CN1218153C - 采用多组分致冷剂的低温致冷压缩系统 - Google Patents

采用多组分致冷剂的低温致冷压缩系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1218153C
CN1218153C CN011218835A CN01121883A CN1218153C CN 1218153 C CN1218153 C CN 1218153C CN 011218835 A CN011218835 A CN 011218835A CN 01121883 A CN01121883 A CN 01121883A CN 1218153 C CN1218153 C CN 1218153C
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Prior art keywords
refrigerant
multicomponent refrigerant
lubricating oil
fluorine
multicomponent
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN011218835A
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CN1330253A (zh
Inventor
B·阿曼
D·P·博纳奎斯特
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Edwards Vacuum LLC
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Praxair Technology Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0097—Others, e.g. F-, Cl-, HF-, HClF-, HCl-hydrocarbons etc. or mixtures thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
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    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
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    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B43/00—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat
    • F25B43/02—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat for separating lubricants from the refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0212—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a single flow MCR cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
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    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
    • C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
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    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/132—Components containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
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    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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Abstract

一种致冷系统，其中在采用聚α烯烃-基润滑油润滑的压缩机中压缩多组分致冷剂、从被压缩的致冷剂中除去润滑油、使被压缩的致冷剂在低温下膨胀以产生致冷、向冷接受体供冷。

Description

采用多组分致冷剂的低温致冷压缩系统
本发明一般地涉及提供致冷，更具体而言，涉及在低温下提供致冷。
在典型的致冷系统中，将致冷剂流体如R-12、R-134a或其它氟里昂类型的致冷剂压缩，使致冷剂膨胀产生致冷，接着使冷从致冷剂进入冷接受体而使致冷剂变热。然后使已变热的致冷剂返回压缩机，并重复致冷循环。
