CN1198784A - 复合膜及其在化学合成中的应用 - Google Patents
复合膜及其在化学合成中的应用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1198784A CN1198784A CN96197445.1A CN96197445A CN1198784A CN 1198784 A CN1198784 A CN 1198784A CN 96197445 A CN96197445 A CN 96197445A CN 1198784 A CN1198784 A CN 1198784A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- composite membrane
- oxygen
- hydrogen
- supply house
- reactor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical compound [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical compound [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- -1 praeseodymium Chemical compound 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 7
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- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000000921 Gadolinium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Gd+3].[Gd+3] CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000872198 Serjania polyphylla Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical group C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- AUFVVJFBLFWLJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[La] Chemical compound [Mn].[La] AUFVVJFBLFWLJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZIMGECIMULZMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [W].[Na] Chemical compound [W].[Na] CZIMGECIMULZMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYYSIVCCYWZZLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O KYYSIVCCYWZZLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Co+2] INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(iii) nitrate Chemical compound [Gd+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KILFUJHTZJZRLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(3+) oxygen(2-) praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[In+3].[Pr+3].[O-2].[O-2] KILFUJHTZJZRLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002603 lanthanum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YECIFGHRMFEPJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Cl-].CC[NH+](CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C YECIFGHRMFEPJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002828 nitro derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003936 perfluorinated ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000864 peroxy group Chemical group O(O*)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
