CN117310111A - Automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device and method - Google Patents
Automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device and method, wherein the device comprises an induction mechanism and a measuring mechanism, the induction mechanism comprises a surface runoff collecting grid, when no surface runoff exists in the surface runoff collecting grid, an electromagnetic induction switch is in an off state, after the weight of the surface runoff in the surface runoff collecting grid reaches a preset threshold value, the electromagnetic induction switch is closed to further open a grid outlet switch, and the measuring mechanism starts to work; the method comprises the following steps: collecting surface runoff; starting measurement; calculating the surface runoff flow; and calculating the pollution output load of the non-point source. According to the automatic monitoring device and method, aiming at the characteristic of the shallow water level of the surface runoff in the urban and rural areas, the surface runoff can be effectively collected and the surface runoff flow can be accurately measured in real time, the problems that the surface runoff collection is difficult and the measurement error is large before are solved, the accuracy of the calculation result is improved, and the efficient and accurate monitoring of the surface source pollution in the urban and rural areas is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental pollution monitoring, and particularly relates to an automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device and method.
Background
By 2023, the urban rate of China breaks through 65%, and the urban water resource and water environment problems are increasingly remarkable along with the continuous acceleration of urban process of China. 2022, the ecological environment department issues a notice on developing analysis of pollution intensity in flood season to promote solution of the problem of water environment prominence, which clearly indicates that under the large background of remarkable improvement of water environment quality in China, the pollution of urban and rural non-point sources in part of areas is gradually increased to be a main contradiction restricting continuous improvement of water environment, and the problems of 'dirty and dirty collection' in some places, 'zero storage and retrieval' in rainy seasons and the like are prominent. The ecological environment department publishes the national ecological environment situation of 2022, 1-9 months in 11 months in the same year, and also points out that the urban and rural non-point source pollution control in partial areas needs to be enhanced, and the black and odorous water body treated by individual cities has rebound. It can be seen that urban and rural non-point source pollution is an important problem in the water ecological environment treatment work of China.
The urban and rural non-point source pollution refers to surface runoff pollution which is generated along with the driving of the water-falling process in urban and rural areas. Along with the gradual control of urban and rural point source pollution, the hazard of urban and rural point source pollution is gradually highlighted, and related departments input a great deal of manpower and material resources for urban and rural point source pollution treatment. The urban and rural non-point source pollution water quantity and quality monitoring work is a precondition and basis of all research works, and the non-point source pollution water quantity and quality change characteristics in the dewatering process are checked through on-site monitoring, so that the targeted pollution treatment work can be carried out. Compared with the water quantity and pollutants in natural flow areas which are transported in river channels, urban and rural areas are affected by road flood and slope confluence, surface runoffs have no fixed drainage channels, generally take a flood situation along with the slope of terrains and show shallow water level characteristics, and the characteristics cause the following technical difficulties in urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring: firstly, the surface runoff is difficult to collect, and the common pumping type and interception type collecting modes are affected by the shallow water level of the surface runoff in urban and rural areas, so that the pumping type sucking disc and the interception type baffle cannot be completely submerged by the water level, and the surface runoff is difficult to collect effectively. Secondly, the surface runoff flow measurement is difficult, the propeller is required to be completely immersed into water by the common propeller type monitoring equipment, but the propeller type monitoring equipment is difficult to normally develop work due to shallow surface runoff water level in urban and rural areas, meanwhile, the time of full specified volume water quantity is required to be measured by manual sampling, the artificial squatting monitoring is carried out in the rainfall process, the monitoring error is easy to occur, and the monitoring work risk is large in thunder and rain days. Thirdly, urban and rural surface source pollution load calculation is difficult, surface runoff flow is multiplied by corresponding water quality index concentration to obtain the surface source pollution load generally, but because urban and rural surface runoff is difficult to collect and measure, subsequent water quality monitoring cannot be effectively unfolded, calculation can be carried out only through average water quality concentration in one precipitation process, and great error is caused in urban and rural surface source pollution load calculation. Therefore, how to overcome the difficulties and realize the efficient and accurate monitoring of the urban and rural area non-point source pollution is a technical problem which needs to be solved currently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device and method for solving the technical problems.