CN1072559C - 红外反射覆盖材料 - Google Patents

红外反射覆盖材料 Download PDF

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CN1072559C
CN1072559C CN95197801A CN95197801A CN1072559C CN 1072559 C CN1072559 C CN 1072559C CN 95197801 A CN95197801 A CN 95197801A CN 95197801 A CN95197801 A CN 95197801A CN 1072559 C CN1072559 C CN 1072559C
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metal
film
microporous membrane
microporous
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CN1179750A (zh
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G·D·卡勒
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WL Gore and Associates Inc
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    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
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    • Y10T428/24917—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including metal layer
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Abstract

一种纺织品材料，能在中远红外区掩蔽或抑制热成象，但不致影响可见光和近红外掩蔽的有效性和人体舒适感及行动方便。该目的是将敷金属微孔薄膜加到衣服或遮盖物典型制品如帐篷上来实现的，该制品就可抑制热成象。本发明具体涉及能透空气和透湿的防水热反射材料，它基本上由至少一层敷金属微孔薄膜(20)与至少一层织物背衬材料(22)如织造、非织造或针织尼龙、聚酯、棉、丝等或再一层微孔层层压组成。敷金属薄膜内的金属在微孔薄膜表面和邻近表面的孔壁上形成不连续层(21)。

Description

红外反射覆盖材料
                   发明的领域
本发明涉及电磁反射和透射的材料以及该材料作为电磁掩蔽(尤其是红外波长段)的应用。
                   发明的背景
探测热辐射的仪器是人们熟知的。红外探测仪可以容易地探测到来自人体或其它物体的辐射。
这些仪器能在3至5毫米和8至12毫米的大气透明的窗内工作。由于大气吸收，在这些窗以外的波长红外成象不可能。用这些仪器所成的象中，有高辐射系数的物体和/或与背景相比有较高温度的物体呈现亮的廓影。这是因为这些物体辐射的能量所致。辐射功率由以下方程式表示：
                    W＝εσT4其中，W＝辐射功率，以每小时每平方英尺的BTU表示，ε＝辐射系数，σ＝Stephan-Boltzman常数，T＝用兰金温标表示的温度。
从此方程式可知，抑制热成象有两种可能的途径：在外表面使用低辐射系数的材料，或降低外表面的温度。典型的方法是：在外表面使用低辐射系数的材料，然后在低辐射系数表面上覆盖一种材料，该材料在红外(IR)波长是透明的，但在视觉上是不透明的，以提供视觉掩蔽。第二种方法是使用热绝缘来降低外表面温度。第三种方法是这两种方法的结合。
长期以来，人们希望研制一种材料，它能防止通过电磁(尤其是红外)探测仪来探测人或设备，而不会影响人或设备的运动。