- B01J31/08—Ion-exchange resins
- B01J31/10—Ion-exchange resins sulfonated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/58—Fabrics or filaments
- B01J35/59—Membranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B15/00—Peroxides; Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof; Superoxides; Ozonides
- C01B15/01—Hydrogen peroxide
- C01B15/029—Preparation from hydrogen and oxygen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/70—Oxidation reactions, e.g. epoxidation, (di)hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and analogues
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于化学合成的复合膜,一种加有该复合膜的化学反应器,以及使用这种复合膜的方法。该复合膜含有基材、第一面和第二面,其中基材在操作上使第一面和第二面相连,第一面含有氧化催化剂,而第二面含有还原催化剂、还原催化剂含有元素形式或组合形式的镧、锌、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铋或铟。使用这一复合膜的化学反应器可在没有反应物的直接混合物的条件下。
Description
发明背景和概述
本发明涉及一种用于化学合成的复合膜及其使用方法。这样的复合膜特别适用于由氢和氧合成过氧化氢。
今天商品的发展方向是使用“环境友好”的材料。一种这样的材料就是过氧化氢。过氧化氢有许多潜在的应用,例如在化学氧化法中的应用。一个特别大的应用领域是用作纸漂白剂。预计今后许多年过氧化氢的需求会迅速增长。因此,开发一种生产这种商品的有效方法是有利的。
大部分过氧化氢(H2O2)由大家熟悉的蒽醌法制造。例如,参看Binran,1 Appl.Chem.Ed.Chem.Soc.302(Japan 1986)。这一方法的缺点是,它需要加入许多有机溶剂,生成许多不希望有的副产物以及需要各种分离步骤。制备H2O2的另一方法是在碱金属氢氧化物溶液中氧的阴极还原法。但是,这一方法消耗大量的电能。生产过氧化氢的另一方法是用悬浮在或溶于含水磺酸溶液和盐酸溶液中的负载型或均相铂族金属催化剂,使氢和氧催化反应。但是,这一方法需要使氢和氧在高压下(为了优化性能,压力通常大于7000kPa)形成危险的、有可能爆炸的混合物,构成严重的安全隐患。
希望有这样一种反应器和方法,它不需要有机溶剂、复杂的电器设备以及有潜在爆炸性反应物的直接混合物,这里公开的本发明试图解决上述的许多困难。现已发现,使用这样一种反应器池设计可提供这样一种环境,在这一环境中,在没有反应物如氢和氧的直接混合物的情况下,可使用相当高的压力。在该反应器池设计中,通过催化上优化的复合膜使反应物彼此受控地分离开。反应器池使用新型的还原催化剂,并可对许多类型的反应优化。此外,因为氢和氧可在单一的反应器中直接反应,所以不必使用有机溶剂。
一方面,本发明涉及一种用于化学合成的复合膜,它含有基材、第一面和第二面,其中基材使第一面和第二面在操作上相连;第一面含有氧化催化剂(如铂),而第二面含有还原催化剂;还原催化剂含有元素形式或组合形式的镧、锌、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铋或铟。这种复合膜然后可用于适合的反应器设计中。例如,可用于通过氢和氧安全反应合成过氧化氢的适合反应器设计,包括:
(a)上述复合膜,其中第一面为氢接触面,而第二面为氧接触面;
(b)用于氢与复合膜的氢接触面接触的氢供应室;
(c)用于氧与复合膜的氧接触面接触的氧供应室。
复合膜处于氢供应室和氧供应室之间,以致氢接触面在操作上与氢供应室相连,而氧接触面在操作上与氧供应室相连。这类化学化应器也适用于希望在类似条件下进行的其他合成反应。
发明详述
