CN1230251A - 红外反射覆盖材料 - Google Patents

红外反射覆盖材料 Download PDF

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CN1230251A
CN1230251A CN97197962A CN97197962A CN1230251A CN 1230251 A CN1230251 A CN 1230251A CN 97197962 A CN97197962 A CN 97197962A CN 97197962 A CN97197962 A CN 97197962A CN 1230251 A CN1230251 A CN 1230251A
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film
infrared reflective
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G·D·卡勒
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WL Gore and Associates Inc
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Abstract

一种纺织品材料,能在中远红外区掩蔽或抑制热象,但不致影响可见光和近红外伪装的有效性和人体舒适感及行动方便。本发明具体涉及能透空气和透湿气的防水热反射材料,它基本上包含至少一层敷金属微孔膜(10),其敷金属部分(13)上有疏油涂层(14)。将该膜与至少另一层织物背衬材料(23)(如织造、非织造或针织尼龙、聚酯、棉、丝等)或再一层微孔层层压,敷金属膜内的金属在微孔膜表面和邻近表面的孔壁上形成不连续层。

Description

红外反射覆盖材料 与相关申请的交叉参考
本申请是申请日为1996年9月20日的No.08/707,997的继续申请。
                      发明的领域
本发明涉及电磁反射和透射的材料以及该材料作为电磁伪装(尤其是红外波长段)的应用。
                      发明的背景
探测热辐射的仪器是人们熟知的。红外探测仪可以容易地探测到来自人体或其它物体的辐射。
这些仪器能在3至5微米和8至12微米的大气透明窗口工作。由于大气吸收，在这些窗口以外的波长不可能实现红外成象。用这些仪器所得到的图象中，有高热辐射系数的物体和与背景相比有较高温度的物体呈现亮的廓影。这是因为这些物体辐射的能量所致。辐射功率由以下方程式表示：
                          W=εσT4其中，W=辐射功率，以每小时每平方英尺的BTU(BTU/hr.-ft2)表示，ε=热辐射系数(emissivity),σ=Stephan-Boltzman常数，T=用兰金温标表示的温度。
从此方程式可知，抑制热象(thermal image)有两种可能的途径：在外表面使用低热辐射系数的材料，或者降低外表面的温度。典型的方法是：在外表面使用低热辐射系数的材料，然后在低热辐射系数的表面上覆盖一种材料，该材料在红外(IR)波长是透明的，但在视觉上是不透明的，以提供视觉伪装。第二种方法是使用热绝缘来降低外表面温度。另一种方法是这两种方法的结合。
长期以来，人们希望研制一种材料，它能防止通过电磁(尤其是红外)探测仪来探测人员或设备，而不会影响人或设备的运动。
例如，授予Cox的美国专利No.5,281,460提供了附在多孔尼龙网上多根带子构成的图形。而带子上涂覆了银、铜或颜料。
授予Pusch等的美国专利No.4,495,239使用了一种其上面具有气相沉积金属反射层再加上伪装涂料的纺织品基层。
授予Birch的美国专利No.4,659,602使用了一种其上面有金属箔的编织材料和含有导体颗粒的聚乙烯片材。
在授予Pusch的美国专利No.4,621,012中，在纺织品上涂覆一种内含经选择的偶极材料的热塑性材料，该材料具有金属层来反射红外线。
