CN117552188B - 一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN117552188B
CN117552188B CN202410003065.5A CN202410003065A CN117552188B CN 117552188 B CN117552188 B CN 117552188B CN 202410003065 A CN202410003065 A CN 202410003065A CN 117552188 B CN117552188 B CN 117552188B
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蔡江涛
刘依
张亚婷
邱介山
兰雨金
赵世永
张恩锡
朱由余
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Xian University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

本发明属于炭纤维制备及超级电容器领域,提供一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜及其制备方法和应用,本发明以重质渣油作为主要原料,聚丙烯腈作为氮源和易纺碳源,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯作为相变致孔剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为纺丝液均质稳定剂,与溶剂混合,配制成纺丝液,经过静电纺丝成型为纤维膜,通过喷雾预交联,使得纤维膜在后续的老化及预氧化过程中,适度交联,既提高炭化收率,也可以获得连通的炭纤维导电通路,并提升多孔炭纤维膜的电容性能及力学性能;最后通过预氧化、炭化、CO2活化得到炭纤维膜。所得炭纤维膜具有成炭率高、比表面积大、孔结构丰富、电容性能优良、作电极时免粘结剂自支撑的特点,实现了重质渣油的高附加值利用。

Description

一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明属于炭纤维制备及超级电容器领域,涉及一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜及其制备方法和在超级电容器中的应用。
背景技术
超级电容器作为一种新型储能器件,具有大容量、高功率密度、强充放电能力、长循环寿命、使用温度范围宽、无污染和高安全性等诸多特点,超级电容器在新能源汽车等交通领域、电磁炮弹军用设备领域和运动控制领域以及新能源发电系统、分布式储能系统、智能电网系统等领域,具有广泛的应用前景。
作为宝贵的资源,石油与煤炭均不可再生,因此需要充分提高石油与煤炭资源的转化利用率,重质渣油的高效利用就是其中重要的一环。重质渣油原先主要用作燃料油,未充分挖掘出油浆的利用价值。
发明内容
为了解决上述现有技术的问题,本发明提供一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜及其制备方法和应用,实现了重质渣油的高附加值利用。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,包括:
S1,将聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和重质渣油在溶剂中混合,得到纺丝液;
S2,将纺丝液通过静电纺丝法成型为纤维膜;
S3,将喷雾溶液喷雾在纤维膜上进行预交联,所述喷雾溶液的组分包括AlCl3、氯仿和乙醇;
S4,将预交联后的纤维膜进行干燥老化;
S5,将干燥老化后的纤维膜,在空气气氛且260~330℃下,进行预氧化;
S6,将预氧化后的纤维膜,在保护气氛且750~850℃下,进行炭化;
S7,将炭化后的纤维膜,在CO2条件且850~900℃下,进行活化,经洗涤和干燥,得到重质渣油基炭纤维膜。
优选的,S1中,聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮预先进行真空干燥。
