CN1221002A - 由(甲基)丙烯酸类单体阴离子聚合形成的新倾点下降剂 - Google Patents
由(甲基)丙烯酸类单体阴离子聚合形成的新倾点下降剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及在阴离子引发剂的存在下聚合丙烯酸类单体和任选的乙烯基和/或增加性能的共聚单体的特定组合物以形成具有窄分子量分布的共聚物的产物。另外,本发明涉及在润滑油制剂中用这些共聚物作为倾点下降剂。
Description
本发明涉及在阴离子引发剂的存在下聚合丙烯酸类单体和任选的乙烯基共聚单体以形成具有窄分子量分布的共聚物。另外,本发明涉及在润滑油制剂中用这些共聚物作为倾点下降剂。
例如,在阴离子聚合引发剂的存在下丙烯酸类或甲基丙烯酸类单体如丙烯酸烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸烷基酯的聚合以及丙烯酸类或甲基丙烯酸类单体与乙烯基共聚单体的共聚合通常是已知的。所用的引发剂具有通式:
R-M
其中M代表碱金属或碱土金属,R代表含2-6个碳原子的直链或支化烷基或者芳基。这类引发剂的实例包括正丁基锂、仲丁基锂、萘钠、1,4-二钠代-1,1,4,4-四苯基丁烷、二苯甲基钾、二苯甲基钠、1’-甲基苯乙烯基锂、1,1-二苯基-3-甲基戊基锂和其他如锂的叔醇盐类和含三甲基甲硅烷基基团的化合物。
对于丙烯酸酯类或甲基丙烯酸酯类聚合物的各种应用该聚合物或共聚物具有窄的分子量分布是有利的。在某些情况下,制备具有宽的分子量分布的聚合物并将此聚合物组成经物理处理以形成聚合物分子量落在某窄范围的材料。另外,已发现各种包括非氮络合剂的添加剂可加至阴离子聚合反应混合物中以便获得具有较低多分散性的聚合物(例如,见美国专利4,927,703和4,826,941)。
通常,在由阴离子聚合制备的丙烯酸酯类和甲基丙烯酸酯类的通用领域中有许多出版物和专利。例如美国专利4,927,703,4,826,941和Fayt等的“大分子”(Macromolecules)第20卷,1442-1444页(1987)。这些引用公开了使用氯化锂和冠醚类制备窄多分散性的聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯类。例如,在Fayt等的1442页,指出通过使用氯化锂可制备多分散性为1.2-1.6的聚甲基丙烯酸酯类,与之相比未使用氯化锂的多分散性为3.61。
美国专利5,534,175公开了包括不饱和脂肪酯类的共聚物的润滑油粘度改进剂。该专利指出该共聚物具有约2和5之间的多分散性值,Mw/Mn。
WO 96/23008讲授了用于本发明的阴离子聚合方法。WO 96/23008未讲授本发明所要求的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的特定组合或使用由阴离子聚合获得的聚合物作为倾点下降剂。
本发明的目的是提供由阴离子聚合方法获得的新共聚物。本发明的共聚物是具有窄分子量分布的丙烯酸酯类和/或甲基丙烯酸酯类的共聚物。优选地,该共聚物用作粘稠润滑油(oils of lubricatingviscosity)的倾点下降剂。
本发明涉及用作粘稠润滑油的倾点下降剂的新共聚物,该共聚物是通过(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的特定组合物的阴离子共聚而获得的。WO96/23008(美国系列号08/378,978,1995年1月27日提交,在此引入作为参考)讲授了用于形成本发明的倾点下降剂的阴离子聚合方法。在丙烯酸酯类和甲基丙烯酸酯类的阴离子聚合或共聚方法中,将单体或共聚单体立即或以快速连续的方式(不是一滴一滴地)加入阴离子聚合反应介质中。
本发明的新共聚物包括:
其中R为氢或甲基,R1为含1-5个碳原子的烷基;
其中R为氢或甲基,和R2为含6-14个碳原子的烷基;
及
c)15-80重量%下式的至少一种丙烯酸类单位:
其中R为氢或甲基,和R3为含15-22个碳原子的烷基;附带条件是存在共聚单体a)和b)的至少一种且单体a)+b)的总量为所得共聚物的20-85重量%。
用于共聚单体a)的合适的(甲基)丙烯酸酯类单体包括丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯。组分a)的优选共聚单体为甲基丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸丁酯及其混合物。
用于共聚单体b)的合适的(甲基)丙烯酸酯类单体包括丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸己酯、甲基丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯及其混合物。优选的共聚单体b)为甲基丙烯酸月桂酯。
用于共聚单体c)的合适的(甲基)丙烯酸酯类单体包括丙烯酸硬脂酰酯、甲基丙烯酸硬脂酰酯、丙烯酸十五烷酯、甲基丙烯酸十五烷酯、丙烯酸十六烷酯、甲基丙烯酸十六烷酯及其混合物。优选的共聚单体c)为甲基丙烯酸硬脂酰酯。
