CN1240006A - 无纺布的制造方法 - Google Patents

无纺布的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN1240006A
CN1240006A CN97180420A CN97180420A CN1240006A CN 1240006 A CN1240006 A CN 1240006A CN 97180420 A CN97180420 A CN 97180420A CN 97180420 A CN97180420 A CN 97180420A CN 1240006 A CN1240006 A CN 1240006A
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S·J·劳
H·斯特里特
G·J·艾斯丘
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Lenzing AG
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    • D01DMECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
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    • D01D5/0985Melt spinning methods with simultaneous stretching by means of a flowing gas (e.g. melt-blowing)
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
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    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/70Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
    • D04H1/72Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/02Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
    • D04H3/03Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments at random
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
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    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
    • D04H3/16Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion

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Abstract

本发明揭示了纤维素无纺布的制造方法。此无纺布由纤维素溶液受挤压通过喷丝板而形成的纤维制成。挤出的纤维在高速气流作用下变细,细化的纤维收集在一个表面上(例如一个转鼓的曲面),然后纤维网在此表面上凝固。本发明也揭示了实施本方法的设备。本方法和设备使得制造不用粘合剂纤维就能粘合在一起的“莱赛尔”(lyocell)无纺布网成为可能。

Description

无纺布的制造方法
本发明涉及由纤维素制作的,尤其是由纤维素溶液制作的无纺布的制造方法。
纤维素纤维和长丝的形成,是将纤维素的氧化胺溶剂的溶液纺丝,接着在水中或含水的氧化胺的稀溶液中浸沥,形成纤维素长丝,然后可以切成短纤维。该挤出和凝固过程称为溶液纺丝,这样制造的溶液纺制的纤维素纤维一般称为“莱赛尔”(lyocell)。
通过剥裂短纤维使制造低于1.0dtex的更小分特数的纤维成为可能。然而,成本高,能耗大。
本发明提供制造含低分特数纤维素纤维的无纺布的价廉而有效的工艺。
因此,本发明提供有由纤维制作的纤维素无纺布的制造方法,纤维的形成是由挤压纤维素的溶液,使之通过至少一个喷丝板,挤出的纤维经高速气流的作用变细,细化的纤维收集在一个表面上,然后纤维网在此表面上凝固。
名词“气”含义包括各种蒸汽,例如水蒸汽。
纤维素溶液优选以氧化胺为溶剂的纤维素溶液,一般为N-氧化叔胺,尤其是N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)。纤维素溶液可以含2%(重量)那样少的纤维素;然而,溶液最好含4-22%(重量)的纤维素,纤维素聚合度为200-5,000,更常用的为400-1,000。
在一个优选的实施方案中,纤维素溶液含15%(重量)的纤维素,10%(重量)的水,75%(重量)的NMMO,纤维素的聚合度大约600。
由纤维细化成形的微纤维或原纤维被收集一个表面上,然后用水来凝固(也可称为“再生”),或用水中最多含20%氧化胺的氧化胺稀水溶液凝固。
气,最好是空气或蒸汽,以125-155℃、优选大约150℃的温度、250-500m·s-1(米/秒)的速率吹到挤出的纤维上。纺丝原液中纤维素的含量越少,使用的空气温度可越低。纺丝原液中的纤维素含量较低时,空气温度可降低到接近100℃。气流速率应当比从喷丝板挤出纤维的速度至少高50倍,优选为该速度的1,000-20,000倍。
空气以一偏斜角吹向挤出纤维,优选为相对于挤出物轴向方向成15-45°,大约30°为较佳。气流也可以相对于喷丝板成二次斜角偏斜,即使气流轴和纤维轴不相交,气流相切于纤维挤出物的表面。
根据本发明,同时提供有制造含“莱赛尔”(lyocell)纤维的无纺布的设备,此设备包括在操作中挤出纤维素溶液的喷丝帽;配有的一个或多个气体喷嘴,将气流导向挤出物使挤出物变细并形成原纤维;配有的一个支撑面,收集细化的挤出物;再生意味着使支撑面上原纤维凝固。提供的支撑面最好为一个鼓的曲面。
因为原纤维或纤维在再生前被收集在支撑面上,彼此接触的纤维可以相互粘结在一起。
因而,本发明也提供纤维不用粘合剂就能粘合在一起的“莱赛尔”(lyocell)无纺布。
下面,将参照附图,仅通过实施例详细说明本发明。
图1是根据本发明制造无纺布的设备的实施方案示意图。
图2是用于图1设备上的喷丝板的喷丝帽平面图。
图3是图2显示的喷丝帽的侧面立视图,显示出内部管道影像。
图4是图2和图3中显示的喷丝帽的轴向剖面图。
参照图1,显示出挤出机10,附带喷丝帽11。将含15%(重量)的纤维素、10%(重量)的水、75%(重量)的N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)的溶液喂入挤出机。纤维素平均聚合度大约600。