优选的,S1中,所述重质渣油预先进行如下预处理:将重质渣油进行热过滤,得到滤液,所述滤液与溶剂混合,进行热离心分离,取上清液。
优选的,S1中,所述重质渣油为中低温煤焦油重馏分、高温煤焦油馏分、石油常压渣油、石油减压渣油、催化裂化油浆、加氢裂化尾油和乙烯焦油中的一种或几种。优选的,S1中,聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和重质渣油的比例为(2~5)g:(1~3)g:(1~3)g:(3~10)g。
优选的,S3中,重质渣油、AlCl3和氯仿的比例为:(3~10)g:(0.1~0.3)g:(5~8)mL。
优选的,S4中,所述干燥老化的温度为110~130℃,时间为2~4h。
优选的,S5中,以2~5 ℃·min-1的速率自室温升温至260~330 ℃;S6中,以5~10℃·min-1的速率自260~330℃继续升温至750~850 ℃;S7中,以2~5℃·min-1的速率自750~850℃继续升温至850~900 ℃。
采用所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法得到的重质渣油基炭纤维膜。
所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜作为电极材料在超级电容器中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下的有益效果:
本发明以重质渣油作为主要原料,聚丙烯腈(PAN)作为氮源和易纺碳源,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)作为相变致孔剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为纺丝液均质稳定剂,与溶剂混合,配制成纺丝液,经过静电纺丝成型为纤维膜,通过简单的喷雾预交联(通过AlCl3催化的氯仿(三氯甲烷)预交联),使得纤维膜在后续的老化及预氧化过程中,适度交联,既提高炭化收率,也可以获得连通的炭纤维导电通路,并提升多孔炭纤维膜的电容性能及力学性能;最后通过预氧化、炭化、CO2活化得到炭纤维膜,所得炭纤维膜具有成炭率高、比表面积大、孔结构丰富、电容性能优良的特点。以其作超级电容器的电极材料,具有免粘结剂、自支撑的特点,从而提升电极的质量与体积能量密度。并且,本发明实现了重质渣油的高附加值利用。
进一步的,重质渣油经加热过滤除杂,滤液与溶剂混合并进行热离心分离,两步预处理即可去除其中大多数非有机成分杂质,得到金属及其氧化物、二氧化硅等杂质含量大大降低的预处理重质渣油。
进一步的,通过控制交联剂的用量,能控制纤维交联度,同时兼顾成炭率和比表面积。
本发明制备出的适度交联、比电容高的多孔炭纤维膜,在6mol/L 的KOH电解液中、1A/g电流密度下,三电极测试其比电容可达286~315 F·g-1,可作为超级电容器用电极材料。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1制备的多孔炭纤维膜在1000倍放大倍率下的扫描电镜图。
图2是本发明实施例1制备的多孔炭纤维膜在5000倍放大倍率下的扫描电镜图。
图3是本发明实施例1制备的多孔炭纤维膜的氮气吸脱附等温曲线。
图4是本发明实施例1制备的多孔炭纤维膜的孔径分布曲线。
图5是本发明实施例1多孔炭纤维膜作为电极材料时在不同电流密度下的充放电曲线。
图6是本发明实施例1多孔炭纤维膜作为电极材料时在不同电流密度下的比电容曲线。
图7是本发明对比例1制备的多孔炭纤维膜在1500倍放大倍率下的扫描电镜图。
图8是本发明对比例1多孔炭纤维膜作为电极材料时在不同电流密度下的比电容曲线。
具体实施方式
为了进一步理解本发明,下面结合实施例对本发明进行描述,这些描述只是进一步解释本发明的特征和优点,并非用于限制本发明的权利要求。
本发明以重质渣油为主要原料,经热过滤、热离心分离两步预处理除杂后,与聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)配成纺丝液,经静电纺丝法制备出原丝纤维膜,后经预交联、预氧化、炭化、活化制得多孔炭纤维膜,开发出高附加值的重质渣油基多孔炭纤维膜材料。
