CN1182184C - 含有耐冲击薄膜层的复合材料 - Google Patents

含有耐冲击薄膜层的复合材料 Download PDF

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CN1182184C
CN1182184C CNB008042829A CN00804282A CN1182184C CN 1182184 C CN1182184 C CN 1182184C CN B008042829 A CNB008042829 A CN B008042829A CN 00804282 A CN00804282 A CN 00804282A CN 1182184 C CN1182184 C CN 1182184C
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卢德威克·莱布勒
吉勒斯·穆尼尔
布鲁诺·沃伊尔明
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弗朗西斯·维扎罗
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让-马克·鲍姆拉
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Arkema France SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种复合材料领域,其包括在其至少一面上具有耐冲击底漆层和沉积在底漆层上的耐磨损涂层。通过把待处理表面涂布包括具有软性区域(Tg<20℃)和具有硬性区域(Tg>50℃)的结构化聚合物颗粒的胶乳而形成底漆层。所述的复合材料可用于各种工业,如汽车工业(玻璃窗和车灯等)、建筑工业(玻璃窗)或卫生设备。

Description

含有耐冲击薄膜层的复合材料
本发明涉及复合材料领域,更具体地,涉及在其至少一面上包括耐冲击主要层和沉积在底漆层上的耐磨损(耐划痕)涂层的复合材料。耐冲击底漆层由分散在水中的聚合物颗粒构成。耐划痕涂层例如根椐EP0,035,609或WO83/0125可由可光交联可热交联的清漆组成。本发明的复合材料可用于各种应用。非限制性地,可提到在建筑工业如窗子、汽车工业如窗子和车前灯透镜、车辆后视镜和卫生设备工业如淋浴盘和浴缸中的应用。
已知的复合材料在硬表面层存在下改变其耐冲击性。另外,在一些应用中需要良好的耐溶剂性。
公知用于上述用途的但没有底漆层的那些复合材料具有低的耐冲击性和对耐溶剂的作用的有限,当这些复合材料在应力下“应力断裂”。
现有技术公开了各种类型的耐冲击层。因此,JP6,314,001和6,387,223介绍了基于热塑性聚氨酯树脂的耐冲击性底漆层。
US5,015,523推荐使用丙烯酸类耐冲击底漆层,然而EP0,404,111介绍了基于热塑性聚氨酯树脂的耐冲击性底漆层。
US5,316,791介绍了使用直接涂在有机玻璃基材的一面上的含水聚氨酯分散液。通过在空气中干燥和固化可含有阴离子稳定的丙烯酸类乳液的聚氨酯水分散液或胶乳,可得到耐冲击性底漆层。
虽然现有技术的这些耐冲击性底漆层确保了耐磨损硬涂层的可接受的粘合性和一定程度的耐冲性性,但耐冲击性对所需的应用领域来说不足。
现在发现:把多相结构的颗粒用作耐冲击底漆层可改善复合材料的耐冲击性,该多相结构颗粒多相中的一相由具有软性的聚合物颗粒组成,另一相由具有硬性的聚合物组成,这些相的玻璃化温度在限定的范围内。
根椐本发明,制备一种多层复合材料,其包括基材、沉积在基材的至少一个面上的至少一个耐冲击底漆层、和沉积在底漆层上的至少一个耐磨损涂层,其特征在于:所述的底漆层包括多相聚合物颗粒的聚集体,每个颗粒包括两个分开的相:
-由玻璃化温度低于20℃(Tg1)的软性聚合物形成的第一相,和
-由玻璃化温度高于50℃(Tg2)的硬性聚合物形成的第二相。
优选该颗粒是两相颗粒并具有核壳结构。
优选核含有聚合物P1,壳含有聚合物P2。
还优选聚合物P1的Tg1低于0℃,聚合物P2的Tg2高于约60℃。
还优选聚合物P1呈小颗粒状分散在由聚合物P2形成的基质中。
通常,该耐冲击底漆层包括70-90%重量的软性聚合物P1和10-30%重量硬性聚合物P2。
优选本发明底漆层中的聚合物P1和P2含有:
-90-100%重量由聚合选自组(I)的至少一种单体聚合而得到的单元,组(I)包括:(甲基)丙烯酸(C1-C8)烷基酯如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯和(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯;线性或支化羧酸的乙烯基酯如乙酸乙烯基酯和硬脂酸乙烯基酯;苯乙烯;烷基苯乙烯如α-甲基苯乙烯;卤代烷基苯乙烯如氯甲基苯乙烯;共轭二烯如丁二烯和异戊二烯;(甲基)丙烯酰胺;丙烯腈;丁二烯;氯乙烯;(甲基)丙烯酸和其衍生物如酸酐;和