纤维素溶液可以如WO94/28217描述的方法制作。挤出机中的纤维素溶液保持在95-110℃温度,优选105℃,接着强制使之通过喷丝帽,挤出、形成纤维素纺丝原液的连续长丝。
喷丝帽11显示在图2和3中,它可以直接固定在挤出机10上,或可以固定在自身固定在挤出机10上的一个接合器上(未显示)。喷丝帽11在背面12上有一个中空的带螺纹的柱螺栓13,还有一个终端接着喷丝头开口15的中央通道14。喷丝头直径0.2-0.3mm,优选大约0.27mm。
纤维素纺丝原液在压力作用下强制通过通道14,通过喷丝头15被挤出。喷丝帽11还有多个气体出口通道16,优选3个,它们环绕中央通道14而相间配置。每个气体通道16相对于喷丝头轴向倾斜,并环绕喷丝头15环状等间距地配置,目的是使从各自通道16出来的每股气流对挤出物长丝具有同样的效应。
气体通道16与喷丝头纵向轴呈15-45°、最好30°的倾斜角或收敛角。通道16也是歪斜的,目的是使通道16的轴不自行收敛。气体通道16的直径大约2.0mm。喷丝帽12的背面具有一个环形沟槽17,内连3个通道16的末端。
当喷丝帽固定在挤出机上,中央通道14连接纤维素原液的喂料端,环形通道17连接进气端,最好是压缩空气。
参照图1,压缩空气从一个气体源(未显示)通过一个流量调节器开关21、一个流量计22、一个加热器23和一个温度传感器24进入喷丝帽内的空气通道17。传感器24可以连接着空气加热器23,以便控制气体温度。
从喷丝帽11挤出的长丝通过来自于通道16出口的高速气流的作用变细,长丝被拉伸、断裂、并被喷吹至离喷丝帽30厘米处的支撑面26上。在图解说明的实施方案中,支撑面26由一个转鼓28的外部表面组成,转鼓以大约10转/分钟(rpm)的转数转动,在鼓上形成一层无纺布。
鼓28上的无纺布层形成后,鼓28被浸入含合适凝固剂例如水或氧化胺在水中的稀溶液的凝固浴27中,以凝固鼓上的纤维素无纺布。布层在鼓上干燥。
下面的表1概括了用于形成挤出长丝的相对于长丝平均直径的各种条件。
                          表1
 试验次数  纤维素原液的流率(g/min)  空气温度(℃)  空气流率(L/sec)  干燥纤维的平均直径(μm)
    1        0.2    106     2.4          18
    2        0.2    106     2.7          16
    3        0.2    106     3.0          16
    4        0.2    128     2.4          12
    5        0.2    128     2.7          12
    6        0.2    128     3.0          10
    7        0.2    146     2.4          10
    8        0.2    146     2.7           9
    9        0.2    146     3.0           7
    10        0.2    152     3.0           5
空气流率2.4、2.7、和3.0l·s(升/秒)近似地与空气流速250、290、和320m·s相对应。
可从表1看出,对于任何给定的空气流率,随空气温度升高,制造出的纤维直径变得较细。
通过让不同浓度的纤维素溶液流经喷丝头,证明了溶解在溶液中的纤维素百分含量对长丝直径的影响,如表2所示。氧化胺/水的比率基本保持前面所述的恒定值。空气流率为2.4升/秒,纤维素聚合度为570。
                          表2
 溶液中纤维素的百分含量%   原液的流率(g/min)  空气温度℃  长丝的平均直径μm
          15      0.2    128        12
          8      0.33    130        4
          5      0.13    130        2
与表1对比可看出,较低纤维素含量的纺丝液可以制造较细的长丝。
在如下两种不同的条件下,平均直径已知的纤维被收集在转鼓28上:
(i)当鼓表面部分浸在凝固液中,使鼓湿润,而且一经接触湿鼓或接触先前铺置的纤维就发生凝固(下面称为湿法),
(ii)当鼓表面是干燥的,布在鼓上先被收集,然后再生(下面称为干法)。
表3概括了在鼓26上形成的无纺布网的性能。
                          表3
 基础重量(g·m-2)  铺置方式  长丝平均直径(μm)   拉伸强度(Kg/cm)      拉伸强度(Kg/cm)(归一至基础重量25g.m-2)
    94   湿       12     1.15            0.31
    12   湿       9     0.05            0.1
    24   干       6     1.10            1.15
    16   干       9     0.42            0.66
    5   干       5     0.18            0.9
为评价力学性能,从网上割下条带,宽5mm,在英斯特朗(Instron)电子强力测试机上测试,夹持长度20mm,十字头速度200mm/min。与绝对拉伸强度一起,归一至网的基础重量25g·m-2的拉伸强度也同时显示出来,这可以更好地反映出力学性能的比较,因为基础重量的偏差被排除了。
将纤维直接收集到移动的表面上、并在收集后再生所制成的网,比将纤维收集进入再生剂中或收集至再生剂覆盖的表面上,表现出更优秀的力学性能。
机器方向(MD)与横向(CD)的力学性能之比也受移动表面的速度的影响。提高收集带或罗拉的速度,MD强度增高,但以牺牲CD强度为代价,如下表4所示,其中14%的纤维素溶液被加工成微纤维。
                        表4
 空气温度℃  空气流率m/sec  线速度m/min  MD∶CD拉伸强度
    140       2.4       9       1.5
    140       2.4       38       2.2
集在鼓面26上的纤维网可在再生前轧光,以改变网的物理性能,集在湿鼓上的纤维也可以集后再通过凝固剂。
本发明的另一方面,是通过将第二组分与起细化作用的气流结合起来,使第二组分与网结合在一起。第二组分紧密结合在集于鼓上的纤维素基体上。例如,网的细孔尺寸可以通过轧光而改变。一般地,细孔被做得更小。
此步骤可通过混入短纤浆来提高吸水能力,或通过混入疏水材料如聚丙烯来降低吸水能力。
材料可以以纤维或粉末形式加入气流中。通常材料可以包括尼龙纤维、碳纤维、乙酸纤维素纤维或粉末、乙酸丁酸纤维素。
当热塑性材料结合进网时,存在着这样的可能性:再生后热轧光网,使热塑性材料熔融,形成“莱赛尔”(lyocell)纤维嵌入其中的连续结构。
如果铺置的网在再生前轧光,加入分散的添加剂,可以形成连续的纤维素基体。