本发明重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)重质渣油预处理:将重质渣油进行热过滤,得到滤液,所述滤液与甲苯和四氯化碳的混合溶剂混合,进行热离心分离,保留上清液;通过上述两步预处理即可去除其中大多数非有机成分杂质,得到预处理渣油溶剂体系。
(2)聚合物预处理:取PAN、PMMA和PVP,分别进行真空干燥。
(3)纺丝液配制:将干燥后的PAN与DMF混合,加热搅拌,记为溶液A;取PMMA加入到DMF中,加热搅拌,记为溶液B;将溶液B加入到溶液A中,搅拌混合,得到溶液A和溶液B的混合液;取PVP溶解于DMF中,加热搅拌,记为溶液C;将溶液C加入到溶液A和溶液B的混合液中,搅拌,得到溶液D;将预处理后的渣油溶剂体系加入溶液D中,加热搅拌,得到纺丝液。
(4)纺丝工艺:将纺丝液通过静电纺丝法成型为纤维膜。
(5)喷雾预交联:取AlCl3、氯仿和乙醇,将三者充分混匀为喷雾溶液;待纺丝完毕后,将喷雾溶液喷在纤维膜上,待喷雾停止,揭下纤维膜。
(6)老化:将所得纤维膜干燥老化。
(7)预氧化:将上述干燥老化的纤维膜置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下自室温升温至260~330℃,进行预氧化。
(8)炭化:在上述管式炉中通入N2或Ar,然后自260~330℃继续升温至750~850℃,纤维膜在该温度下炭化。
(9)活化:管式炉中通CO2气,自750~850℃继续升温至850~900℃,纤维膜在该温度下进行活化,得到炭纤维膜。
(10)净化炭纤维膜:将上述炭纤维膜冷却至室温后,取出经0.8~1.2M的盐酸酸洗、水洗、乙醇洗、干燥,即可得到高炭收率、大比表面积、高比容量、低杂质含量的多孔炭纤维膜。
步骤(1)具体为:重质渣油经70~90℃加热过滤,得到滤液,所述滤液与甲苯和四氯化碳的混合溶剂混合,并加热至60℃以6000~10000rap/min速率离心分离。甲苯和四氯化碳的体积比优选为1:1。所述重质渣油为中低温煤焦油重馏分、高温煤焦油馏分、石油常压渣油、石油减压渣油、催化裂化油浆、加氢裂化尾油和乙烯焦油中的一种或几种。石油常压渣油例如为石油常压渣油重馏分油,石油减压渣油例如为石油减压渣油重馏分油。
步骤(3)具体为:将PAN与DMF混合,然后用磁力搅拌器在60~80℃下进行加热搅拌3~5h,记为溶液A;将PMMA与DMF混合,在40~60℃下搅拌均匀,记为溶液B;将PVP与DMF混合,在40~60℃下搅拌均匀,记为溶液C;将溶液B加入到溶液A中,在60~80℃下搅拌1h,得到溶液A和溶液B的混合液;将溶液C加入到溶液A和溶液B的混合液中,搅拌,得到溶液D;将渣油溶剂体系加入溶液D中,得到纺丝液。PAN、PMMA、PVP、DMF和预处理后的渣油溶剂体系的比例为(2~5)g:(1~3)g:(1~3)g:(10~20)g: (7~22)g。换算后,PAN、PMMA、PVP、DMF和重质渣油的比例为(2~5)g:(1~3)g:(1~3)g: (10~20)g:(3~10)g。
步骤(4)中,静电纺丝工艺参数:20~225KV静电压,20G平口点胶针头(内径0.6mm),针头距接收转鼓18cm,微量注射泵挤出速度2mL/h,转鼓速度300~400rpm。
步骤(5)中,AlCl3、氯仿和乙醇的比例为:(0.1~0.3)g:(5~8)mL:(8~15)mL;重质渣油、AlCl3和氯仿的比例为:(3~10)g:(0.1~0.3)g:(5~8)mL。
步骤(6)具体为:将所得纤维膜在鼓风烘箱中110~130℃,老化2~4 h。
步骤(7)具体为:将纤维膜置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下以2~5℃·min-1的速率,自室温升温至260~330℃,并恒温2~4h。
步骤(8)具体为:在管式炉中通入N2或Ar,气流量为30~50mL/min,然后以5~10℃·min-1的速率自260~330℃继续升温至750~850℃,并在该温度下恒温1~2h。
步骤(9)具体为:管式炉中通CO2气,气流量为30~50mL/min,然后以2~5℃·min-1的速率自750~850℃继续升温至850~900℃,并在该温度下恒温0.5~1h,得到多孔炭纤维膜。
实施例1