-0-10%重量的如下制备的单元,该单元由聚合选自组(II)中的至少一种单体而制备:组(II)包括α,β-不饱和单羧酸或二羧酸的烯丙基酯如丙烯酸烯丙酯、甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯和马来酸二烯丙酯;共轭二烯如丁二烯和异戊二烯;多醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯、多醇多(甲基)丙烯酸酯如二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸1,3-丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯和四丙烯酸季戊四醇酯;聚乙烯基苯如二乙烯基苯或三乙烯基苯;聚烯丙基苯衍生物如氰尿酸三烯丙基酯和1,3,5-苯三酸三烯丙酯。
对于聚合物P1,单体选自单体组(I)时,组(I)包括丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丁二烯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯,在单体选自组(II)时,组(II)包括二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、丁二烯、二丙烯酸乙二醇酯、马来酸二烯丙酯和甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯,以及
-对于聚合物P2,单体唯一地选自组(I),包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸。
组(II)中的单体在聚合物P1和P2中起交联剂的作用。
通常,软性聚合物P1大多数由来自聚合选自丙烯酸丁酯、丁二烯和异戊二烯的至少一种单体而制备的单元所组成,但硬性聚合物P2通常由来自聚合选自甲基丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯和氯乙烯的至少一种单体的单元所组成。
在核/壳结构中,优选仅核是交联的,优选的交联单体是丁二烯和二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯,且交联剂的含量相对于颗粒的总重为0-10%重量。
硬聚合物P2可直接接枝到聚合物P1上或通过把聚合物P2引入到聚合物P1的单体单元的残基上来接技。这些单体单元残基是由把选自共轭的接枝单体引入到软聚合物P1中而制备,单体单元残基来自于聚合物中二烯的部分1,2-结合,或来自α,β-不饱和单羧酸或二羧酸的烯丙基酯,其具有两个不同反应活性的可共聚官能基。
本发明优选的接枝单体是丁二烯、甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯和马来酸二烯丙酯
本发明的聚合物P1和P2可用下述的两步乳液聚合而制备,所用的单体选自上述的组(I)和可能的组(II)。
用于软聚合物P1和硬聚合物P2的单体的选择取决于所要的聚合物的性能如疏水性和玻璃化转变温度。
本发明的底漆层具体地从含有聚合物P1和P2颗粒、特别是疏水的且为核/壳结构的聚合物P1和P2的胶乳中制备。当壳在聚合物颗粒总重中的质量分配不超过30%时,涂在有机玻璃一个表面上的胶乳在低温干燥后,并在没有加入凝结剂或挥发性有机化合物的情况下,得到一层连续的膜,其结构为软颗粒分散在均匀的硬基质中,且表面不发粘,并具有良好机械强度。
通常,疏水性是不溶于水或对水无亲合性。根椐本发明,这种缺乏亲水性可是分级的。实际上,本发明的疏水性可由D.W. Van Krevelen,1990,3rdedition,Page 200“Properties of polymers”中所述的溶解度参数()来定义。这种参数使得可根椐聚合物对水的亲水性来对各种聚合物进行分类。根椐本发明,若聚合物的()小于26,则该聚合物是疏水的。另外,若聚合物1的(1)小于聚合物2的(2),那么聚合物1比聚合物2更疏水。
适宜于制备本发明底漆层的胶乳是既不含凝聚剂也不含挥发性有机化合物的、且在低于40℃、并优选接近25℃的温度下通过蒸发成膜的胶乳,该胶乳是基于疏水聚合物的核/壳结构颗粒,该颗粒由下列组成:
-70-90%重量的至少一种软性聚合物P1,其Tg低于20℃,其形成核,以及,
-10-30%重量的至少一种硬性聚合物P2,其Tg高于50℃,其形成壳。
优选核的Tg1低于0℃,壳的Tg2高于60℃。另外,核通常比壳更疏水
本发明的胶乳用两步法通过乳液聚合下列单体混合物而制备,该混合物包括:
-90-100%重量的选自组(I)的至少一种单体,和