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses an urban and rural area source pollution automatic monitoring device, which comprises an induction mechanism and a measuring mechanism, wherein the induction mechanism comprises a surface runoff collecting grid arranged at the surface of an area to be monitored, a movable sliding rail is arranged around the surface runoff collecting grid, a plurality of water inlet holes are also arranged around the surface runoff collecting grid, a grid outlet switch is arranged in the surface runoff collecting grid, the opening and the closing of the grid outlet switch are controlled by an electromagnetic induction switch, the electromagnetic induction switch is arranged in an underground space corresponding to the surface of the area to be monitored, one end of the electromagnetic induction switch is fixedly connected with the surface runoff collecting grid, when no surface runoff exists in the surface runoff collecting grid, the electromagnetic induction switch is in an open state, after the weight of the surface runoff in the surface runoff collecting grid reaches a preset threshold value, the electromagnetic induction switch is closed so as to open the grid outlet switch, and the measuring mechanism starts working; reset springs are vertically arranged at four corners of the bottom of the surface runoff collection grid and used for resetting the surface runoff collection grid.
The measuring mechanism comprises a lever balance supporting body arranged at the bottom of an underground space, a lever balance beam is rotationally connected to the lever balance supporting body, one end of the lever balance beam is fixedly provided with a counterweight body, the other end of the lever balance beam is fixedly provided with a surface runoff collecting tube, the weight of the counterweight body is consistent with that of the surface runoff collecting tube when the surface runoff collecting tube is full of water, the surface runoff collecting tube is arranged below a grid outlet switch, the surface runoff can flow into the surface runoff collecting tube when the grid outlet switch is ensured to be opened, a double-side one-way switch is arranged at the bottom of the surface runoff collecting tube, a pressure sensing timer and a surface runoff delivery tube are sequentially arranged below the surface runoff collecting tube, the height of the pressure sensing timer is consistent with that of the lever balance beam when the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the position of the surface runoff collecting tube is used for recording the time of full of water, the position of the surface runoff delivery tube corresponds to the position of the double-side one-way switch, a rainwater pipe is connected to one end of the surface runoff delivery tube, a monitoring sensor is vertically hung on one side of the surface runoff delivery tube, the surface runoff delivery tube is communicated with the water quality sensing delivery tube, and the surface runoff sensing sensor is located in the surface runoff sensing delivery tube.
Further, the electromagnetic induction switch comprises an induction coil and an induction switch, wherein the induction coil is fixedly connected with the bottom of the surface runoff collection grid, the induction switch is fixedly arranged at the bottom wall of the underground space, and the interval between the induction coil and the induction switch is set according to a preset threshold value.
Further, the surface runoff collection grid is made of an acrylic plate, the area is 1m multiplied by 1m, and the height is not more than 10cm;
further, the movable slide rail is a steel ball slide rail.
Further, the grid outlet switch is a hinge type switch with a rotating shaft.
Further, the lever balance beam and the lever balance support body are made of stainless steel materials; the lever balance support body is a four-corner support structure.
Further, the counterweight body is a lead block; the surface runoff collecting cylinder is made of PVC material, the surface runoff collecting cylinder is in a conical shape with a wide upper part and a narrow lower part, and the capacity of the surface runoff collecting cylinder is not more than 500ml.
Further, the surface runoff delivery pipe is a PVC hard pipe, the inlet pipe orifice of the surface runoff delivery pipe is a horn mouth with a wide upper part and a narrow lower part, the position of the inlet pipe orifice corresponds to that of a bilateral one-way switch, when the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the surface runoff delivery pipe triggers the bilateral one-way switch by means of jacking force, the inlet pipe orifice of the surface runoff delivery pipe stretches into the surface runoff collection cylinder and is higher than the bilateral one-way switch at the bottom of the collection cylinder, and collected surface runoffs flow out through the surface runoff delivery pipe.