在致冷循环中所采用的压缩机，一般是使用润滑油润滑的，这种润滑剂的一部分随被压缩的致冷剂离开压缩机。在实践中使用润滑油，例如多元醇酯-基润滑油一般是良好的，多元醇酯-基润滑油是致冷剂是非常易溶的。这样，随被压缩的致冷剂离开压缩机的所有润滑油，基本上都随着循环的已变热的致冷剂返回到压缩机中。如果离开压缩机的大量润滑油仍保留在致冷回路中，而未返回压缩机，可能因压缩机中润滑油不够而引起压缩机效率的下降，也许甚至还会造成压缩机不能运行。
非常低的温度或低温致冷，已变得越来越重要了，例如在能量生产、能量传送和电子学领域中已经得到应用。所以在致冷系统中，对提高在低温下致冷和供冷能力的任何改进都是非常需要的。
因此本发明的目的是提供在低温下致冷和供冷的改进系统。
对本领域的技术人员而言，在阅读了本申请的公开内容以后，上述和其它目的是显而易见的，上述和其它目的可通过本发明实现，本发明的一个方面是：
在一种供冷方法中，压缩其中的致冷剂流体，使其膨胀产生致冷，然后向冷接受体供冷而变热，其改进包括：
(A)采用多组分致冷剂作为致冷剂流体；
(B)采用压缩机压缩多组分致冷剂，压缩机采用聚α烯烃-基润滑油润滑；和
(C)在温度低于220K下供冷。
本发明的另一个方面是：
供冷设备，其中包括：
(A)润滑油润滑的压缩机、润滑油分离系统、使多组分致冷剂从压缩机进入润滑油分离系统的装置、和使润滑油从润滑油分离系统进入压缩机的装置；
(B)膨胀装置、热交换器、使多组分致冷剂从润滑油分离系统进入膨胀装置、从膨胀装置进入热交换器、和从热交换器进入压缩机的装置；和
(C)向热交换器提供冷接受体的装置，从而从多组分致冷剂向致冷接受体供冷。
本申请所用的术语“间接热交换”，系指二种流体发生热交换关系，但这二种流体没有任何物理接触和流体间的相互混合。
本申请所用的术语“膨胀”，系指减压效应。
本申请所用的术语“可变负载的致冷剂”，系指多组分致冷剂，即二种或多种组分的混合物，其比例能使这些组分的液相在混合物的始沸点和露点之间连续地发生升温变化。混合物的始沸点，是在给定压力下，混合物全部为液相，但加热后，便开始生成与液相平衡的蒸气相的温度。混合物的露点，是在给定压力下，混合物全部是蒸气相，但抽取热量后，便开始生成与蒸气相平衡的液相的温度。因此，混合物始沸点和露点之间的温度区域，是液体和蒸气相平衡共存的区域。在本发明的实践中，多组分致冷剂液体的始沸点和露点之间的温度差，一般为至少10℃，优选至少20℃，最优选至少50℃。
本申请所用的术语“大气气体”，系指下列气体中的一种：氮(N2)、氩(Ar)、氪(Kr)、氙(Xe)、氖(Ne)、二氧化碳(CO2)、一氧化二氮(N2O)、氧(O2)、和氦(He)。
本申请所用的术语“压缩机”，系指提高气体压力的装置。
本申请所用的术语“被润滑的”，系指装置的特性，其中，以薄膜的形式加入一种能降低固体表面之间摩擦、发热和磨损的物质。
本申请所用的术语“聚α烯烃”，系指具有≥6个碳原子的直链α烯烃。
本申请所用的术语“聚α烯烃-基润滑油”，系指在其基本原料中采用一种或多种聚α烯烃物质的润滑油制品。
本申请所用的术语“可溶混的”，如果指的是蒸气相和液相的相互作用，系指可溶解的，如果指的是二种液相的相互作用，系指可溶混的。
本申请所用的术语“溶混性”，如果指的是蒸气和液相的相互作用，系指溶解性，如果指的是二种液体的相互作用，系指溶混性。
唯一的附图，是可以实现本发明的一种优选配置的简化示意图。
本发明一般包括采用多组分致冷剂在低温下产生致冷，即在温度低于220K下致冷，并包括采用压缩机压缩这种致冷剂，压缩机是采用聚α烯烃-基润滑油润滑的。这种润滑油与致冷剂的可溶混性非常低，所以随被压缩的致冷剂离开压缩机的几乎全部润滑油，在致冷剂进入致冷循环的低温部分之前，能比较容易地与致冷剂分离。这样，就避免了润滑油在致冷循环内的冷冻，如果润滑油与致冷剂混合，则润滑剂将发生冷冻。在低温部分上游与多组分致冷剂分离的润滑油，离开致冷剂返回压缩机。
致冷剂与润滑剂有限的可溶混性(液相可溶混性低，通常相应于蒸气和液体之间的低溶解度)，对提高螺旋压缩机的操作性能有利，因为致冷剂在润滑油中的有限溶解度能消除致冷剂排到吸口的旁路。此外，还能减少或消除致冷剂通过随润滑油循环的旁路。在热交换器中，非常希望没有任何润滑油，使热传递性能不随时间而下降。带出润滑油的机理基本上有二种：(1)以小的气溶胶液滴的形式，和(2)以蒸气的形式，蒸气是由于其蒸气压产生的。优选的润滑油几乎没有蒸气压，所以在致冷剂蒸气中没有明显的润滑油。优选的润滑油纯度非常高，即具有极少的杂质和具有少量的杂质。
下面将参照附图更详细地说明本发明。现在见附图，使多组分致冷剂流体1通过压缩机10，其中一般将致冷剂压缩到压力为50-1000psia(磅/英寸2绝对压力)。多组分致冷剂1优选包括至少二种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、碳氟氯氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、大气气体和烃的成分。适合在本发明实践中使用的多组分致冷剂，优选是可变负载的致冷剂。