授予Pusch等的美国专利No.4,467,005使用了一种支承网络，其每边的载体网均具有红外反射金属涂层。该材料是透湿气性的。
授予Sorko-Ram的美国专利No.4,533,591提供了一种热塑性树脂，有许多不连续的电磁性粒子分散其中。
授予Wallin的美国专利No.4,064,305提供了一种编织物，它是由不连续聚合纤维和不连续的具有反射雷达波性能的金属纤维构成的合股线编成。
授予Karlsson的美国专利No.4,529,633介绍了一种电磁反射材料，它是由一层聚乙烯层、一层金属涂层、粘合剂和纺织品制成的。
因为塑性层的存在，这些专利的组合物不容易散失湿气，当作为服装穿着时会不舒服，而披盖在设备上时会使设备“出汗”。有一个例外是美国专利No.4,467,005，它提出的方案是透湿气的但不透空气的。然而，对本领域技术人员而言不难看出，使用所描述的获得透湿气性和防水性的技术，所得到的透湿气性能不够，没有实用价值。对于透湿气性能的任何改进将会导致防水性能相应的下降。以上提到的专利中所描述的材料为敷金属提供了理想表面，适用于无需很大柔软性和可动性的地方，如用来覆盖固定的物体。但当这些材料用来为人提供热象保护时，会出现许多不足。这些不足主要的是悬垂性很差、透湿气性能低和重量较大。除了以上提到的不足以外，敷以金属的表面是位于层压材料的外部，这是一个通过洗刷而移动时会被损坏或刮去的位置。
从生理学的观点来看，需要最大可能地减少穿着红外伪装服装的人的受热之苦。这可以通过增加人体的蒸发冷却(使湿气容易透过层压材料就可达到这一点)并降低整个热伪装服装的重量和厚度来实现。
另一个例外揭示于授予Manniso的美国专利No.4,557,957，它描述了一种位于微孔发泡聚四氟乙烯膜上的亲水性金属涂层。虽然该专利中所描述的使用该经涂覆膜制得的层压材料在热性能和生理性能方面较上述其它材料优越，但是其防水性不足，没有实用价值。因此，该文献揭示的金属层易遭腐蚀和磨蚀。
                      发明的概述
本发明提供了一种红外反射材料，它能够制成衣服这一典型制品，或者用来覆盖物体(如帐篷)，它能够用来在中远红外区域进行热象的掩蔽或抑制，而不致于影响可见光和近红外伪装的有效性，也不影响人体的舒适程度和行动方便。该材料包括一层敷金属的层和位于该敷金属层上的一层疏油涂层。将敷金属的微孔膜加入到衣服或覆盖物这些制品中能够抑制该敷金属膜下面或后面物体的热象。通过加入附加的疏油涂层来覆盖敷金属层，则可以防止金属被磨蚀和化学侵蚀。
本发明具体是涉及一种疏油、透空气、透湿气、防水、可悬垂(drapeable)、抑制热象或红外反射材料，包含至少一层敷以金属的微孔膜，该膜层压到至少另一层织物背衬材料(如织造的、非织造的或针织的聚酰胺、聚烯烃、聚酯、棉、丝等)或再一层微孔层上。敷金属膜内的金属在微孔膜表面和邻近表面的孔壁上形成不连续层。有一层疏油材料的涂层覆盖在敷金属的表面上。
                    附图的简要说明
由以下详细说明能够更好地理解本发明，这些说明结合附图进行，其中：
图1A是本发明所用的微孔膜的剖面图，该膜具有不规则形状的孔从顶面连续延伸到底面；
图1B是具有气相沉积的金属涂层的图1A微孔膜的剖面图；
图1C是其上沉积了疏油涂层的图1B敷金属微孔膜的剖面图；以及
图2是具有疏油外涂层并层压在背衬材料上的图1C疏油的敷金属膜的剖面图。
                    发明的详细描述
现参考附图，所有附图中相同的标号表示相同的部分。图1A是微孔膜10的剖面图，它具有顶面10a、底面10b和两者之间由不连续聚合物部分限定的孔12。“微孔”一词是指既有结构完整性又有遍布整个膜结构的微小尺寸不连续性的膜材料，这种不连续性提供了从膜的一个外表面延伸到另一个外表面的孔或通道。而且，这些孔或通道的尺寸与组成膜的结构材料表面特征结合在一起，能形成透空气和透湿气、但不透液态水的孔和通道。一种这样的微孔膜是拉伸的PTFE织物材料，是购自W.L.Gore & Associates,Inc.of Newark,Delaware的注册商标GORE-TEX的膜。