The invention also discloses an urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring method using the device, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, collecting surface runoff: arranging surface runoff collection grids at the low-lying surface of a water collecting area of an area to be monitored, and collecting surface runoffs through water inlet holes around the surface runoff collection grids;
step 2, starting measurement: determining a preset threshold value of the surface runoff weight through calculation, setting an electromagnetic induction switch according to the preset threshold value, closing the electromagnetic induction switch when the collected surface runoff weight reaches the preset threshold value, and then opening a grid outlet switch, wherein a measuring mechanism starts to work;
the calculation formula of the surface runoff weight threshold value is as follows:
G＝α·n·P·S·ρ·g (1)
wherein G is the surface runoff weight threshold value of the area to be monitored, and kg; alpha is the surface runoff perception coefficient of the area to be monitored, the value is 10% -20%, when the number of days of early drying of precipitation is greater than 10 days, the value is 20%, and when the number of days of early drying of precipitation is greater thanWhen the number of days of early drying of the precipitation is less than 3 days, the value is 10%, and when the number of days of early drying of the precipitation is between 3 and 10 days, the value of alpha is obtained through linear interpolation; n is a surface runoff coefficient, and is dimensionless; p is the average precipitation amount of the area to be monitored for many years, and mm; s is the area of the surface runoff collection grid; ρ is the density of water, which is 1000kg/m 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the g is the gravity acceleration, and the value is 9.8N/kg;
step 3, calculating the surface runoff flow: when the electromagnetic induction switch is closed, the grid outlet switch is opened, the surface runoff starts to flow into the surface runoff collecting cylinder, at the moment, signals are synchronously sent to the pressure induction timer, the pressure induction timer records the starting working time, when the surface runoff collecting cylinder is full of water, the lever balance beam reaches the balance state and touches the pressure induction timer, at the moment, the pressure induction timer records time again, the difference between the two times is the time that the surface runoff collecting cylinder is full of water, and the surface runoff flow in the period is obtained by the following steps:
Q i ＝0.167·10 -7 ·[V/(t i -t i-1 )] (2)
in which Q i For the ith period of surface runoff flow, m 3 S; v is the volume of the surface runoff collection cylinder, ml; t is t i-1 The time min for the surface runoff collection cylinder to begin collecting water is the time of the ith period; t is t i The time for storing the water quantity for the surface runoff collecting cylinder in the ith period is min; 0.167.10 -7 A conversion amount for balancing dimension system;
step 4, calculating the non-point source pollution output load: after the surface runoff collection cylinder is full of water, the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the surface runoff delivery pipe triggers a single switch by means of jacking force, collected surface runoffs flow out through the surface runoff delivery pipe, the surface runoffs are detected by the water quality monitoring sensor, instant water quality index data are obtained, the surface runoff flow calculated according to the previous step is circularly operated, and finally the surface source pollution output load of the whole precipitation event is obtained, wherein the surface source pollution output load is as follows:
wherein L is the pollution output load of the whole rainfall event non-point source, kg; c (C) i Is the water quality index concentration of surface runoff, mg/L; m is the number of times the collecting barrel is full in the monitoring period; and 0.06 is a conversion quantity of balance dimension system.
Furthermore, the sensing end of the water quality monitoring sensor adopts a probe combining light extraction and resistance method, and the monitored water quality indexes comprise water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the urban and rural area surface source pollution automatic monitoring device and method provided by the invention can effectively collect surface runoffs and accurately measure the surface runoffs in real time aiming at the characteristic of shallow water level of the surface runoffs in urban and rural areas, solve the problems that the surface runoffs are difficult to collect and the surface runoffs are large in measurement error, save time and labor, do not need to be manually squatted, and reduce the working risk. According to the invention, through the measured surface runoff flow and the synchronously measured real-time water quality index concentration, the continuous non-point source pollution load output value in the whole precipitation process can be obtained, compared with the previous method, the error is greatly reduced, the accuracy of the calculation result is improved, and the efficient and accurate monitoring of the non-point source pollution in urban and rural areas is realized.