(1)将石油常压渣油重馏分油在70℃的水浴锅内加热搅拌10min,趁热过滤;取滤液20g,溶于20mL甲苯和四氯化碳体积比为1:1的混合溶剂中,在60℃水浴锅中搅拌10min,然后60℃保温条件下以9000rap/min速率离心20min,保留上清液作为预处理后的渣油溶剂体系。
(2)将聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在温度80℃下真空干燥1h。
(3)称量干燥后的4g PAN(分子量为15万)与12mL DMF混合,然后用磁力搅拌器在70℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液A;称取2g PMMA加入到4mL的DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液B;称取2g PVP-K30溶解于4mL DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液C;将溶液B加入到溶液A中,在70℃下搅拌1h,得到溶液A和溶液B的混合液;将溶液C加入到溶液A和溶液B的混合液中,在70℃下搅拌溶解1h,得到溶液D。
(4)取前述经过处理后的渣油溶剂体系15g,加入上述溶液D中,继续在70℃水浴下进行磁力搅拌3h,得到纺丝液。
(5)将得到的纺丝液共抽取20mL分两支装入10mL注射器中,通过21kV的高输出电压进行静电纺丝;称取0.2g AlCl3,量取6mL氯仿和14mL乙醇,将三者充分混匀后装入超声喷雾器中;待纺丝完毕后,关闭高压静电源,开启超声喷雾器,使喷雾正好落在继续转动的转鼓上的纤维膜上,待喷雾停止关闭所有电源,连着转鼓上锡箔纸一起揭下纤维膜。
(6)将静电纺丝出来的纤维膜放在烘箱中在110℃下干燥2h,然后将其置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下以3℃·min-1的速率自室温升温至320℃,并恒温2h;保护气氮气通入管式炉中,气流量为30mL/min,然后以5℃·min-1的速率继续升温至800℃,并在该温度下恒温1h;切断氮气,换成CO2气体,气流量为40mL/min,然后以3℃·min-1的速率继续升温至850℃,并在该温度下恒温1h,制备得到多孔炭纤维膜,随炉降温到室温后方可取出多孔炭纤维膜。
(7)将上述炭纤维膜冷却至室温后取出,经1M的盐酸酸洗、水洗、乙醇洗、干燥,即得到多孔炭纤维膜。
本实施例由石油常压渣油重馏分油与PAN到多孔炭纤维膜的炭收率为38.2%。经测定炭纤维膜比表面积SBET为897m2/g,孔总体积Vtot为0.46cm3g-1,平均孔径Dav为3.62nm,在1A/g电流密度下比电容为308F/g。
实施例2
(1)将石油常压渣油重馏分油在80℃的水浴锅内加热搅拌10min,趁热过滤;取滤液20g,溶于20mL甲苯和四氯化碳体积比为1:1的混合溶剂中,在60℃水浴锅中搅拌10min,然后60℃保温条件下以10000rap/min速率离心20min,保留上清液作为预处理后的渣油溶剂体系。
(2)将聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在温度为80℃下真空干燥1h。
(3)称量干燥后的5g PAN(分子量为15万)与12mL DMF混合,然后用磁力搅拌器在70℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液A;称取3g PMMA加入到4mL的DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液B;称取3g PVP-K30溶解于4mL DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液C;将溶液B加入到溶液A中,在70℃下搅拌1h,得到溶液A和溶液B的混合液;将溶液C加入到溶液A和溶液B的混合液中,将溶液A、B、C混合后在70℃下搅拌溶解1h,得到溶液D。
(4)取前述经过处理后的渣油溶剂体系22g,加入上述溶液D中,继续在70℃水浴下进行磁力搅拌3h,得到纺丝液。