微孔膜10的孔12的形状不规则，从顶面连续延伸到底面，聚合物膜是透空气、透湿气、防水(即不能透过液态水)和悬垂性的。在图1B中示出了气相沉积的金属涂层13，其中金属沉积在膜的顶面上，即金属覆盖了顶面和“开放”的孔壁，该“开放”孔壁是指顶面或是外露的次表面(sub-surfaces)，即那些从膜的顶面观察是开放(外露)的次表面。因此，垂直向下观察顶面，在视线范围内金属涂层13形成了连续的覆盖层，这在图1B中以虚线表示。从侧面看，金属覆盖层是不连续的，使孔保持开放让湿气透过，同时覆盖了顶面和外露的次表面部分。
图1C示出了在微孔膜10的聚合物粒子11和孔壁12的表面上的疏油涂层14．在最低限度上，疏油涂层至少应该覆盖下面的敷金属涂层。然而，在图1C的实施方案中，疏油涂层14不仅完全覆盖了金属涂层13并将其与微孔膜的孔12隔离开来，而且从侧面来看，疏油涂层14还覆盖了膜的所有表面和孔壁，同时仍然使孔12保持开放让空气和湿气透过。
使用疏油的敷以金属的微孔薄膜和膜，如微孔的聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、发泡聚四氟乙烯等，这些膜能与标准纺织品背衬材料层压结合，能克服已有技术的不足，这有几点原因。首先，疏油处理能够保护金属层以免氧化，并使得能够对膜表面的一面或两面，或者甚至对整个多孔膜结构进行敷金属。而且，这种镀敷金属不会损害膜的防水性。其次，微孔材料的三维性质使得从上方观察，在视线范围材料表面是100％被金属覆盖，这提供了足以抑制热象所需的红外反射。第三，保留了三维的孔隙率，这是大量湿气透过这种复合材料所需的，因此减轻了穿着者受热之苦。第四，膜微孔中的空气提供了隔热的空气空间而降低了膜的热导率。这使得人体与环境之间更多的热交换是通过蒸发冷却来进行。从人体经过微孔膜辐射的大部分热量被反射回人体，从而降低了外表面的温度，因此减弱了热象。反射的热量则通过人体自然的冷却机能即蒸发来除去。这些薄的微孔材料也比前面引述的已有技术材料更轻、更柔软，而且悬垂性更好，使得它们更适用于服装。
如上指出，敷金属一般只在膜的一面上进行，但是可以在膜的两面或整个结构上进行。这种敷金属可使用许多涂覆技术来施用到膜上，这些涂覆技术包括物理气相沉积(例如通过溅涂)、化学气相沉积、无电镀敷或其它已知的涂覆技术。节点和原纤上的金属涂层厚度在40至1200埃的范围内，敷金属膜的光密度在1至6密度单位之间。金属涂层的热辐射系数在0.06至1的范围内，这与所需热性能有关。如果需要高度的反射率，则需要低热辐射系数的涂层。另一方面，如果需要高度的吸收率，则需要高热辐射系数的涂层。
敷以金属的微孔薄膜或膜的厚度(由图1B中所示“A”度量)可以在0.001至0.125英寸的范围内，随所需的透气性和透湿气性而异。金属涂层的厚度不应大到封堵了微孔薄膜或膜上的孔；然而沉积应进行到覆盖表面和部分孔壁以形成看起来是连续涂层的程度，如以上按照图1B所说明的。
敷金属微孔薄膜和膜所用的金属可以是能气相沉积或溅涂在薄膜或膜上且能产生所需反射效果的任何金属，如铝、银、铜、锌或其它-或者这些金属的任何组合。较好的是，微孔膜10是发泡聚四氟乙烯(expanded polytetrafluoroethylene,ePTFE)，而金属涂层13用含铝的材料制得。
疏油涂层14一般在敷金属过程完成后进行施涂。基本上任何疏油材料都可以使用，只要它们具有斥油的趋势，并且能够沉积到敷金属涂层上以使其表面疏油，同时不会明显地降低下面膜的孔隙度。可用的疏油涂层的类型包括全氟聚醚涂层和丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物或共聚物的涂层，后者具有悬在聚合物主链上的氟代烷基侧链，该侧链有-CF3端基，例如：
-(CH2-CR)-
      COO-(CH2)n-(CF2)m-CF3；氟代烷基丙烯酰基甲烷，氟代烷基烯丙基氨基甲酸乙酯、氟代烷基马来酸酯。