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an urban and rural non-point source pollution automatic monitoring device;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a surface runoff collection grid structure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the lever balance beam reaching an equilibrium state;
fig. 4 is a flow chart of a method for monitoring urban and rural non-point source pollution.
In the figure, 1, a surface runoff collection grid; 2. moving the slide rail; 3. a grid outlet switch; 4. a return spring; 5. an induction coil; 6. an inductive switch; 7. a lever balance support; 8. lever balance beam; 9. a counterweight body; 10. a surface runoff collection cylinder; 11. a two-sided unidirectional switch; 12. a pressure sensing timer; 13. a surface runoff delivery pipe; 14. a water quality monitoring sensor; 15. a rainwater pipe network; 16. water inlet holes.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The embodiment discloses automatic urban and rural area source pollution monitoring device, the device includes sensing mechanism and measuring mechanism, and sensing mechanism is including setting up the earth's surface runoff collection net 1 of waiting to monitor regional earth's surface department, and earth's surface runoff collection net 1 generally adopts the acrylic board to make, and the area is 1m, and the height is general not more than 10cm, and earth's surface runoff collection net 1 is general to be put to urban and rural area waiting to monitor regional catchment district low-lying earth's surface department. The surface runoff collection grid 1 is provided with the movable slide rail 2 around, and the movable slide rail 2 is generally a steel ball slide rail, so that the surface runoff collection grid is convenient to detach and is not easy to rust in a humid environment. A plurality of water inlet holes 16 are also arranged around the surface runoff collection grid 1 for collecting the surface runoffs. The surface runoff collection grid 1 is provided with a grid outlet switch 3, the grid outlet switch 3 is generally a hinge type switch with a rotating shaft, and the opening and closing of the grid outlet switch 3 are controlled by an electromagnetic induction switch.
The electromagnetic induction switch is arranged in an underground space corresponding to the earth surface of the area to be monitored, one end of the electromagnetic induction switch is fixedly connected with the earth surface runoff collecting grid 1, when no earth surface runoff exists in the earth surface runoff collecting grid, the electromagnetic induction switch is in an open state, when the earth surface runoffs in the earth surface runoff collecting grid gradually increase, the earth surface runoff collecting grid slides downwards under the action of the movable sliding rail, and when the earth surface runoff weight reaches a preset threshold value, the electromagnetic induction switch is closed to further open the grid outlet switch, and the measuring mechanism is excited to start working. The preset threshold is set according to the average rainfall condition of the area to be monitored for years, etc. Reset springs 4 are vertically arranged at four corners of the bottom of the surface runoff collection grid 1, the reset springs 4 are connected with transverse plates fixedly arranged on the side walls of the underground space, and when the surface runoffs in the surface runoff collection grid are emptied, the surface runoffs return to an initial state by means of the elasticity of the reset springs 4.
Specifically, the electromagnetic induction switch comprises an induction coil 5 and an induction switch 6, wherein the induction coil 5 is fixedly connected with the bottom of the surface runoff collection grid 1, the induction switch 6 is fixedly arranged at the bottom wall of the underground space, and the interval between the induction coil 5 and the induction switch 6 is set according to a preset threshold value. When the water quantity of the surface runoff collection grid 1 gradually increases, the corresponding gravity gradually increases, the induction coil 5 connected with the bottom is driven to approach the induction switch 6, after the surface runoff weight in the surface runoff collection grid reaches a preset threshold value, the induction switch is triggered by the induction coil to start, the grid outlet switch 3 of the surface runoff collection grid is opened, the surface runoff collected in the surface runoff collection grid flows into the collection cylinder, and the measuring mechanism starts to work.