(5)将得到的纺丝液共抽取20mL分两支装入10mL注射器中,通过21kV的高输出电压进行静电纺丝;称取0.3g AlCl3,量取8mL氯仿和15mL乙醇,将三者充分混匀后装入超声喷雾器中;待纺丝完毕后,关闭高压静电源,开启超声喷雾器,使喷雾正好落在继续转动的转鼓上的纤维膜上,待喷雾停止关闭所有电源,连着转鼓上锡箔纸一起揭下纤维膜。
(6)将静电纺丝出来的纤维膜放在烘箱中在110℃下干燥2h,然后将其置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下以3℃·min-1的速率自室温升温至320℃,并恒温2h;保护气氮气通入管式炉中,气流量为30mL/min,然后以5℃·min-1的速率继续升温至850℃,并在该温度下恒温1h;切断氮气,换成CO2气体,气流量为40mL/min,然后以3℃·min-1的速率继续升温至900℃,并在该温度下恒温1h,制备得到多孔炭纤维膜,随炉降温到室温后方可取出多孔炭纤维膜。
(7)将上述炭纤维膜冷却至室温后取出,经1M的盐酸酸洗、水洗、乙醇洗、干燥,即得到多孔炭纤维膜。
本实施例由石油常压渣油重馏分油与PAN到多孔炭纤维膜的炭收率为41.2%。经测定炭纤维膜比表面积SBET为823m2/g,孔总体积Vtot为0.42cm3g-1,平均孔径Dav为3.36nm,在1A/g电流密度下比电容为286F/g。
实施例3
(1)将高温煤焦油馏分在70℃的水浴锅内加热搅拌10min,趁热过滤;取滤液20g,溶于20mL甲苯和四氯化碳体积比为1:1的混合溶剂中,在60℃水浴锅中搅拌10min,然后60℃保温条件下以9000rap/min速率离心20min,保留上清液作为预处理后的渣油溶剂体系。
(2)将聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在温度为80℃下真空干燥1h。
(3)称量干燥后的2g PAN(分子量为15万)与12mL DMF混合,然后用磁力搅拌器在70℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液A;称取1g PMMA加入到4mL的DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液B;称取1gPVP-K30溶解于4mL DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液C;将溶液B加入到溶液A中,在70℃下搅拌1h,得到溶液A和溶液B的混合液;将溶液C加入到溶液A和溶液B的混合液中,将溶液A、B、C混合后在70℃下搅拌溶解1h,得到溶液D。
(4)取前述经过处理后的渣油溶剂体系20g,加入上述溶液D中,继续在70℃水浴下进行磁力搅拌3h,得到纺丝液。
(5)将得到的纺丝液共抽取20mL分两支装入10mL注射器中,通过21kV的高输出电压进行静电纺丝;称取0.1g AlCl3,量取5mL氯仿和8mL乙醇,将三者充分混匀后装入超声喷雾器中;待纺丝完毕后,关闭高压静电源,开启超声喷雾器,使喷雾正好落在继续转动的转鼓上的纤维膜上,待喷雾停止关闭所有电源,连着转鼓上锡箔纸一起揭下纤维膜。
(6)将静电纺丝出来的纤维膜放在烘箱中在120℃下干燥4h,然后将其置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下以2℃·min-1的速率自室温升温至260℃,并恒温2h;保护气氮气通入管式炉中,气流量为30mL/min,然后以8℃·min-1的速率继续升温至750℃,并在该温度下恒温1h;切断氮气,换成CO2气体,气流量为40mL/min,然后以2℃·min-1的速率继续升温至880℃,并在该温度下恒温1h,制备得到多孔炭纤维膜,随炉降温到室温后方可取出多孔炭纤维膜。
(7)将上述炭纤维膜冷却至室温后,取出经1M的盐酸酸洗、水洗、乙醇洗、干燥,即得到多孔炭纤维膜。
本实施例由高温煤焦油馏分与PAN到多孔炭纤维膜的炭收率为39.5%。经测定炭纤维膜比表面积SBET为850m2/g,孔总体积Vtot为0.43cm3g-1,平均孔径Dav为3.61nm,在1A/g电流密度下比电容为304F/g。
实施例4
(1)将催化裂解渣油在70℃的水浴锅内加热搅拌10min,趁热过滤;取滤液20g,溶于20mL甲苯和四氯化碳体积比为1:1的混合溶剂中,在60℃水浴锅中搅拌10min,然后60℃保温条件下以9000rap/min速率离心20min,保留上清液作为预处理后的渣油溶剂体系。