适合本发明使用的多组分致冷剂，优选包括至少一种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚的成分，和至少一种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、碳氟氯氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、大气气体和烃的成分。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少二种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚的成分，和至少一种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、碳氟氯氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、大气气体和烃的成分。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少一种碳氟化合物，和至少一种选自碳氟氢化合物和大气气体的成分。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少一种碳氟氢化合物，和至少一种大气气体。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少三种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚和氟氢代醚的成分，和至少一种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、碳氟氯氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、烃和大气气体的成分。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少二种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚和氟氢代醚的成分，和至少一种大气气体成分。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少二种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚和氟氢代醚的成分，至少一种大气气体，和至少一种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、碳氟氯氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、烃和大气气体的成分。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少二种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚和氟氢代醚的成分，和至少二种大气气体。
适合本发明使用的另一种优选的多组分致冷剂，包括至少一种氟代醚，即包含至少一种氟代醚，和至少一种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、碳氟氯氢化合物、烃和大气气体的成分。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中，多组分致冷剂只由碳氟化合物组成。在本发明的另一个优选的实施方案中，多组分致冷剂只由碳氟化合物和碳氟氢化合物组成。在本发明的另一个优选的实施方案中，多组分致冷剂只由氟代醚组成。在本发明的另一个优选的实施方案中，多组分致冷剂只由氟代醚和氟氢代醚组成。在本发明的另一个优选的实施方案中，多组分致冷剂只由碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚和氟氢代醚组成。在本发明的另一个优选的实施方案中，多组分致冷剂只由碳氟化合物、氟代醚、和大气气体组成。多组分致冷剂最优选的各种成分，是碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚，或大气气体。
在本发明实践中使用的，特别优选的多组分致冷剂，包括约12％(摩尔)的二氯三氟乙烷，约36％(摩尔)的五氟乙烷，约39％(摩尔)的四氟甲烷，和约13％(摩尔)的氮。
适合在本发明实践中使用的多组分致冷剂，一般优选包括一种或多种选自二氯三氟乙烷、五氟乙烷、四氟甲烷、氮、全氟丁氧基-甲烷、十氟戊烷、二氯五氟丙烷、全氟丙氧基-甲烷、二氯氟乙烷、五氟丙烷、六氟丙烷、六氟丁烷、五氟丁烷、四氟乙烷、氨、五氟乙烷、全氟丙烷、全氟丁烷、全氟戊烷、全氟己烷、二氟甲烷、全氟乙烷、三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、一氯四氟乙烷、氩、氖、氦、二氧化碳、和一氧化二氮的成分。
压缩机10采用聚α烯烃-基润滑油润滑。在本发明实践中使用的，优选的聚烯烃的通式为CnH2n+2，式中n为10-120。实例包括C20H42、C30H62、C40H82、C50H102、C60H122和C70H142。
气体的溶解度是温度、压力、偶极矩、和溶剂与溶质之间相互作用的性质的函数。如果有路易斯(Lewis)酸-碱相互作用、四极矩之间特殊的化学相互作用、或有氢键，可以增加气体的溶解度。溶解度也会随液相的溶混性而增加。聚α烯烃是一种直链饱和烃，是非极性的，一般酸度为中性。优选的致冷剂混合物的成分也是非极性的，或呈低极性。由于溶质-溶剂的相互作用，它们的溶解度不会增加；于是这些成分在润滑油相中的浓度是非常小的，一般小于1％，可以低于300ppm。当致冷剂在润滑油中的浓度低或无时，(1)能使压缩机排气中生成的油雾最少，(2)能使压缩机排气中生成的润滑油滴较大，(3)由于气溶胶的尺寸较大，所以能进行较好的机械分离，和(4)由于油滴没有破碎，增加了油滴的聚结速度。