The measuring mechanism comprises a lever balance support body 7 arranged at the bottom of an underground space, a lever balance beam 8 is rotatably connected to the lever balance support body, the lever balance support body 7 and the lever balance beam 8 are made of stainless steel generally, and the lever balance support body 7 adopts a four-corner support mode. One end of the lever balance beam 8 is fixedly provided with a counterweight body 9, and the counterweight body 9 generally adopts a lead block; the other end is fixedly provided with a surface runoff collecting cylinder 10 with a wide upper part and a narrow lower part, the surface runoff collecting cylinder 10 is made of light PVC, and the capacity of the surface runoff collecting cylinder 10 is generally not more than 500mL in consideration of the fact that the surface runoff converging process in urban and rural areas is slower. The weight of the counterweight body 9 is consistent with the weight of the surface runoff collection cylinder 10 when the surface runoff collection cylinder is full of water, and the surface runoff collection cylinder is arranged below the grid outlet switch 3, so that the surface runoff can flow into the surface runoff collection cylinder when the grid outlet switch 3 is opened. The bottom of the surface runoff collection cylinder 10 is provided with a double-sided one-way switch 11, a pressure sensing timer 12 and a surface runoff delivery pipe 13 are sequentially arranged below the surface runoff collection cylinder 10, the height of the pressure sensing timer is consistent with the height of the lever balance beam when the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the time for recording the water storage capacity of the surface runoff collection cylinder is used for recording, and the inlet pipe opening position of the surface runoff delivery pipe corresponds to the position of the double-sided one-way switch and is used for delivering surface runoffs. When the surface runoff weight collected by the surface runoff collection cylinder 10 is equal to the weight of the counterweight body, when the lever balance beam 8 reaches a balanced state, the lever balance beam 8 touches the pressure sensing timer 12, and at the moment, the pressure sensing timer 12 records the time when the surface runoff collection cylinder 10 is full of water. The inlet pipe orifice of the surface runoff delivery pipe 13 is a horn mouth with a wide upper part and a narrow lower part, the position of the inlet pipe orifice corresponds to that of the bilateral one-way switch 11, when the lever balance beam 8 reaches a balanced state, the surface runoff delivery pipe 13 triggers the bilateral one-way switch 11 by means of jacking force, the inlet pipe orifice of the surface runoff delivery pipe 13 can extend into the surface runoff collection cylinder 10 and is slightly higher than the bilateral one-way switch 11 at the bottom of the collection cylinder, and collected surface runoffs rapidly flow out through the surface runoff delivery pipe 13. The surface runoff delivery pipe 13 is typically a PVC hard pipe. One end of the surface runoff delivery pipe 13 is connected with a rainwater pipe network 15, and the surface runoff flows out through the delivery pipe and enters the rainwater pipe network. A water quality monitoring sensor 14 is vertically hung on one side of the surface runoff delivery pipe, the water quality monitoring sensor 14 is communicated with the surface runoff delivery pipe 13, and the sensing end of the water quality monitoring sensor 14 is positioned in the surface runoff delivery pipe 13 and can be fully contacted with the exported surface runoff so as to monitor the surface runoff water quality.