例如，美国专利5,281,460提供了一种在多孔尼龙网上附有带子的图案。而该带子上涂覆了银、铜或颜料。
美国专利4,495,239使用了一种其上面具有气相沉积金属反射层再加上掩蔽涂料的纺织品基层。
美国专利4,659,602使用了一种其上面有金属箔的织料和含有导体颗粒的聚乙烯片材。
美国专利4,621,012中，在织物上涂覆一种其内有选择的偶极材料的热塑性材料，并且该织物具有金属层来反射红外线。
美国专利4,467,005使用了一种支承网，其每边的承载材幅均具有红外反射金属涂层。这种材料是透湿性的。
美国专利4,533,591提供了一种热塑性树脂，有许多在电磁性能上不连续的粒子分散其中。
美国专利4,064,305提供了一种编织物，它是由不连续聚合纤维和不连续的具有反射雷达波性能的金属纤维构成的合股线编成。
美国专利4,529,633介绍了一种电磁反射材料，它是由聚乙烯层、金属涂层、粘合剂和纺织品制成。
因为塑性层的存在，这些专利的组合物不容易散失湿气，当作为服装穿着时会不舒服，而披盖在设备上时会使设备“出汗”。
有一个例外是美国专利4,467,005，它提出的方案是透湿的但不透空气的。对本领域技术人员而言，不难看出使用描述来获得既透湿又防水的技术，其所得到的透湿性能不够，没有实用价值。对于透湿性能的任何改进将会导致防水性能相应的下降。以上提到的专利中所描述的材料具有敷金属层用的理想表面，适用于无需很大柔软性和可动性的地方，如用来覆盖固定的物体。但当这些材料用来为人提供热成象保护时，会出现许多不足。这些不足主要的是悬垂性很差、透湿性能低和重量较大。除了以上提到的不足以外，敷以金属的表面是在层压材料的外层，这是一个在通过刷子运动时会被损坏或刮去的位置。从生理学的观点来看，需要最大可能地减少穿着红外掩蔽服装的人感到的热。这可以通过增加人体的蒸发冷却(使湿气容易透过层压材料就可达到这一点)并降低整个热掩蔽服装的重量和厚度来实现。
                发明的概述
本发明的目的是提供既在中远红外区域的热成象掩蔽或抑制，但它不致于影响对可见光和近红外掩蔽的有效性，也不影响人体的舒适程度和行动方便。这一目的是通过将敷以金属的微孔薄膜加到衣服或遮盖物的典型制品如帐篷上来实现的，该制品能对位于敷以金属的薄膜下面或后面的物体的热成象起抑制作用。
本发明具体是涉及一种能透空气和透湿的、防水的、可悬垂的热反射材料，其基本上由至少一层敷以金属的微孔薄膜、至少一层织物背衬材料(如织造的、非织造的或针织的聚酰胺、聚烯烃、聚酯、棉、丝等)或再一层微孔层层压组成，其中，敷以金属的薄膜内的金属在微孔薄膜表面和邻近表面的孔壁上形成不连续层。
                   附图的简要说明
图1a和1b是本发明所用的微孔薄膜的侧面剖视图，它表示了金属层不连续但仍能对热透射提供有效屏障的机理。
图2是与背衬材料层压在一起的敷以金属的薄膜的侧视图。
                  发明的详细描述
在图1a所示的微孔薄膜的侧面剖视放大图中，微孔薄膜10含有聚合物层11，其中有从一边至另一边穿通的不规则形状的孔12。图1b中表示，气相沉积金属13是从薄膜的上方沉积下来的，结果金属覆盖了表面和“开放”的孔壁(即从薄膜上方看下去是开放的孔壁部分)。这样，从上方沿箭头方向垂直向下看，金属似乎形成了连续的视线覆盖层，这在图1b中以虚线表示。但是，从侧面看，金属覆盖层是不连续的，留下了为湿气透过开放的孔。
使用敷以金属的微孔膜和薄膜，如微孔的聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、多孔的聚四氟乙烯等与标准纺织品层压结合，能克服已有技术的不足，这有几点原因。首先，微孔材料的三维性质使得从上方观察，材料表面是在100％视线上被金属覆盖，这提供了足以抑制热成象所需的红外反射。其次，存在着三维的孔，这是大量湿气透过这种复合材料所需的，因此减轻了穿着者受热之苦。再次，薄膜的微孔中所夹带的空气因提供绝缘的空气空间而降低了薄膜的热导率。这使得人体与环境之间更多的热交换通过蒸发冷却来进行。从人体经过微孔薄膜辐射的大部分热量被反射回人体，从而降低了外表面的温度，因此减少了热成象。反射的热量则通过人体自然的冷却机能和蒸发来除去。微孔材料还比前面引述的已有技术材料更轻、更柔软，而且悬垂性更好，使得它们更适用于服装。