-0-10%重量的选自组(II)的至少一种单体。
通常,胶乳用至少两步法通过本领域普通技术人员公知的聚合工艺而制备。
在每一步中待聚合的单体混合物中的组成取决于在该步中形成的聚合物所希望有的性能(Tg,疏水性)。
根椐本发明,在第一步骤中制备Tg1低于20℃并形成核的软性聚合物P1,然后制备Tg高于50℃并形成壳的硬性聚合物P2。
应注意为了使颗粒具有更优选的结构,形成核的待聚合的单体混合物必须比形成壳的待聚合的单体的疏水性强。
对于每个步骤,聚合反应优选在惰性气氛中、在自由基引发剂存在下进行。所用的引发剂体系可以是氧化还原体系、热或过氧化物体系如硫酸氢钠或二异丙基苯/叔丁基过氧化氢,所用的量相对于单体的总量为0.2-1%重量,优选为0.25-0.5%重量。
本发明的乳液聚合反应在25-150℃的温度下进行,其温度取决于所用的引发剂体系的性质。
本发明分散液的制备优选用半连续类方法,从而组合物的衍生物,其取决于各种单体的反应活性的不同。因此,通常在3小时30分钟至5小时内加入纯的或呈与一些水和表面活性剂的预乳液形式的单体。虽然不特别必要,施加单体1-15%的晶种(seeding)也是有用的。用于乳液聚合工艺中的乳化剂选自具有适宜亲水/亲油平衡的乳化剂。优选的体系由阴离子表面活性剂如十二烷基硫酸钠、壬基苯酚乙氧基化物硫酸盐、特别是具有20-25mol环氧乙烷的那些,十二烷基磺酸盐和脂肪醇乙氧化物硫酸盐、和非离子表面活性剂如壬基苯乙氧化物,特别是具有20-40mol环氧乙烷的那些,和脂肪醇乙氧化物。
有利地是,基材或载体选自:
-透明或非透明有机材料;
-无机玻璃。
在透明有机材料中,特别优选:
-(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)和其共聚物;
-冲击改性的(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)和其共聚物;
-聚碳酸酯;
苯乙烯/丙烯腈共聚物;
-聚苯乙烯和其共聚物;
-PET或PETG类的聚酯;
-环烯烃共聚物;
-聚(氯乙烯)和其共聚物。
在非透明有机材料中,特别指出:
-聚(偏二氟乙烯)和其共聚物;
-耐冲击聚苯乙烯;
-ABS共聚物;
-或基于上述聚合物中一种的合金。
优选的是,该基材由耐冲击聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)或其冲击改性共聚物,例如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)或一种其含有至少10%重量的冲击改性剂的共聚物,该冲击改性剂为根椐US-A-2,159,882制备的硬/软/硬性冲击改性剂或根椐US-A-2,092,389制备的软/硬性冲击改性剂。
优选,该基材由聚碳酸酯制成。
无机或有机玻璃通常是那些用于棱镜和/或窗子的玻璃。其中可提到由聚合甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、特别是(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C4烷基酯如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯和(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯;烯丙基衍生物如线性或支化的脂族或芳香多醇的碳酸烯丙酯;硫代(甲基)丙烯酸;硫代氨基甲酸酯,和聚乙氧基化的芳香(甲基)丙烯酯酯如聚乙氧基化的二甲基丙烯酸双苯酚化物。
在推荐的基材中,可提到由聚合多醇的碳酸烯丙酯而得到的基材,可提到由乙二醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、二甘醇双(碳酸2-甲酯)、二甘醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、乙二醇双(碳酸2-氯烯丙酯)、三甘醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、1,3-丙二醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、丙二醇双(碳酸烯2-乙基丙酯)、1,3-丁二醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、1,4-丁二醇双(碳酸2-溴烯丙酯)、二丙二醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、三亚甲基二醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)、五亚甲基二醇双(碳酸烯丙酯)和异亚丙基双酚双(碳酸烯丙酯)。