After the rainfall process starts, the land surface of the urban and rural area to be monitored forms a yielding process, and after the weight of the surface runoff in the local surface runoff collection grid 1 reaches a preset threshold value, a grid outlet switch 3 of the surface runoff collection grid 1 is started through an electromagnetic induction switch, so that the surface runoff flows out; after the surface runoff in the surface runoff collection grid 1 flows out, the weight of the surface runoff collection grid is reduced and is smaller than a preset threshold value, the induction coil 5 is separated from the induction switch 6, the grid outlet switch 3 is closed, and the surface runoff collection of the next round is started. The grid outlet switch 3 is turned on and simultaneously signals a pressure sensing timer 12 below the surface runoff collection cylinder 10, and the pressure sensing timer 12 records the starting working time. Then, the surface runoff collection tube 10 starts to collect water volume, after the lever balance is achieved, the pressure sensing timer 12 is touched, the time of the surface runoff collection tube 10 storing water volume is recorded by the pressure sensing timer 12, time required for collecting the designated water volume can be obtained, flow is further converted, and the continuous flow value in the whole precipitation time process can be obtained through circulating operation. And then the collected surface runoff water is emptied through the surface runoff delivery pipe 13, and after the surface runoff in the surface runoff collection cylinder 10 is emptied, the weight of the balance weight 9 at the other side of the lever is smaller than that of the balance weight 8, and the balance weight 8 returns to an initial state to prepare for the next round of surface runoff. The surface runoff flowing out from the surface runoff delivery pipe 13 passes through the water quality monitoring sensor 14, can synchronously measure the water quality index concentration, and then is multiplied by the corresponding flow, so that the non-point source pollution output load in the period can be obtained. And (3) circularly running to obtain a continuous non-point source pollution load output value in the whole precipitation process.
Example two
The embodiment discloses a urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring method, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, collecting surface runoff: and arranging a surface runoff collection grid at the low-lying surface of the water collecting area of the area to be monitored, and collecting the surface runoff through water inlet holes around the surface runoff collection grid.
Step 2, starting measurement: determining a preset threshold value of the surface runoff weight through calculation, setting an electromagnetic induction switch according to the preset threshold value, closing the electromagnetic induction switch when the collected surface runoff weight reaches the preset threshold value, and then opening a grid outlet switch, wherein a measuring mechanism starts to work;
the calculation formula of the surface runoff weight threshold value is as follows:
G＝α·n·P·S·ρ·g (1)
wherein G is the surface runoff weight threshold value of the area to be monitored, and kg; alpha is the surface runoff perception coefficient of the area to be monitored, the value is 10% -20%, when the number of days of early-stage drying of the precipitation is greater than 10 days, the value is 20%, when the number of days of early-stage drying of the precipitation is less than 3 days, the value is 10%, and when the number of days of early-stage drying of the precipitation is between 3 and 10 days, the value of alpha is obtained through linear interpolation; n is a surface runoff coefficient, and represents the capability of generating surface runoff in a region, and is dimensionless; p is the average precipitation amount of the area to be monitored for many years, and mm; s is the area of the surface runoff collection grid; ρ is the density of water, which is 1000kg/m 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the g is the gravity acceleration, and the value is 9.8N/kg.
Step 3, calculating the surface runoff flow: when the electromagnetic induction switch is closed, the grid outlet switch is opened, the surface runoff starts to flow into the surface runoff collecting cylinder, at the moment, signals are synchronously sent to the pressure induction timer, the pressure induction timer records the starting working time, when the surface runoff collecting cylinder is full of water, the lever balance beam reaches the balance state and touches the pressure induction timer, at the moment, the pressure induction timer records time again, the difference between the two times is the time that the surface runoff collecting cylinder is full of water, and the surface runoff flow in the period is obtained by the following steps:
Q i ＝0.167·10 -7 ·[V/(t i -t i-1 )] (2)
in which Q i For the ith period of surface runoff flow, m 3 S; v is the volume of the surface runoff collection cylinder, ml; t is t i-1 The time min for the surface runoff collection cylinder to begin collecting water is the time of the ith period; t is t i The time for storing the water quantity for the surface runoff collecting cylinder in the ith period is min; 0.167.10 -7 The scale is a balanced dimension scale.