(2)将聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在温度为80℃下真空干燥1h。
(3)称量干燥后的3g PAN(分子量为15万)与12mL DMF混合,然后用磁力搅拌器在70℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液A;称取2g PMMA加入到4mL的DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液B;称取3g PVP-K30溶解于4mL DMF中,在50℃下进行加热搅拌2h,记为溶液C;将溶液B加入到溶液A中,在70℃下搅拌1h,得到溶液A和溶液B的混合液;将溶液C加入到溶液A和溶液B的混合液中,将溶液A、B、C混合后在70℃下搅拌溶解1h,得到溶液D。
(4)取前述经过处理后的渣油溶剂体系9g,加入上述溶液D中,继续在70℃水浴下进行磁力搅拌3h,得到纺丝液。
(5)将得到的纺丝液共抽取20mL分两支装入10mL注射器中,通过21kV的高输出电压进行静电纺丝;称取0.2g AlCl3,量取5mL氯仿和10mL乙醇,将三者充分混匀后装入超声喷雾器中;待纺丝完毕后,关闭高压静电源,开启超声喷雾器,使喷雾正好落在继续转动的转鼓上的纤维膜上,待喷雾停止关闭所有电源,连着转鼓上锡箔纸一起揭下纤维膜。
(6)将静电纺丝出来的纤维膜放在烘箱中在130℃下干燥4h,然后将其置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下以5℃·min-1的速率自室温升温至330℃,并恒温2h;保护气氮气通入管式炉中,气流量为30mL/min,然后以10℃·min-1的速率继续升温至800℃,并在该温度下恒温1h;切断氮气,换成CO2气体,气流量为40mL/min,然后以5℃·min-1的速率继续升温至850℃,并在该温度下恒温1h,制备得到多孔炭纤维膜,随炉降温到室温后方可取出多孔炭纤维膜。
(7)将上述炭纤维膜冷却至室温后,取出经1M的盐酸酸洗、水洗、乙醇洗、干燥,即得到多孔炭纤维膜。
本实施例由催化裂解渣油与PAN到多孔炭纤维膜的炭收率为40.2%。经测定炭纤维膜比表面积SBET为904m2/g,孔总体积Vtot为0.45cm3g-1,平均孔径Dav为3.55nm,在1A/g电流密度下比电容为315F/g。
对比例1
本对比例1与实施例1相比,除步骤(5)外其余步骤均相同,本对比例1步骤(5)为:将得到的纺丝液共抽取20mL分两支装入10mL注射器中,通过21kV的高输出电压进行静电纺丝;待纺丝完毕后,连着转鼓上锡箔纸一起揭下纤维膜。
所得石油常压渣油重馏分油与PAN基多孔炭纤维膜的炭收率为19.3%。经测定炭纤维膜比表面积SBET为852m2/g,孔总体积Vtot为0.45cm3g-1,平均孔径Dav为3.43nm,在1A/g电流密度下比电容为173F/g。
本对比例1未进行喷雾交联,所得炭纤维膜的炭收率和比电容与实施例1相比均大幅降低,说明适度交联可有效提升重质渣油基炭纤维膜的成炭率与电容性能。这是因为二者虽然比表面积相差不多,但是未经适度交联的炭纤维膜导电网络不够发达,比电容下降较多。
对比例2
本对比例2与实施例1相比,除步骤(5)外其余步骤均相同,本对比例2步骤(5)为:将得到的纺丝液共抽取20mL分两支装入10mL注射器中,通过21kV的高输出电压进行静电纺丝;取1gAlCl3、15mL氯仿和3mL乙醇,将三者充分混匀后装入超声喷雾器中;待纺丝完毕后,关闭高压静电源,开启超声喷雾器,使喷雾正好落在继续转动的转鼓纤维膜上,待喷雾停止关闭所有电源,连着转鼓上锡箔纸一起揭下纤维膜。
本对比例2所得炭纤维膜明显变脆易断,由石油常压渣油重馏分油与PAN到炭纤维膜的炭收率为43.6%。经测定炭纤维膜比表面积SBET为521m2/g,孔总体积Vtot为0.26cm3g-1,平均孔径Dav为2.26nm,在1A/g电流密度下比电容为112F/g。
本对比例2的交联剂用量比实施例1多,得到的炭纤维膜明显变的硬脆易断,且比电容低于实施例1。说明过度交联的炭纤维膜,成炭率虽有所提升,但柔韧性与比表面积明显下降,比电容也显著下降。