现已发现一种复合膜,它提供一种在没有机溶剂的条件下,在室温下,通过H2和O2在单一的反应器中直接反应,有效合成H2O2的方法。利用这里所述的还原催化剂,这一复合膜也可进行下述许多其他的化学合成反应:烯烃(如丙烯)氧化成烯化氧(如环氧丙烷);由SO2、H2O和O2生产H2SO4(参见Langer et al.,“Chemicals with Power”,Chemtech 226,229(April 1985));由有机硝基化合物生产胺类染料(参见Spillman et al.,“Why Not Make Chemicals in Fuel Cell?”,Chemtech176,182(March 1984);以及由苯生产酚(参见Otsuka et.,al.,“DirectSynthesis of Phenol from Benzene dring O2-H2 Fuel Cell Reactions”,139〔No.9〕J.Eleclrochem.soc.2381(1992))。目前认为H2O2的合成具有重要的意义,在这里将作更具体地讨论。但是,根据以下公开内容,一个熟悉本专业的技术人员还能将本发明的复合膜用于其他反应,只对H2O2合成进行具体的讨论并不意味着要限制本发明的范围。
具体地说,本发明的第一方面是一种含有基材、第一面和第二面的复合膜,其中基材在操作上使第一面和第二面相连。复合膜的第一面含有氧化催化剂,而复合膜的第二面含有还原催化剂。催化剂可为负载型催化剂或非负载型催化剂,可有明显的分层或没有明显的分层。对于本发明来说,“明显分”层是指粘合到或紧邻基材的层,而“没有明显分”层是指催化剂整个直接混合到基材中的层。
基材可为在本发明的方法中有足够离子传导性、优选阳离子传导性的任何膜。但是,对于过氧化氢的合成来说,基材还必需能抑制过氧基阴离子的传导。熟悉本专业的技术人员能确定完成这一功能的有效基材。通常,该基材为聚合物膜。典型的聚合物膜也是有机聚合物膜,如聚合氟磺酸(PFSA)或聚羧酸。PFSA为一种有负电荷基团键联在膜内的离子交换膜。有关某些常用的优选PFSA聚合物以及制备这样的聚合物的方法的讨论,可参见De Vellis等,US4846977第5栏第1-36行(在这里作为参考并入)。也可参见Y.D.Sierke,“PerfluorinatedIonomer Membranes”,ACS Symposium Series No.180,pp.386-88(1982)(在这里作为参考并入)。市售的PFSA聚合物的一个例子是NAFIONTM(E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Company)。另一些有机聚合物膜可为这样一些基材。如接枝在聚四氟乙烯主链上的磺化苯乙烯(例如由RAI Research Corporation提供的RAIPORETM膜)以及乙烯基化合物的交联磺化共聚物(如Ionics,Inc.提供的TYPECRTM膜)。虽然有机聚合物是最常用的,但无机聚合物如陶瓷膜、凝胶、硅氧烷和盐桥也可使用。
氧化催化剂可为任何一种在其使用条件下促进氧化的材料。熟悉本专业的技术人员能在没有过多实验的条件下确定在所需的反应中进行氧化的有效氧化催化剂。例如,在H2O2合成中,复合膜的第一层可使氢氧化成质子和电子是必要的。适用于H2O2合成的第一面的催化剂的例子包括:铂、钯、金、银、汞、铱、钌、二氧化钌、镍、硼化镍、钠钨青铜、三氧化钨、碳化钨、硫化钼、碳化钴、硫化钴、钼酸钴、铂化的碳化硼、酞菁铜、乙酰丙酮化钯、铌以及混合金属和尖晶石电催化剂。潜在的氧化剂的另一些例子通常在以下文献中讨论:Appleby et al.,“Electrocatalysis of Hydrogen”,Fuel Cell Handbook 322-35(VanNostrand Reinhold 1989)、该文献在这里作为参考并入。对于H2O2合成来说,优选的氧化催化剂包括钯、铂、铱及其组合。
在复合膜的第二面上的还原催化剂包括元素形式或组合形式的镧、锌、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铋或铟。所谓“组合形式”是指还原催化剂也可包括含有上述元素中至少一种元素的混合物和化合物。应当理解,“氧化物”意味着还包括部分氧化物,其中“部分氧化物”是不同化学计量的氧和金属的混合物,以致金属氧化合物的总化学计量不是一个简单的整数。还原催化剂混合物的例子包括:镧-锰、铟-锡氧化物、镨-铟氧化物以及杂多钨酸的镧盐和杂多磷钨酸镧(LaPW12O40)。对于H2O2合成来说,优选的还原催化剂金属包括钆、锌、镧、及其混合物和化合物。
将金属化层沉积和加到基材中的方法在本专业中是大家熟悉的,熟练的技术人员可优化这些沉积方法,以得到本发明的复合膜。这样的沉积方法的例子在以下专利中公开在US4364803(1982,Nidola等)、US5211984(1993,Wilson)和US4328086(1982,Takenaka等)。其相关技术在这里作为参考并入。当使用明显分层的催化剂时,本发明的优选实施方案使用复合膜的第一面和第二面的层厚不大于35微米。所以,优选的催化剂粒度也不大于35微米。更优选的是,粒度小于10微米。