丙烯酸聚合物也可以是由甲基丙烯酸甲酯和选自下列共聚单体而形成的共聚物,这些共聚单体选自(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯,其中烷基如为1-8个碳原子,(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯酰胺、马来酰亚胺、马来酸酐、取代或未取代的苯乙烯、和二烯如丁二烯。关于可根椐本发明来处理的基材,还可提到呈酰亚胺化形式的上述(共)聚物,如具有戊二酰亚胺基的聚合物;酰亚胺化的共聚合物也可含有(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸、戊二酸酐、可能的和(甲基)丙烯酰胺基,在相同的链上酰胺或亚酰胺基可带有相同或不同的取代基。
本发明还涉及:
-建筑和汽车窗,
-车前灯、车辆后视镜,
-卫生物品,特别是淋浴盘和浴缸,
这些都含有上述的本发明的复合材料。
为了实现本发明,介绍下列实施例中的方法,但这些实施例仅是举例性,决不限制其范围。
实施例
实施例1:制备本发明的胶乳
在5升带有搅拌器、温度探头和其中流动有热转移液以保持反应器温度的夹套的反应器中进行该操作。
在进行了氮气脱气步骤后,向这个保持在室温下的、搅拌中的反应器中,加入1500g软化水和4.8g磷酸二钠,然后把40.05g十二烷基硫酸钠作为乳化剂溶于上述混合物中。
接着,把反应器中内含物的温度升至57℃,同时保持该温度,然后同时加入991.75g正丙烯酸丁酯和9.2g二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯至所述的内含物中。
把反应器的温度升至66℃,向反应混合物中加入溶于12.5g水和1.3g过硫酸钾和溶于35g水中的0.925g亚硫酸氢钠。
约15分钟加料时间后,把温度升至107℃。
反热后,把由98.9g丙烯酸正丁酯和5.48g马来酸二烯丙酯组成的混合物加入到保持在80℃的反应器中。把温度保持在80℃1小时。以97%的转化率得到Coulter直径为77nm的由乳胶颗粒组成的弹性核。
向保持在80℃中的搅拌下的上述得到的反应混合物中加入5g水中的甲醛次硫酸钠。接着,在一个小时内,加入279.9g甲基丙烯酸甲酯、和另外的在275g水中的0.825g二异丙基苯基过氧化氢。
自开始加入甲基丙烯酸甲酯1.5小时后,把反应器中的内含物保持在80℃,向所述的内含物中加入0.5g叔丁基过氧化氢和在10g水中的175g亚硫酸氢钠。
接着,把反应混合物保持在80℃1小时。在这个时间后,把反应器中的内含物冷却到室温。
以转化率96.4%得到平均颗粒直径为85nm、固含量为39.9%的接枝共聚物的胶乳。分析所得的聚合物表明其具有2个玻璃化转变温度Tg,一个位于-38℃,另一个位于105℃。
实施例2:制备汽车的固定和后视窗
由厚度为6mm的冲击改性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的热成形片材(参考E150)制备后视窗。
把这种热成形片材切成将来窗的尺寸。
1.用下列操作法通过浸涂把胶乳BA252沉积在热成形片材上:
-用39.9%实施例1的胶乳溶液;
-把样品完全浸在这种溶液中,接着以254mm/分速率取出样品;
-在室温下第一次干燥该膜20分钟;
-在60℃通风炉中第二次干燥30分钟。
2.用相同沉积法把耐磨涂层沉积在胶乳涂布的样品上;
-用来自Company SDCCoating的热交联耐磨处理清漆SILVUE 101;
-把样品完全浸在这种溶液中,接着以254mm/分速率取出样品;
-在室温下干燥清漆30分钟;
-在85℃热交联4小时。
根椐IS为6603-1和NF EN26603-1标准,测定切成FWI(落重冲击)所要尺寸的样品的机械强度。
测定需要破坏样品的总能量(称为ET)。其结果相比于在单纯的EI 50样品上(没有胶乳也没有耐磨底漆)所得的值、和涂有相同的耐磨底漆但没有胶乳的EI样品(实施例1)所得的值。
    ET(J)
    EI 50     46.54±5.9J
    EI 50+SILVUE 101     24.5±6.4J
    EI 50+胶乳(实施例1)+SILVUE 101     41.34±6.7J
注意到在沉积耐磨底漆后组分的耐冲击强度适当降低。
在组分和底漆之间存在胶乳(实施例1)使得单纯组分的初始性能得到恢复。
实施例3涉及应力断裂
沉积胶乳的方法(实施例1)和耐磨底漆SILVUE 101同于前面,除了在这个实施例中胶乳的浓度等于19%。
根椐1983年6月20的Ministerial Decree有关汽车窗(第6959-6960页),用UTAC测试测定耐甲醇和乙醇混合物的应力断裂性(比例为每10份有1份)
比较剥既没有胶也没有底漆的6mm厚EI 50样品、涂有耐磨底漆的EI 50样品和涂有两层即中间BA252胶乳层和耐磨漆面层的样品。