用于敷以金属的微孔膜和薄膜上的金属可以是能被气相沉积或溅镀在膜或薄膜上且能产生所需反射效果的任何金属，如铝、银、铜、锌或其它。
只在微孔膜的一面敷金属，可以采用物理气相沉积如溅镀或化学气相沉积。敷上的金属层的厚度可以在40至1200埃的范围内，敷以金属的薄膜的光密度在1至6光密度单位之间。
敷以金属的微孔膜或薄膜的厚度(以图1b中所示A度量)可以在0.001至0.125英寸的范围内，随所需的透气性和透湿性而异。金属涂层的厚度不应大到封堵了微孔膜或薄膜上孔的程度，沉积的程厚度应覆盖表面和部分的孔壁以形成看起来是连续的涂层，如以上按照图1所说明的。
所用的织物应具有所需的特性，如红外透明、可见光不透明等。
织物通过不连续施加的粘合剂在热压或直接热熔融条件下层压粘合在薄膜的金属涂层一面。
在图2所示的实施方案中，表示的是微孔聚四氟乙烯(ePTFE)薄膜20和在其上面沉积的金属21如铝。织物薄料(textile shell material)22如织造的丝或尼龙用不连续的聚氨酯粘合剂层压在经涂敷金属的薄膜上，此时微孔薄膜的敷以金属的表面是与薄料接触的。衬里织物(图中未示出)如针织聚丙烯可以象薄料一样与敷以金属的薄膜粘合。其它可用的实施方案包括用好几层敷以金属的具有相同或不同化学组成的微孔薄膜，再多用一些织物层，以及用熔融粘合代替粘合剂粘合。另外，织物薄料可以涂敷上某种材料如钛酸钡的顶部涂层以改进其热辐射性能。
实施例1
2μm标称孔径的0.001英寸厚的微孔ePTFE薄膜(来自W.L.Gore&Associates，Inc.)通过气化和冷凝进行铝的气相沉积涂敷上金属，得到的光密度为3.0光密度单位(用Tobias Assoc.，Inc.的TRX-N型号光密度计测量)。更具体地说，将铝丝在氧化物坩埚中于高真空(2×10-6乇)约1220℃下加热气化。所用的微孔ePTFE薄膜在有一面背具实心的膜背衬，以防止铝蒸气从该面进入，将此薄膜在坩埚的上方通过，与膜背衬的一面朝上。坩埚中的铝蒸气上升，在薄膜靠近蒸气的一面上形成不连续涂层。然后，将有涂层的薄膜卷绕在一个滚筒上。除去背衬膜后，涂铝的微孔薄膜与2.7盎司/码的织造尼龙taslite薄料用不连续施加的聚氨酯粘合剂层压结合，铝涂层面应紧贴薄料。然后将第三层编织尼龙与ePTFE层压材料的未敷涂金属面层压结合。
使用Hughes/Texas仪器夜视系统(介电伏安计-Part#6245935)来测试对红外成象的抑制能力。介质伏安计能记录来自人体某部位的热辐射。当把该层压制品罩在该部位外面时，该部位的象显著地减弱了。
实施例2
象实施例1一样，制备了一块敷涂金属的微孔ePTFE薄膜。
把一片每平方码一盎司的中国丝绸放在6×9英寸的橡胶底板上。再把一片6×9英寸的可熔化开的(fusible open)非织造的粘合剂如Spunfab#EV3014放在该片丝绸上。再将一片敷涂了金属的膜放在此片粘合剂上，膜的金属面对着粘合剂。把这一块橡胶底板/丝绸/粘合剂/敷涂了金属的薄膜的层叠物置于压机中，加热至123℃。关上压机，升压至2000磅/英寸2保持10秒，然后取出层压样品。其红外成象的抑制性能测试同实施例1。所成的象也明显地减弱了。

Claims (7)

1.一种透空气的、透湿的、防水的、可悬垂的热反射材料，其特征在于它包括至少一层含有从一面至另一面的孔隙并涂敷有金属的微孔薄膜，该薄膜至少与另一层纺织材料层压起来，其中，涂敷金属的薄膜内的金属在微孔薄膜表面和邻近孔壁上形成不连续层，但从薄膜表面上方观察，金属呈现连续状。
2.如权利要求1所述的材料，其特征在于所述薄膜是微孔聚四氟乙烯，所述金属是铝。
3.如权利要求2所述的材料，其特征在于所述纺织材料是丝绸。
4.如权利要求1所述的材料，其特征在于其形式为服装。
5.如权利要求1所述的材料，其特征在于它构成服装的一部分。
6.如权利要求1所述的材料，其特征在于其形式为帐篷材料。
7.如权利要求1所述的材料，其特征在于它构成帐篷材料的一部分。
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