本发明的第二方面是一种包括上述复合膜的反应器。该反应器包括用于第一反应物与复合膜的第一面接触的第一反应物供应室,和用于第二反应物与复合膜的第二面接触的第二反应物供应室。复合膜处于第一反应物供应室和第二反应物供应室之间,以致复合膜的第一面在操作上与第一反应物供应室相连,而复合膜的第二面在操作上与第二反应物供应室相连。通常,第一反应物供应室面向第一面,而第二反应物供应室面向第二面。就供应室和复合膜来说,“操作上相连”指这样来安排供应室,以使其中的相关组合物可与在相关组合物和适合面之间构成界面的复合膜的适合面接触。“供应室”包括能基本上装有相关组合物并易于使任何相关组分与复合膜的适合面之间接触的任何容器、空间、区段等。此外,每一室希望至少有一个提供和/或取出相关组合物、反应产物或两者的开口。
复合膜的第一面和第二面也可在操作上彼此相连。就这两面彼此“操作上相连”来说,这样操作相连,以致离子和电子都可从第一面传导到第二面。电子可外部传导、内部传导或外部和内部一起传导。外部电子操作相连的一个例子是在复合膜的每一面上电流收集板用于电接触,通过外部短棒连接每一板来彼此电接触。内部电操作相连的一个例子是一种电传导材料与离子传导材料的紧密多相混合物,其中电子传导相内部分散在整个离子传导相中。“内部分散的,”指各相独立地和基本上连续地整体相互混合,以致电子传导相是一互穿网络,相对于离子传导相不排除处于外部。这类多相混合物在共同未决的美国专利申请书08/239017中公开(在这里作为参考并入)。
化学反应器还包括将第一反应物提供给第一反应物供应室的设备和将第二反应物提供给第二反应物供应室的设备。这些设备中的每一个都可为任何将相关组合物从组合物源输送到各自供应室的传统体系或设备。例如,每一设备都可为与组合物源操作上相连的泵和管线或通道,以致相关的组合物由组合物源通过管线泵送入各自的供应室。该化学反应器还包括从还原室回收反应产物,如过氧化氢的类似类型的设备。
在一优选的反应器中,复合膜的第一面为氢接触面,第二面为氧接触面,第一反应物供应室为氢供应室,而第二反应物供应室为氧供应室。所以,例如在H2O2合成中,复合膜的第一面使氢氧化成质子和电子,而第二面与第一面产生的电子相配合,使氧还原成氧离子。当至少两个电子和阳离子提供给复合膜的氧接触面时,就生成H2O2。
本发明的第三方面是一种使用上述反应器的方法。这一方法的优选实施方案是过氧化氢的合成。但是,使用本发明的反应器也可能合成其他组合物。对于熟悉本专业的技术人员来说,根据以下具体公开的过氧化氢合成方法,这样的一些合成方法将变得很清楚。对于过氧化氢的合成来说,该法的第一步包括使氢与优选反应器中复合膜的上述氢接触面接触,以便产生至少一个电子和至少一个质子。例如,当氢以H2的形式送入时,氧化催化剂(如Pt)促进它氧化成两个质子和两个电子。但是,氢可以任何形式引入(例如,含氢的混合物或化合物),只要氢接触面可产生至少一个电子和至少一个质子。所希望的含氢混合物是与水混合的氢气。水有助于使复合膜水合,从而得到良好的离子传导性。
该方法的第二步包括氧与复合膜的氧接触面接触。氧可以纯氧或以任何含氧的混合物或化合物与复合膜接触。所希望的含氧混合物是空气与水的混合物。使氢/水或氧/水混合物与复合膜接触的方法的例子是,在气体进入反应器以前使氢或氧通过水鼓泡,或者使氢气或氧气作为与水的分隔流与复合膜接触。通常,水有助于稀释过氧化氢产物,从而使它分解的可能性下降。当与氢接触面接触,水也有助于使复合膜水合。
该方法的第三步包括将在复合膜的氢接触面产生的至少一个电子和至少一个质子传导到复合膜的氧接触面和氧之间的界面。在还原催化剂存在下,至少一个电子和至少一个质子与氧反应,生成反应产物;当总计两个电子和两个质子与一个氧反应时,就生成过氧化氢。
如果需要,化学合成的这一方法可在升温下进行。通常,该温度不应超过复合膜中任何一种材料或所需产物明显分解或降解的温度。这一温度以及复合膜降解的明显程度随复合膜的组成变化。熟悉本专业的技术人员能确定进行各种合成反应的适合温度和分解是否明显。在H2O2合成中,本发明的方法优选在温度大于或等于2℃的反应器中进行。优选的是,温度还小于或等于50℃、更优选小于或等于30℃、最优选小于或等于10℃。
此外,氢和氧进料流优选在大于或等于100psi(689kPa)、更优选大于或等于500psi(3447kPa)、最优选大于或等于700psi(4826kPa)的压力下与复合膜接触。
最后,从复合膜的第二面除去任何反应产物是优选的。这样就分离出所需的反应产物并使不希望的副反应如H2O2分解减少。
实施例
根据以下实施例可进一步理解本发明,将把这些实施例纯粹作为本发明应用的例证。
实施例1
将4英寸×4英寸(10.2cm×10.2cm)、800当量重、5密耳厚(127微米)的聚全氟磺酸(PFSA)膜通过在1M NaOH苛性碱中加热1小时,随后在去离子水(DI)中反复清洗的方法转变成钠盐形式,制成基材。用直接涂抹法(DPO)将氧化催化剂和还原催化剂独立地涂布在基材每一侧的3.0×3.5cm面积上。对于DPO法,将每种催化剂中的一种制成两种印墨。印墨通过催化剂/炭黑用碳酸亚丙酯媒质和离子交联聚合物粘合物制成悬浮液来制得。氧化催化剂/炭黑(由E-TEK,Inc.提供)通过Pt和炭黑按20%(重量)Pt混合来制得、还原催化剂/炭黑通过锌粉(由Aldrich Chemical Company提供)和炭黑按20%(重量)Zn混合来制得。离子交联聚合物粘合剂由5%(重量)NAFIONTM的混合醇溶液和水溶液组成(由E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Company提供),它以这样的数量加到每种催化剂/炭黑的混合物中,以致催化剂/炭黑的总重为PFSA/混合醇/H2O粘合剂中的PFSA重的2.5倍。碳酸亚丙酯(由Aldrich Chemical Company提供)以这样的数量加到每种印墨中,以致碳酸亚丙酯的重量为催化剂/炭黑重量的2.5倍。