共聚单体a)-c)当工业制备时通常为通过在酯化期间使用粗醇混合物获得的低级和高级脂肪衍生物的混合物。单体的碳原子数为该单体中的主要酯的碳原子数。例如,为了本发明的目的,将甲基丙烯酸月桂酯视为共聚单体b),其中R为甲基且R2为含12个碳原子的烷基,尽管作为市售的,甲基丙烯酸月桂酯为也含有低级和高级脂肪衍生物的混合物。此外,为了本发明的目的,将甲基丙烯酸硬脂酰酯视为共聚单体c),其中R为甲基且R3为含18个碳原子的烷基,尽管作为市售的,甲基丙烯酸硬脂酰酯为也含有低级和高级脂肪衍生物的混合物。
非丙烯酸类的乙烯基共聚单体可任选地包括于本发明的共聚物中。合适的乙烯基共聚单体包括,但并不限于,丁二烯、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、叔丁基苯乙烯、氯苯乙烯、乙烯基萘、2-乙烯基吡啶、4-乙烯基吡啶等。
此外,提供进一步改善共聚物性能如分散力、抗氧化性和抗磨性的单体也可包括于本发明的共聚物中。此类典型的增强性能单体包括N,N-二甲基氨基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙基氨基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基氨基乙基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙基氨基乙基丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯、丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨基乙酯、硫代甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯、聚(乙二醇)乙醚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)4-壬基苯醚丙烯酸酯和聚(乙二醇)苯基醚丙烯酸酯。
本发明所用的引发剂包括下式的引发剂:
R-M
其中M为碱金属或碱土金属,R优选为含1-6个碳原子的直链或支化烷基或环烷基,或者芳基。例如,这类引发剂的实例包括烃基锂引发剂如烷基锂化合物,优选甲基锂、正丁基锂、仲丁基锂;环烷基锂化合物,优选环己基锂;和芳基锂化合物,优选苯基锂、1-甲基苯乙烯基锂、对甲苯基锂、萘基锂和1,1-苯基-3-甲基戊基锂。也有用的引发剂包括萘钠、1,4-二钠代-1,1,4,4-四苯基丁烷、二苯甲基钾和二苯甲基钠。也可使用锂的叔醇盐类和含三甲基甲硅烷基基团的化合物。
制备本发明的共聚物的方法优选在无水无氧的情况下且在至少一种惰性溶剂的存在下进行。优选聚合在没有对阴离子催化剂体系有害的任何杂质的情况下进行。惰性溶剂优选烃,如异丁烷、戊烷、环己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、四氢呋喃、二甘醇二甲醚、四甘醇二甲醚、邻三联苯、联苯、十氢化萘或四氢化萘。
在生产本发明的共聚物中有用的共聚温度于约30℃至约-78℃间变化,优选约0℃至-50℃间。
本方法在阴离子聚合的引发剂体系中使用1,1-二苯基乙烯。1,1-二苯基乙烯具有较高的电亲和性且不均聚。
本方法使大范围的共聚物包括嵌段共聚物的制备成为可能,其中数均分子量在约500-约1,000,000之间,优选约5000-约300,000,并且具有约1.0-约2.0的多分散性指数,Mw/Mn(重均分子量与数均分子量的比),优选约1.0-约1.5。
在生产本发明的新共聚物的方法中,聚合通常在惰性气氛中进行,例如在氮气、氩气等气氛下。用于聚合反应的设备应仔细干燥如在约150℃干燥数小时。溶剂和试剂也仔细干燥。例如,如果四氢呋喃(THF)用作聚合介质,THF可通过钠-二苯甲酮新鲜蒸馏或可用无水THF。丙烯酸类、甲基丙烯酸类或其他单体或共聚单体可由使单体或共聚单体通过氧化铝而纯化。二苯基乙烯(DPE)可通过分子筛干燥。金属引发剂一般以收到的形式使用。
为了实现所要求的以上述方法生产的聚合物的多分散性的目的,优选将共聚单体以特别的方法加入聚合反应器。根据是要求无规还是嵌段共聚物而将单体和引发剂一起或顺序加入含反应介质的反应器。共聚单体优选以单独量一步(立即)加入或以连续液流迅速加入。优选不使用滴加。反应可在间歇反应器、连续管式反应器或任何其他合适的反应器中发生,其中聚合反应介质和共聚单体立即或以迅速的连续方法接触。该反应很快速且一般在几秒内完成。在本方法中转化率也很好且一般转化率约为100%。
本发明的共聚物的主要用途为在使用基础油的润滑油组合物中作为倾点下降剂,在该基础油中溶解或分散有添加剂。这类基础油可以是天然的或合成的。适宜用于制备本发明的润滑油组合物的基础油包括通常用作电火花点火和压缩点火的内燃机,如汽车和卡车发动机、船舶和火车柴油发动机等的曲柄箱润滑油者。通过使用本发明的共聚物作为基础油中的倾点下降剂也获得有利的结果,该基础油通常用于和/或适宜用作动力传送液、重型液压机液、动力转向液等。齿轮润滑油、工业用油、泵油和其它润滑油组合物也可受益于本发明的共聚物在其中的结合。