选择多组分致冷剂的成分和在润滑油中使用的具体的聚α烯烃，使润滑油在致冷剂中的溶混性不超过1％，优选不超过500ppm。
在油淹没式压缩机10中，将多组分致冷剂和润滑油一起压缩，并以被压缩的致冷剂-润滑油流体2的形式离开压缩机10，致冷剂-润滑油流体2一般包括约10-20％(重量)的润滑油。将致冷剂-润滑油流体2通入主润滑油分离器20，主润滑油分离器20优选是重力澄清槽或旋流器类型的分离器。在分离器20中，由于润滑油在致冷剂中的溶混性非常低，所以在致冷剂-润滑油流体2中的大部分润滑油与流体分离，以液流3从分离器20排出，以润滑油循环流4直接返回压缩机10。
贫润滑油的致冷剂流体流5，一般包含约0.01-5％(重量)，典型的包含约1％(重量)的润滑油，使其从分离器20通入粗滴聚结过滤器25，在其中使润滑油含量降至十亿分之50-100000(ppb)，一般约7500ppb，再以液流6，从其中通入细滴聚结过滤器26，在其中将润滑油的含量降低至小于5ppb。机械聚结过滤器25和26运行时，捕获气溶胶中的油滴并使它们澄清，使在过滤元件内形成较大的油滴。由于润滑油的密度大于这一阶段在蒸气相中的多组分致冷剂的密度，所以润滑油随着油滴尺寸的增加，借重力下沉。油滴与多组分致冷剂蒸气分离，返回到压缩机。在附图中举出的本发明的实施方案中，润滑油以物流7从聚结过滤器系统25中排出，和以物流8从聚结过滤器系统26中排出，合并成物流9，使物流9加入循环液流4中，返回压缩机10。润滑油可通过内部的浮球阀组件返回压缩机。返回润滑油的其它方法包括，在润滑油出口连接件和压缩机曲轴箱之间，采用一个固定孔或捕获孔。可以采用电磁阀和时间继电器，或采用电磁阀和液位开关，使用电子方法控制润滑油的返回。如果需要，为了进一步降低多组分致冷剂流体中润滑油的含量，可以采用一个或多个附加的聚结过滤器，然而，所采用的每一个附加过滤器都会增加系统的压降。
使基本上不包含润滑油的多组分致冷剂蒸气，以物流11通入后冷却器30，在其中与冷却流体进行间接的热交换，除去压缩热而冷却，形成被压缩的多组分致冷剂流12。如果在致冷剂流12中发生一些凝结，就将其通入蒸气-液体分离器40。将二相流12分离成液体和蒸气部分，通常采用单独的集气管将蒸气部分加入热交换器中，以促进在不同的管道或通道中的均匀分布。在某些热交换器的结构和操作条件下，分离器40是不必要的，可将二相流12直接通入热交换器50中。
将多组分致冷剂供给热交换器50，多组分致冷剂在其中与正在变热的多组分致冷剂进行间接的热交换而冷却(这一点下面还将进一步地讨论)以生成被冷却的多组分致冷剂流31，其温度一般为250K-80K。然后使多组分致冷剂31通入膨胀装置，例如Joule-Thomson膨胀阀45，多组分致冷剂在其中膨胀致冷，得到载冷的多组分致冷剂流32，其压力一般为10-200psia，温度低于220K，一般为80至约220K。如果多组分致冷剂流31的膨胀造成一部分物流发生凝结，则物流32就可像附图中举出的那样，在蒸气-液体分离器41中经处理。
使载冷的多组分致冷剂在低温下通过热交换器50，载冷的多组分致冷剂在其中冷却如前述的多组分致冷剂，并向冷接受体供冷而变热。在附图所示的本发明的实施方案中，冷接受体是流体流51，冷接受体通过与正在变热的多组分致冷剂进行间接的热交换，而被冷却、液化和/或过度冷却。如附图中所示，从多组分致冷剂向冷接受体供冷，可以采用在其膨胀之前，冷却多组分致冷剂使用的同一个热交换器，或采用不同的热交换装置。能从正在变热的多组分致冷剂接受冷的冷接受体，包括致冷机或冷冻机系统内的大气，以及壁或物架之类的固体构件。
从热交换器50中排出的最终已经变热的多组分致冷剂，以物流52通入缓冲罐46，缓冲罐能确保无任何液体进入压缩机，多组分致冷剂以物流1从缓冲罐46进入压缩机10，重新开始致冷循环。
虽然已经参照一些优选的实施方案详细地说明了本发明，但本领域的技术人员应当承认，本发明还有其它一些实施方案，也在权利要求的内容和范围内。

Claims (6)

1.一种提供致冷的方法，其中压缩致冷剂流体，并使其膨胀产生致冷，然后向冷接受体供冷而变热，该方法包括：
(A)采用多组分致冷剂作为致冷剂流体；
(B)采用压缩机压缩多组分致冷剂，压缩机采用一种润滑油润滑；和
(C)在温度低于220K下供冷；
其中在多组分致冷剂膨胀之前，使润滑油与被压缩的多组分致冷剂分离，该方法的特征在于：
所述润滑油是聚α烯烃-基润滑油，并且被分离的润滑油独立于多组分致冷剂通入压缩机。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中在多组分致冷剂膨胀之前，正在变热的多组分致冷剂也提供致冷，以冷却被压缩的多组分致冷剂。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中多组分致冷剂包括至少二种选自碳氟化合物、碳氟氢化合物、碳氟氯氢化合物、氟代醚、氟氢代醚、大气气体和烃的成分。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中多组分致冷剂只由碳氟化合物组成。
5.权利要求3的方法，其中多组分致冷剂只由氟氢代醚组成。
6.权利要求1的方法，其中多组分致冷剂包括至少一种大气气体。
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