing a combination of cryogenic and non-cryogenic separating means |
US4752311A (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1988-06-21 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Argon recovery from ammonia plant purge gas utilizing a combination of cryogenic and non-cryogenic separating means |
US5013335A (en) * | 1987-06-30 | 1991-05-07 | Uop | Process for sequestering ammonia and the odor associated therewith |
US5968232A (en) | 1993-03-08 | 1999-10-19 | Whitlock; David R. | Method for ammonia production |
US5531809A (en) * | 1994-09-14 | 1996-07-02 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Pretreatment layer for CO-VSA |
ATE211406T1 (de) * | 1994-10-20 | 2002-01-15 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Verfahren zur adsorption von ammoniak |
US5711926A (en) | 1996-05-14 | 1998-01-27 | Knaebel; Kent S. | Pressure swing adsorption system for ammonia synthesis |
US6086840A (en) | 1998-11-25 | 2000-07-11 | Whitney; John P. | Process for making ammonia from heterogeneous feedstock |
SG76635A1 (en) * | 1999-03-10 | 2000-11-21 | Japan Pionics | Process and apparatus for recovering ammonia |
-
2003
- 2003-02-24 EP EP03004015A patent/EP1344561B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-24 AT AT03004015T patent/ATE353701T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-24 DE DE60311689T patent/DE60311689T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-06 US US10/379,583 patent/US6660066B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-13 JP JP2003068520A patent/JP4270914B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-14 CN CNB031199585A patent/CN1266040C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-14 CA CA2422269A patent/CA2422269C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-14 RU RU2003106981/15A patent/RU2314255C2/ru active
- 2003-03-14 NO NO20031180A patent/NO20031180L/no unknown
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DE60311689D1 (de) | 2007-03-29 |
CN1445165A (zh) | 2003-10-01 |
CA2422269A1 (en) | 2003-09-16 |
DE60311689T2 (de) | 2007-06-14 |
US20030172809A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
US6660066B2 (en) | 2003-12-09 |
EP1344561A2 (en) | 2003-09-17 |
NO20031180D0 (no) | 2003-03-14 |
JP2003300724A (ja) | 2003-10-21 |
CA2422269C (en) | 2010-05-25 |
EP1344561B1 (en) | 2007-02-14 |
EP1344561A3 (en) | 2004-12-22 |
RU2314255C2 (ru) | 2008-01-10 |
JP4270914B2 (ja) | 2009-06-03 |
ATE353701T1 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
NO20031180L (no) | 2003-09-17 |
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