这些润滑油制剂通常含有可提供该制剂中所要求的特性的另外的添加剂。这些添加剂类型中包括粘度指数改进剂、抗氧剂、抗蚀剂、去垢剂、分散剂、抗磨剂、消泡剂、抗乳化剂和磨擦改进剂。
本发明的共聚物可用作润滑油的倾点下降剂,所用共聚物的量对应于要处理的润滑油质量为约0.01-1重量%的比例,优选0.05-0.3重量%。
然而,以添加剂浓缩物的形式使用共聚物是方便的,该浓缩物包括本发明的共聚物和带常规液态有机稀释剂如天然油类、矿物油类或其混合物或者其它适宜溶剂的任何另外的添加剂。依照本发明,添加剂浓缩物通常包括约25-约75重量%的至少一种共聚物,及任选的另外的添加剂,依照本发明,至100%的余量基本由常规液态有机稀释剂组成。当然,使用浓缩物的目的是使各种材料的操作变得较不困难和不难处理以及在最后混合中便于处理溶液或悬浮液。
本发明的共聚物一般用于与润滑油基本油料的混合,该基本油料包括粘稠润滑油,该粘稠润滑油包括天然和合成润滑油及其混合物。
天然油类包括动物油和植物油(如,蓖麻油、猪油)、液态石油油料和加氢精制的溶剂处理或酸处理的石蜡型、环烷型及混合的石蜡-环烷型的矿物润滑油。来自煤或页岩的粘稠润滑油也是有用的基础油。
以下实施例是说明性的且不意于以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
以下实施例中,聚合是在反应器中于氮气气氛下进行的。聚合是通过以连续方式使共聚单体和引发剂体系在反应器中接触而进行的。该引发剂体系包括溶在无水THF中的二苯基乙烯和仲丁基锂。回收制备的聚合物并通过凝胶渗透色谱使用聚苯乙烯和/或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯校准来测定分子量及其分布。
表1显示了各种共聚物对润滑油的倾点的影响。如下表所示,将含甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯(LMA)和/或甲基丙烯酸硬脂酰酯(SMA)的共聚物以各种量加入5W30基础油中。在各种共聚物浓度下,根据ASTM D 97测量这些油的倾点并将之列于表1。
表1
实施#例 | 单体(比例) | ~Mn(x1000) | PP(℃)0.08wt% | PP(℃)0.14wt% | PP(℃)0.20wt% | PP(℃)0.40wt% |
1 | SMA∶LMA(25∶75) | 21 | -36 | -36 | ||
2 | SMA∶LMA(45∶55) | 33 | -33 | -33 | ||
3 | SMA∶LMA(50∶50) | 12.5 | -33 | -33 | -33 | |
4 | SMA∶LMA(50∶50) | 25 | -33 | -33 | -33 | |
5 | SMA∶LMA(50∶50) | 50 | -25 | -31 | ||
6 | SMA∶LMA(50∶50) | 75 | -27 | -33 | -33 | |
7 | SMA∶LMA(75∶25) | 25 | -21 | -21 | -24 | |
8 | SMA∶BMA(50∶50) | 25 | -30 | -30 | -30 | |
9 | SMA∶BMA(50∶50) | 50 | -28 | -33 | ||
10 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(30∶50∶20) | 22 | -30 | -36 | ||
11 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(30∶50∶20) | 35.5 | -27 | -33 | ||
12 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(33∶33∶33) | 26 | -30 | -24 | ||
13 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(33∶33∶33) | 25 | -36 | -36 | ||
14 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(33∶33∶33) | 50 | -24 | -39 | ||
15 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(33∶33∶33) | 75 | -33 | -36 | -33 | |
16 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶13∶52) | 25 | -33 | -33 | -33 | |
17 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶13∶52) | 50 | -30 | -33 | ||