图1和图2是实施例1所得多孔炭纤维膜在不同放大倍率下的扫描电镜图。图中可见有微米级与纳米级别的纤维相互交联,形成相互贯通的网络。图7是对比例1所得多孔炭纤维膜的扫描电镜图,可以看出,因为对比例1中未进行交联,炭化过程中气化损失较多,表现为纤维断点较多,相互连通性不够好。
图3是实施例1所得多孔炭纤维膜的氮气吸脱附等温曲线,呈现出典型的Ⅳ型结构特征。从图中可以看出,多孔炭纤维膜在相对压力较低时,吸附量急剧上升,表明多孔炭纤维膜中存在大量微孔;在较高的相对压力(0.4~1.0)下,存在滞后环,表明多孔炭纤维膜存在介孔和大孔结构。
图4是实施例1所得多孔炭纤维膜的孔径分布曲线。从图中可以看出,多孔炭纤维膜的微孔丰富,介孔相对较少。
图5是实施例1所得多孔炭纤维膜作为电极材料时在不同电流密度下的充放电曲线。将所得多孔炭纤维膜制成电极片,置于6M KOH电解液中,三电极体系下,通过电化学工作站对电极片进行不同电流密度下的恒流充放电测试。从图中可以看出,其充放电曲线接近对称等腰三角形,说明其充放电可逆性较好。且在放电开始时IR电压降很小,表明该多孔炭纤维膜材料的内阻很小,循环稳定性好。
图6是实施例1所得多孔炭纤维膜作为电极材料时在不同电流密度下的比电容曲线,从图中可以看出,当电流密度在0.5A·g-1时比电容可达408F/g,在大电流密度10A·g-1时,仍可达168F/g。图8是对比例1所得多孔炭纤维膜作为电极材料时在不同电流密度下的比电容曲线,从图中可以看出,当电流密度在0.5A·g-1时,比电容为193F/g,在大电流密度10A·g-1时,只有106F/g。

Claims (8)

1.一种重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
S1,将聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和重质渣油在溶剂中混合,得到纺丝液;
S2,将纺丝液通过静电纺丝法成型为纤维膜;
S3,将喷雾溶液喷雾在纤维膜上进行预交联,所述喷雾溶液的组分包括AlCl3、氯仿和乙醇;重质渣油、AlCl3和氯仿的比例为:(3~10)g:(0.1~0.3)g:(5~8)mL;
S4,将预交联后的纤维膜进行干燥老化;所述干燥老化的温度为110~130℃,时间为2~4h;
S5,将干燥老化后的纤维膜,在空气气氛且260~330℃下,进行预氧化;
S6,将预氧化后的纤维膜,在保护气氛且750~850℃下,进行炭化;
S7,将炭化后的纤维膜,在CO2条件且850~900℃下,进行活化,经洗涤和干燥,得到重质渣油基炭纤维膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮预先进行真空干燥。
3.根据权利要求1所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,所述重质渣油预先进行如下预处理:将重质渣油进行热过滤,得到滤液,所述滤液与溶剂混合,进行热离心分离,取上清液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,所述重质渣油为中低温煤焦油重馏分、高温煤焦油馏分、石油常压渣油、石油减压渣油、催化裂化油浆、加氢裂化尾油和乙烯焦油中的一种或几种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和重质渣油的比例为(2~5)g:(1~3)g:(1~3)g:(3~10)g。
6.根据权利要求1所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S5中,以2~5℃·min-1的速率自室温升温至260~330 ℃;S6中,以5~10℃·min-1的速率自260~330℃继续升温至750~850 ℃;S7中,以2~5℃·min-1的速率自750~850℃继续升温至850~900 ℃。
7.采用权利要求1~6任一项所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜的制备方法得到的重质渣油基炭纤维膜。
8.权利要求7所述的重质渣油基炭纤维膜作为电极材料在超级电容器中的应用。
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