Step 4, calculating the non-point source pollution output load: after the surface runoff collection cylinder is full of water, the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the surface runoff delivery pipe triggers a single switch by means of jacking force, collected surface runoffs flow out through the surface runoff delivery pipe, the surface runoffs are detected by the water quality monitoring sensor, instant water quality index data are obtained, the surface runoff flow calculated according to the previous step is circularly operated, and finally the surface source pollution output load of the whole precipitation event is obtained, wherein the surface source pollution output load is as follows:
wherein L is the pollution output load of the whole rainfall event non-point source, kg; c (C) i Is the water quality index concentration of surface runoff, mg/L; m is the number of times the collecting barrel is full in the monitoring period; and 0.06 is a conversion quantity of balance dimension system.
Specifically, the sensing end of the water quality monitoring sensor adopts a probe combining light extraction and resistance method, and the monitored water quality indexes comprise water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and the like.
Finally, it should be noted that the above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for the purpose of limiting the same, and that although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred arrangement, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The automatic urban and rural surface source pollution monitoring device is characterized by comprising an induction mechanism and a measuring mechanism, wherein the induction mechanism comprises a surface runoff collecting grid arranged at the surface of an area to be monitored, a movable sliding rail is arranged around the surface runoff collecting grid, a plurality of water inlet holes are further formed around the surface runoff collecting grid, a grid outlet switch is arranged in the surface runoff collecting grid, the opening and closing of the grid outlet switch is controlled by an electromagnetic induction switch, the electromagnetic induction switch is arranged in an underground space corresponding to the surface of the area to be monitored, one end of the electromagnetic induction switch is fixedly connected with the surface runoff collecting grid, when no surface runoff exists in the surface runoff collecting grid, the electromagnetic induction switch is in an open state, after the weight of the surface runoff in the surface runoff collecting grid reaches a preset threshold value, the electromagnetic induction switch is closed to further open the grid outlet switch, and the measuring mechanism starts to work; reset springs are vertically arranged at four corners of the bottom of the surface runoff collection grid and used for resetting the surface runoff collection grid.
The measuring mechanism comprises a lever balance supporting body arranged at the bottom of an underground space, a lever balance beam is rotationally connected to the lever balance supporting body, one end of the lever balance beam is fixedly provided with a counterweight body, the other end of the lever balance beam is fixedly provided with a surface runoff collecting tube, the weight of the counterweight body is consistent with that of the surface runoff collecting tube when the surface runoff collecting tube is full of water, the surface runoff collecting tube is arranged below a grid outlet switch, the surface runoff can flow into the surface runoff collecting tube when the grid outlet switch is ensured to be opened, a double-side one-way switch is arranged at the bottom of the surface runoff collecting tube, a pressure sensing timer and a surface runoff delivery tube are sequentially arranged below the surface runoff collecting tube, the height of the pressure sensing timer is consistent with that of the lever balance beam when the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the position of the surface runoff collecting tube is used for recording the time of full of water, the position of the surface runoff delivery tube corresponds to the position of the double-side one-way switch, a rainwater pipe is connected to one end of the surface runoff delivery tube, a monitoring sensor is vertically hung on one side of the surface runoff delivery tube, the surface runoff delivery tube is communicated with the water quality sensing delivery tube, and the surface runoff sensing sensor is located in the surface runoff sensing delivery tube.
2. The urban and rural area source pollution automatic monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic induction switch comprises an induction coil and an induction switch, the induction coil is fixedly connected with the bottom of the surface runoff collection grid, the induction switch is fixedly arranged at the bottom wall of the underground space, and the interval between the induction coil and the induction switch is set according to a preset threshold value.
3. The automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the surface runoff collection grid is made of acrylic plates, the area is 1m multiplied by 1m, and the height is not more than 10cm.
4. The automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the movable slide rail is a steel ball slide rail.
5. The automatic urban and rural area source pollution monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the grid outlet switch is a hinge type switch with a rotating shaft.
6. The automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the lever balance beam and the lever balance support are made of stainless steel; the lever balance support body is a four-corner support structure.
7. The automatic urban and rural non-point source pollution monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the counterweight body is a lead block; the surface runoff collecting cylinder is made of PVC material, the surface runoff collecting cylinder is in a conical shape with a wide upper part and a narrow lower part, and the capacity of the surface runoff collecting cylinder is not more than 500ml.