Claims (18)

1.由纤维制作的纤维素无纺布的制造方法,所述纤维通过挤出纤维素溶液,使之经过至少一个喷丝板,并由高速气流使挤出的纤维变细而形成,细化的纤维被收集在一个表面上,随后,表面上的纤维网被凝固。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中纤维素溶液是以氧化胺为溶剂的溶液,细化纤维在水性介质中被凝固。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中气流速率至少为250米/秒。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中气流速率至少比挤出速率快50倍。
5.如权利要求1-4中任何一项所述的方法,其中气流的气体温度至少为100℃,优选大约150℃。
6.如权利要求1-5中任何一项所述的方法,其中支撑面位于距离喷丝帽大约30厘米处。
7.如权利要求1-6中任何一项所述的方法,其中纤维素溶液含4-22%(重量)纤维素,优选大约5-15%(重量)纤维素。
8.如权利要求1-7中任何一项所述的方法,其中纤维素平均聚合度大约600。
9.如权利要求1-8中任何一项所述的方法,其中所述气流含有与挤出纤维轴成大约30°偏角的指向纤维的压缩空气。
10.如权利要求1-9中任何一项所述的方法,其中纤维网收集在一个干燥表面上,随后网用凝固剂处理。
11.如权利要求1-9中任何一项所述的方法,其中纤维网收集在一个用凝固剂浸湿的表面上。
12.如权利要求1-11中任何一项所述的方法,其中收集在表面上的纤维网在用凝固剂处理前被压轧。
13.如权利要求1-12中任何一项所述的方法,其中第二种材料通过被结合进气流中而被结合进纤维网中。
14.含“莱赛尔”纤维的无纺布的制造设备,该设备包括:纤维素溶液在操作中被挤出通过的喷丝板;被装配上的用于将气流导向挤出物、使挤出物细化并形成原纤维的一个或多个气体喷嘴;被装配上的用于收集细化的挤出物的支撑面;以及凝固支撑面上原纤维的再生装置。
15.如权利要求10所述的设备,其中支撑面由旋转鼓的曲面提供。
16.如权利要求11所述的设备,其中鼓的至少一部分浸入再生浴中。
17.由权利要求1-12中任何一项所述的方法制造的“莱赛尔”无纺布网。
18.“莱赛尔”无纺布网,其中纤维不用粘合剂就能粘合在一起。
CN97180420A 1996-12-10 1997-12-09 制造纤维素无纺布的方法和设备 Expired - Fee Related CN1097649C (zh)

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US6358461B1 (en) 2002-03-19
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