18 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶13∶52) | 75 | -33 | -36 | -33 | |
19 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶52∶13) | 12.5 | -33 | -30 | -36 | |
20 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶52∶13) | 25 | -30 | -33 | -36 | |
21 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶52∶13) | 50 | -30 | -30 | -30 |
实施#例 | 单位(比例) | ~Mn(x1000) | PP(℃)0.08wt% | PP(℃)0.14wt% | PP(℃)0.20wt% | PP(℃)0.40wt% |
22 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(35∶52∶13) | 75 | -30 | -33 | -33 | |
23 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(40∶40∶20) | 21.5 | -36 | -36 | ||
24 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(40∶40∶20) | 93 | -30 | -33 | ||
25 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(40∶50∶10) | -36 | -36 | |||
26 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(40∶40∶20) | 26 | -36 | -39 | ||
27 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(40∶40∶20) | 66.5 | -30 | -36 | ||
28 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(50∶40∶10) | 24 | -33 | -36 | ||
29 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(50∶40∶10) | 24.5 | -33 | -33 | ||
30 | SMA∶LMA∶MMA(60∶30∶10) | 10 | -33 | -33 | ||
31 | SMA∶LMA∶BMA(60∶30∶10) | 25 | -30 | -30 | ||
C.1 | Base oil | -15 | ||||
C.2 | LMA∶MMA(75∶25) | 27.5 | -18 | -15 |
所有实施例的转化率为约100%且引发效率接近约100%。生产的聚合物具有相当窄的多分散性,约1.2-1.4。
从上表中清晰可见,与单独的基础油(实施例C.1)和含有本权利要求范围之外的共聚物的润滑油(C.2)相比,含有本权利要求范围内的共聚物的润滑油表现出优越的倾点。
本发明允许实践中相当大的变化。因此,本发明不局限于以上所列的具体范例。更确切地,本发明是在后附的权利要求的精髓和范围之内,包括根据法律有效的其等效物。
专利权所有人不打算把任何已公开的实施方案贡献给公众,并且对任何字面上可能不属于该权利要求范围的已公开的修改或变化的内容而言,它们在等效原则下被认为是本发明的一部分。
Claims (19)
2.权利要求1的共聚物,该共聚物具有约500-约1,000,000的数均分子量和约1.0-约2.0的多分散性指数。
3.权利要求1的共聚物,该共聚物具有约1.0-约1.5的多分散性指数。
4.权利要求1的共聚物,其中单体a)选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯及其混合物。
5.权利要求1的共聚物,其中单体b)为甲基丙烯酸月桂酯。
6.权利要求1的共聚物,其中单体c)为甲基丙烯酸硬脂酰酯。
7.权利要求1的共聚物,该共聚物进一步包括至少一种选自非丙烯酸类乙烯基单体和增强性能单体的单体。
8.权利要求1的共聚物,其中阴离子聚合是在包括惰性溶剂的聚合引发剂介质中进行的,引发剂具有下式
R-M
其中M为碱金属或碱土金属,和R为直链或支化烷基或环烷基或芳基;和二苯基乙烯。
9.权利要求8的共聚物,其中将该单体以单独一步的量加入该聚合引发剂介质中。
10.权利要求8的共聚物,其中将该单体以连续的方式加入该聚合引发剂介质中。
11.用于加入到润滑油中的浓缩物,该浓缩物包括约25-约75重量%的权利要求1的共聚物和约75-约25重量%的常规液态有机稀释剂。