8. The automatic urban and rural surface source pollution monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the surface runoff delivery pipe is a PVC hard pipe, an inlet pipe orifice of the surface runoff delivery pipe is a horn mouth with a wide upper part and a narrow lower part, the position of the inlet pipe orifice corresponds to a bilateral one-way switch, when the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the surface runoff delivery pipe triggers the bilateral one-way switch by means of jacking force, the inlet pipe orifice of the surface runoff delivery pipe extends into the surface runoff collection cylinder and is higher than the bilateral one-way switch at the bottom of the collection cylinder, and collected surface runoffs flow out through the surface runoff delivery pipe.
9. A method for monitoring urban and rural area source pollution using the apparatus of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
step 1, collecting surface runoff: arranging surface runoff collection grids at the low-lying surface of a water collecting area of an area to be monitored, and collecting surface runoffs through water inlet holes around the surface runoff collection grids;
step 2, starting measurement: determining a preset threshold value of the surface runoff weight through calculation, setting an electromagnetic induction switch according to the preset threshold value, closing the electromagnetic induction switch when the collected surface runoff weight reaches the preset threshold value, and then opening a grid outlet switch, wherein a measuring mechanism starts to work;
the calculation formula of the surface runoff weight threshold value is as follows:
G＝α·n·P·S·ρ·g (1)
wherein G is the surface runoff weight threshold value of the area to be monitored, and kg; alpha is the surface runoff perception coefficient of the area to be monitored, and the value is 10% -20%; n isSurface runoff coefficient, dimensionless; p is the average precipitation amount of the area to be monitored for many years, and mm; s is the area of the surface runoff collection grid; ρ is the density of water, which is 1000kg/m 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the g is the gravity acceleration, and the value is 9.8N/kg;
step 3, calculating the surface runoff flow: when the electromagnetic induction switch is closed, the grid outlet switch is opened, the surface runoff starts to flow into the surface runoff collecting cylinder, at the moment, signals are synchronously sent to the pressure induction timer, the pressure induction timer records the starting working time, when the surface runoff collecting cylinder is full of water, the lever balance beam reaches the balance state and touches the pressure induction timer, at the moment, the pressure induction timer records time again, the difference between the two times is the time that the surface runoff collecting cylinder is full of water, and the surface runoff flow in the period is obtained by the following steps:
Q i ＝0.167·10 -7 ·[V/(t i -t i-1 )] (2)
in which Q i For the ith period of surface runoff flow, m 3 S; v is the volume of the surface runoff collection cylinder, ml; t is t i-1 The time min for the surface runoff collection cylinder to begin collecting water is the time of the ith period; t is t i The time for storing the water quantity for the surface runoff collecting cylinder in the ith period is min; 0.167.10 -7 A conversion amount for balancing dimension system;
step 4, calculating the non-point source pollution output load: after the surface runoff collection cylinder is full of water, the lever balance beam reaches an equilibrium state, the surface runoff delivery pipe triggers a single switch by means of jacking force, collected surface runoffs flow out through the surface runoff delivery pipe, the surface runoffs are detected by the water quality monitoring sensor, instant water quality index data are obtained, the surface runoff flow calculated according to the previous step is circularly operated, and finally the surface source pollution output load of the whole precipitation event is obtained, wherein the surface source pollution output load is as follows:
wherein L is the pollution output load of the whole rainfall event non-point source, kg; c (C) i Is the earth's surfaceThe runoff water quality index concentration is mg/L; m is the number of times the collecting barrel is full in the monitoring period; and 0.06 is a conversion quantity of balance dimension system.
10. The urban and rural area source pollution monitoring method according to claim 9, wherein the sensing end of the water quality monitoring sensor adopts a probe combining light extraction and resistance method, and the monitored water quality indexes comprise water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand.
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