在单纯的EI 50样品上出现断裂。在仅涂有底漆的EI 50样品上,相比前述情形断裂出现有一些延迟。
在涂有BA 252胶乳层和耐磨漆面层的EI 50样品上,没有观察到断裂

Claims (15)

1.一种多层复合材料,其包括基材、沉积在基材的至少一个面上的至少一个耐冲击底漆层、和沉积在底漆层上的至少一个耐磨损涂层,其特征在于:所述的底漆层由呈小颗粒状分散在由聚合物P2形成的基质中的聚合物P1构成,所述底漆层包括多相聚合物颗粒的聚集体,每个颗粒包括两个分开的相:
-由玻璃化温度Tg1低于20℃的软性聚合物形成的第一相,和
-由玻璃化温度Tg2高于50℃的硬性聚合物形成的第二相。
2.权利要求1的多层复合材料,其特征在于该颗粒是两相颗粒并具有核壳结构。
3.权利要求2中的多层复合材料,其特征在于该核含有聚合物P1,壳含有聚合物P2。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的多层复合材料,其特征在于该聚合物P1的Tg1低于0℃,聚合物P2的Tg2高于60℃。
5.权利要求1-3中任一项的多层复合材料,其特征在于该聚合物P1占颗粒70-90%重量,聚合物P2占10-30%重量。
6.权利要求1-3中任一项的多层复合材料,其特征在于该聚合物P1比聚合物P2更疏水。
7.权利要求1-3中任一项的多层复合材料,其特征在于聚合物P1和P2含有:
-90-100%重量由聚合选自组(I)的至少一种单体聚合而得到的单元,组(I)包括:(甲基)丙烯酸(C1-C8)烷基酯;线性或支化羧酸的乙烯基酯;苯乙烯;烷基苯乙烯;卤代烷基苯乙烯;共轭二烯;(甲基)丙烯酰胺;丙烯腈;氯乙烯;(甲基)丙烯酸和其衍生物;和
-0-10%重量的如下制备的单元,该单元由聚合选自组(II)中的至少一种单体而制备:组(II)包括α,β-不饱和单羧酸或二羧酸的烯丙基酯;共轭二烯;多醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯;聚乙烯基苯;和聚烯丙基苯衍生物。
8.权利要求6的多层复合材料,其特征在于:
-对于聚合物P1,单体选自单体组(I)时,组(I)包括丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丁二烯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯,在单体选自组(II)时,组(II)包括二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、丁二烯、二丙烯酸乙二醇酯、马来酸二烯丙酯和甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯,以及对于
-聚合物P2,单体唯一地选自组(I),包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸。
9.权利要求1-3中任一项的多层复合材料,其特征在于基材选自
-透明或非透明有机材料;
-无机玻璃。
10.权利要求9的多层复合材料,其特征在于基材由冲击改性的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和其共聚物构成。
11.权利要求9的多层复合材料,其特征在于基材由聚碳酸酯构成。
12.包括权利要求9-11中任一项的多层复合材料的建筑窗子。
13.包括权利要求9-11中任一项的多层复合材料的机动车辆窗子。
14.包括权利要求9-11中任一项的多层复合材料的机动车辆后视镜。
15.包括权利要求9-11中任一项的多层复合材料的卫生设备。
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WO2000050496A1 (fr) 2000-08-31
US6680111B1 (en) 2004-01-20
KR100454772B1 (ko) 2004-11-05
CA2363644A1 (fr) 2000-08-31
EP1169373A1 (fr) 2002-01-09
FR2790263A1 (fr) 2000-09-01
CN1341137A (zh) 2002-03-20
KR20010102382A (ko) 2001-11-15
DE60004189D1 (de) 2003-09-04
DE60004189T2 (de) 2004-04-22
EP1169373B1 (fr) 2003-07-30
JP2002537158A (ja) 2002-11-05
ES2204515T3 (es) 2004-05-01
ATE246217T1 (de) 2003-08-15

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