还原催化剂印墨以足以得到1.25mg/cm2金属载量的数量涂布到基材上。而氧化催化剂印墨以足以得到0.3mg/cm3金属载量的数量涂布到基材的另一面上。印墨一次涂布到基材上,同时基材在加热的(50℃)烧结的真空架上放30分钟。架子确保基材展平,帮助碳酸亚丙酯和粘合剂溶剂蒸发。碳酸亚丙酯媒体和粘合剂溶剂的蒸发剂形成有氧化催化剂层加入到氢接触面和还原催化剂层加入到氧接触面的复合膜。
为了使复合膜两面上的活性催化剂不受以下热压步骤的影响,按以下顺序在复合膜的每一面上形成2.5英寸×2.5英寸(6.35cm×6.35cm)夹层:2密耳(50.8微米)厚KAPTONTM聚亚胺膜的非粘性片;玻璃增强的硅酮橡胶片;以及1/16英寸(1.59mm)厚抛光的镀铬不锈钢板。将这种复合膜夹层在150℃和较小的压力(即板彼此刚接触)下预热5分钟,然后在150℃和1380kPa下热压5分钟。当夹层冷却到室温后,经热压的复合膜从压机中取出。冷却到室温后,将复合膜从夹层中取出,然后通过将复合膜在室温下浸入1N H2SO4中30分钟,使其钠盐形成再次质子化成质子形式。经再次质子化的复合膜然后放回加热的(50℃)烧结的真空架上30分钟再次展平。
然后将角质子化的复合膜操作上连入平行孔道流场燃料电池反应器中(由Fuel Cell Technologies,Inc.提供),以致氧化催化剂面向反应器的氢供应室,而还原催化剂面向反应器的氧供应室。填满两室的是TEFLONTM/炭黑浸渍的碳纤维织物扩散物(由E-TEK,Inc.提供,为ELATTM)。在燃料电池试验台(也由Fuel Cell Technologies,Inc提供)上,反应器在短路条件下操作。对于复合膜的氢接触面来说,反应器的操作压力为45psi(310kPa);而对于氧接触面来说,操作压力为60psi(413kPa)。反应器在室温下(25℃)操作,而氢气进料流在进入反应器的氢供应室以及通过在50℃的水中鼓泡来加湿。氧气进料流保持干燥。产物通过反应器氧供应室出口的knock-out off来收集。反应器在近1Amp(10mA/cm2)下操作,得到3.1%(重量)过氧化物溶液。
当重复如该实施例相同的方法时,得到类似的结果,不是的是氧化锌(ZnO)代替锌粉沉积在炭黑上。由Zn(OAc)2盐得到的ZnO沉积在炭黑上,并在空气中、120℃下焙烧1小时。
实施例2
按上述制得复合膜,但在还原催化剂印墨中的还原催化剂为由结晶Gd(NO3)·6H2O(一种由Aldrich Chemical Company提供的水溶性钆盐)制得的20%氧化钆/炭黑(Gd与Gd加碳的重量比)。钆/炭黑由以下步骤制得。首先将钆盐(0.72g盐/g碳)晶体溶于少量水中。其次,将炭黑加到该盐溶液中形成浆糊,初润湿法本身在本专业中是已知的,再其次,通过缓慢加热浆糊同时在研钵中用研杵研磨的方法,从浆糊中除去水。然后将生成的Gd+3/炭粉末放在对流炉中,并在120℃下保持30分钟,生成还原催化剂/炭黑。
将生成的还原催化剂印墨(如实施例1,含有碳酸亚丙酯媒体和离子交联聚合物粘合剂)以足以得到0.31mg/cm2金属载量的数量涂布到基材上,而将氧化催化剂印墨(20%Pt/炭,含有碳酸亚丙酯媒体和离子交联聚合物粘合剂)以足以得到0.30mg/cm2金属载量的数量涂布到该基材的另一面上。与实施例1相反,热压以后,生成的复合膜仍为钠盐形式。
该复合膜在相同的燃料电池反应器(如实施例1中的一样)操作,但反应器在高压燃料电池试验台上操作,它能在高达900psi下操作。与上述类似,氢供应室用ELATTM填充,但氧供应室用3密耳(76.2微米)厚未处理的炭纤维纸(由Spectrocarb,Corp.提供)填充。与在复合膜的氢接触面上的氧化催化剂接触的氢气进气压力的4830kPa(700psi),而与复合膜的氧接触面上的还原催化剂接触的氧气进气压力也为4830kPa。氧气作为与去离子水(DI)的O2分隔流送入还原催化剂,而水以0.2ml/min的速率加到气体中。反应器在室温下用连续气体进料操作14分钟。生成反应产物,并与加入的水合并,制得浓度为3.0%(重量)的过氧化氢。
通过测定借助标定的短路棒的电压差通过这一设备的电流,对于消耗到生成产物(水或过氧化物)的每一氢原子来说,已确定有一个电子通过该设备。生成的总产物的重量测定值为2.87g。这些测量值总起来可计算按每摩尔氢生成的过氧化的摩尔数计算反应选择性。对于这一实施例来说,在14分钟试验内,从氢接触面到氧接触面产生(通过)0.95A,它对应于生成过氧化氢的氢选择性为62%(摩尔)。对于这一电流和时间,在100%转化率下,计算的最大过氧化氢产量为0.14g。
当相同的复合膜用外部水流为0.05ml/min操作时,生成4.1%(重量)过氧化氢,其氢选择性为44%(摩尔)。
实施例3