该聚合物较好的是重复单元中具有上述氟化烷基侧链的有机聚合物。疏油涂层较好的是用以下膜涂覆技术加以施用，如Maier棒涂布、吻辊涂布、垫式涂布(pad coating)和喷涂。疏油涂层14的施加量是添加重量为基膜的5-50％，但是较好的是添加重量为约12-25％。疏油涂层14较好的是如下制得：将水性氟代丙烯酸酯微乳液涂料刷涂在敷金属涂层上，干燥该微乳液涂层，然后通过加热固化该微乳液涂层。
在图2中示出了本发明的一个实施方案，包含层压制品20，它由如下这些部分组成：微孔膜10，由其间含孔12的不连续的聚合物部分11形成，还具有在膜10的顶面10a上沉积的金属涂层13。然后将疏油涂层14沉积在金属涂层13和聚合物部分11的剩余部分上。用不连续的聚氨酯粘合剂22或易熔的非织造粘合剂(如购自Spunfab Corporation的Spunfab #EV3014)将一种纺织品壳材(shellmaterial)23(如织造的丝或尼龙)粘合到涂覆的膜上。此外，该纺织品壳体可以通过直接热熔或用加热加压进行层压来粘合到涂覆的微孔膜上。
该壳材23所用的纺织品应该具有所需的特性(如IR5透明度、可见透明度、强度等)，除丝和尼龙之外，可以用具有这些特性的基本上任何纺织品制得。较好的是使用织造的尼龙taslite材料，如从Duro Corporation购得的材料。其它可以使用的纺织品壳材包括合成材料(如聚酰胺、聚酯、聚烯烃、丙烯酸类聚合物)或天然材料(如棉、羊毛、丝或混纺纱)，这些材料可以是织造、非织造或针织的。纺织品壳材也可以涂覆以附加的局部涂层(topical coating)以得到其它所需的特性，如阻燃性、防水性、电磁吸收性或反射性。例如，局部涂料(如钛酸钡)可以用来改进层压制品的辐射热性能。也可以用衬垫织物(图中未示出)，如针织的聚丙烯用与壳体相同的方式连接到层压制品20上。纺织品壳体可以包括在服装结构(如夹克、裤子、帽子、短袜等)中。
实施例1
让标称孔径为.2μm的0.001英寸厚的微孔ePTFE膜(来自W.L.Gore &Associates,Inc.)通过蒸发和冷凝来气相沉积铝以涂敷金属，得到的光密度为3.0密度单位(用Tobias Assoc.,Inc.的TRX-N型号光密度计测得)。更具体地说，将铝丝在氧化物坩埚中于高真空(2×10-5乇)约1220℃下加热，使铝气化。ePTFE膜具有聚酯膜背衬以防蒸气从该面进入，将此膜背衬一面朝上地通过坩埚上方。坩埚中的蒸气上升，在膜靠近坩埚的一面上形成不连续涂层。然后，将经涂覆的膜卷绕在一个滚筒上。除去背衬后，用所含侧链主要为-COO-(CH2)2-(CF2)-CF3的聚丙烯酸酯的水性氟代丙烯酸酯微乳液刷涂敷以铝的微孔膜，然后于210℃在烘箱中干燥和固化2分钟。然后将该6×9英寸的经氟代丙烯酸酯涂覆的敷金属膜的样品与2.7盎司/码的织造尼龙taslite壳材进行层压，以使敷铝表面紧贴该壳材。可用易熔非织造粘合剂(购自Spunfab Adhesive Fabrics Co.的Spunfab #EV3014)在125℃、压力为2000psi下加压10秒将壳材粘合到敷金属的膜上，制得层压制品。
使用Hughes/Texas Instruments夜视系统(介电辐射热仪-Part #6245935)来测试对红外成象的抑制能力。介质辐射热仪记录从加热的铝目标块上发出的热辐射，该铝目标块一面上的热辐射系数为0.89，其它5面的辐射系数为0.06。将该目标块用内部加热器保持于30℃。当将层压制品放在该目标上时，该目标的图象明显地减弱。
使用Devices and Services型号AE热辐射仪测量层压制品的热辐射系数。将层压样品放在仪器的受热器上，将测量头放在层压样品上面。上述层压制品的热辐射系数明显地低于类似结构的一般层压制品。
实施例2
按实施例1制备疏油的敷金属微孔ePTFE膜。将一片每平方码1盎司重的中国绸缎放在6×9英寸橡皮垫上。将一片6×9英寸的易熔、开放(open)、非织造的粘合剂(Spunfab #EV3014)放在该绸缎上。将一片敷金属的膜放在粘合剂层上，金属一面朝着粘合剂。所得橡胶垫/绸缎/粘合剂/敷金属膜的组合在123℃、2000psi的压力下加热加压10秒来进行层压。然后取出经层压的样品。按实施例1测试样品对红外成象的抑制能力和热辐射系数。图象和热辐射系数明显地降低了。