12.权利要求11的浓缩物,其中常规液态有机稀释剂选自天然油类、合成油类及其混合物。
13.权利要求11的浓缩物,该浓缩物进一步包括至少一种选自粘度指数改进剂、抗氧剂、抗蚀剂、去垢剂、分散剂、抗磨剂、消泡剂、抗乳化剂和磨擦改进剂的添加剂。
14.用于润滑油制剂的倾点下降剂,该倾点下降剂包括权利要求1的共聚物。
15.一种润滑油制剂,该润滑油制剂包括大量粘稠润滑油和少量权利要求1的共聚物。
16.权利要求15的润滑油,其中该共聚物以要处理的润滑油的质量的约0.01-1重量%的量存在。
17.权利要求15的润滑油,其中粘稠润滑油选自天然油类、合成油类及其混合物。
18.权利要求15的润滑油,该润滑油进一步包括至少一种选自粘度指数改进剂、抗氧剂、抗蚀剂、去垢剂、分散剂、抗磨剂、消泡剂、抗乳化剂和磨擦改进剂的添加剂。
19.改善润滑油组合物的的倾点的方法,该方法包括向粘稠润滑油中加入少量权利要求1的共聚物。
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US08/957,046 US5834408A (en) | 1997-10-24 | 1997-10-24 | Pour point depressants via anionic polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers |
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US (1) | US5834408A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0911348A3 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH11302333A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR19990037293A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1221002A (zh) |
AU (1) | AU8709198A (zh) |
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-
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- 1998-09-30 CA CA002249244A patent/CA2249244A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-10-01 SG SG1998003962A patent/SG68691A1/en unknown
- 1998-10-08 EP EP98308203A patent/EP0911348A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-10-20 JP JP10315372A patent/JPH11302333A/ja active Pending
- 1998-10-22 KR KR1019980044291A patent/KR19990037293A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-10-22 BR BR9804058-8A patent/BR9804058A/pt unknown
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CN108431185A (zh) * | 2015-12-21 | 2018-08-21 | 阿科玛法国公司 | 具有低倾点的脂肪酸甲酯组合物 |
CN113015780A (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2021-06-22 | 赢创运营有限公司 | 制备无规共聚物的方法 |
CN113015780B (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2022-11-04 | 赢创运营有限公司 | 制备无规共聚物的方法 |
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US5834408A (en) | 1998-11-10 |
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BR9804058A (pt) | 1999-12-14 |
JPH11302333A (ja) | 1999-11-02 |
AU8709198A (en) | 1999-05-13 |
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