如上述实施例2中的那样,进行相同的步骤,不同点如下:(1)使用硝酸镧(处理同硝酸钆)作为氧的还原催化剂;以及(2)热压步骤后,首先冷却到室温,然后在室温下在1N H2SO4中浸泡30分钟,使复合膜从其钠盐形式再质子化成质子形式。通过将它放在加热的(50℃)烧结的真空架上30分钟,将再质子化的复合膜重新展平。
当用这一复合膜进行合成反应时,水送入反应器的流速为0.2ml/min,而生成的产物流为1.3%(重量)过氧化氢,生成过氧化氢的氢选择性为70%(摩尔)。
实施例4
如实施例3中所述,进行相同的步骤;不同的是:用杂多磷钨酸镧(LaPW12O40)代替硝酸镧。当用这一复合膜进行合成反应时,水送入反应器的流速为0.8ml/min,收集的产物为1.1%(重量)过氧化氢,生成过氧化氢的氢选择性为72%(摩尔)。
对于熟悉本专业的技术人员来说,根据这里所述的说明书或本发明的实施,本发明的其他实施方案是很显然的。这一说明书和实施例仅作为例证,本发明的真正范围和实质用以下的权利要求书说明。
Claims (19)
1.一种含有基材、第一面和第二面的复合膜,其中基材在操作上使第一面和第二面相连,第一面含氧化催化剂,而第二面含还原催化剂,还原催化剂含有元素形式或组合形式的镧、锌、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铋或铟。
2.根据权利要求1的复合膜,其中还原催化剂含有元素形式或组合形式的钆、锌、或镧。
3.根据权利要求1的复合膜,其中其中还原催化剂为氧化物。
4.根据权利要求1的复合膜,其中还原催化剂为杂多磷钨酸镧。
5.根据权利要求1的复合膜,其中氧化催化剂含有元素形式或组合形式的钯、铂或铱。
6.根据权利要求1的复合膜,其中基材为聚合物膜。
7.根据权利要求6的复合膜,其中聚合物膜为有机聚合物膜。
8.根据权利要求7的复合膜,其中有机聚合物膜含有聚全氟磺酸。
9.一种反应器,它有:
(a)权利要求1的复合膜;
(b)使第一反应物与复合膜的第一面接触的第一反应物供应室;以及
(c)使第二反应物与复合膜的第二面接触的第二反应物供应室;
其中,复合膜处于第一反应物供应室和第二反应物供应室之间,以致复合膜的第一面在操作上与第一反应物供应室相连,而复合膜的第二面在操作上与第二反应物供应室相连。
10.根据权利要求9的反应器,其中第一面为氢接触面,第二面为氧接触面,第一反应物供应室为氢供应室,而第二反应物供应室为氧供应室。
11.根据权利要求10的反应器,其中还有回收过氧化氢的设备。
12.一种用权利要求10的反应器合成过氧化氢的方法,该法包括:
(a)使氢与复合膜的氢接触面接触,以便生成至少一个电子和至少一个质子;
(b)使氧与复合膜的氧接触面接触;以及
(c)使步骤(a)中生成的至少一个电子和至少一个质子传导到复合膜的氧接触面和氧的界面,以致至少一个电子和至少一个质子与氧反应,生成含有过氧化氢的反应产物。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中步骤(a)中的氢为含氢的混合物。
14.根据权利要求13的方法,其中含氢的混合物含有氢和水。
15.根据权利要求12的方法,其中步骤(a)中的氢为含氢的化合物。
16.根据权利要求12的方法,其中步骤(b)中的氧为含氧的混合物。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其中含氧的混合物含氧和水。
18.根据权利要求12的方法,其中将反应器的温度维持在2-30℃。
19.根据权利要求12的方法,其中氢和氧在大于100psi(689kPa)下与复合膜接触。
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CN112237935A (zh) * | 2020-09-10 | 2021-01-19 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种处理含过氧化物废水的催化剂及其制备和使用方法 |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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DE69604193D1 (de) | 1999-10-14 |
JPH11512784A (ja) | 1999-11-02 |
AU7361996A (en) | 1997-04-28 |
BR9610837A (pt) | 1999-07-13 |
DE69604193T2 (de) | 1999-12-30 |
EP0853687A1 (en) | 1998-07-22 |
WO1997013006A1 (en) | 1997-04-10 |
US5800796A (en) | 1998-09-01 |
AU712295B2 (en) | 1999-11-04 |
EP0853687B1 (en) | 1999-09-08 |
ES2135930T3 (es) | 1999-11-01 |
CN1073645C (zh) | 2001-10-24 |
CA2231566A1 (en) | 1997-04-10 |
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