实施例3
让标称孔径为0.2μm的0.001英寸厚的微孔ePTFE膜(来自W.L.Gore &Associates,Inc.)通过蒸发和冷凝来气相沉积铝以在两面上涂敷金属，得到的光密度为4.91密度单位(用Tobias Assoc.,Inc.的TRX-N型号光密度计测量)。更具体地说，将0.15克铝丝放在位于14英寸直径的钟罩下的钨篮中。将一片10英寸×18英寸的ePTFE膜悬挂于钟罩内表面周围。将该钟罩抽空至高真空(2×10-5乇)，并施加40安培的电流通过钨篮，将其温度升至约1220℃，使铝气化。从钨篮中升起的蒸气在膜靠近钨篮的一面上形成不连续涂层。然后取出ePTFE样品，向钨篮中再加入0.14克铝丝，翻转该ePTFE样品以使先前未涂覆的表面朝着钨篮。重复该敷金属过程，然后取出两面都敷以金属的样品。用水性氟代丙烯酸酯微乳液(BW1300)吻辊涂布该敷以铝的微孔膜，然后于210℃在烘箱中干燥和固化2分钟。然后将该6×9英寸的经氟代丙烯酸酯涂覆的敷金属膜的样品与2.7盎司/码的织造尼龙taslite壳材进行层压，以使敷铝第二表面紧贴该壳材。可用易熔非织造粘合剂(Spunfab #EV3014)在125℃、压力为2000psi下加压加热10秒将该壳材粘合到敷金属的膜上，制得层压制品。按实施例1测试样品对红外成象的抑制能力和热辐射系数。图象和热辐射系数明显地降低了。

Claims (9)

1．一种用于覆盖物体的红外反射材料，所述材料包含微孔、透空气、透湿气、防水、可悬垂的聚合物膜，该膜具有顶面、底面和两面之间的孔；所述膜包括：
(a)红外反射金属涂层，至少覆盖所述膜表面的一面及其外露的次表面部分；以及
(b)疏油涂层，至少覆盖所述金属涂层。
2．如权利要求1所述的红外反射材料，其中所述金属涂层只涂覆在所述膜的顶面及其外露的次表面部分上。
3．如权利要求2所述的红外反射材料，其中所述疏油涂层覆盖所述膜的所述顶面和底面以及所述膜形成孔的壁。
4．如权利要求1所述的红外反射材料，其中所述疏油涂层是有机聚合物，在该聚合物的重复单元中具有氟化的烷基侧链，该侧链具有端基-CF3。
5．如权利要求1所述的红外反射材料，其中所述金属涂层选自铝、金、银、铜、锌、钴、镍、铂，及其合金和组合物。
6．如权利要求1所述的红外反射材料，其中所述微孔膜选自发泡聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯，以及它们的混合物。
7．如权利要求6所述的红外反射材料，该材料还包含粘合到所述经涂覆的膜上的外层纺织品壳材。
8．如权利要求7所述的疏油的红外反射材料，其中所述外层纺织品壳材选自丝、羊毛、棉、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚烯烃、丙烯酸类聚合物、尼龙，以及它们的共混物。
9．如权利要求1所述的疏油的红外反射材料，它形成服装或帐篷材料中的至少一部分。
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HUP9903909A3 (en) 2004-03-29
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US5955175A (en) 1999-09-21
HUP9903909A2 (hu) 2001-06-28
AU3900597A (en) 1998-04-14
PL332287A1 (en) 1999-08-30
NO318560B1 (no) 2005-04-11
PL184548B1 (pl) 2002-11-29
IL128654A0 (en) 2000-01-31
DE69703118D1 (de) 2000-10-19
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