CN117044832A - 一种添加剂、制备方法及其在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用 - Google Patents
一种添加剂、制备方法及其在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117044832A CN117044832A CN202311076744.7A CN202311076744A CN117044832A CN 117044832 A CN117044832 A CN 117044832A CN 202311076744 A CN202311076744 A CN 202311076744A CN 117044832 A CN117044832 A CN 117044832A
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种添加剂、制备方法及其在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用,属于水产养殖饲料添加剂技术领域。本发明的添加剂按质量百分比计包括葡萄籽原花青素30%‑50%、番茄红素15%‑20%、姜黄素15%‑20%、绿原酸10%‑15%和牛磺酸10%‑15%,将该添加剂按照添加量为0.5%与草鱼基础饲料混合后饲喂草鱼,可以提高草鱼的生长速度和摄食率,缓解草鱼环境应激和脂肪蓄积,从而促进草鱼肌肉生长,提高肌肉的氧化稳定性和营养价值,实现改善草鱼肌肉品质的目的,并且本发明的添加剂所用原料安全无毒副作用,饲喂草鱼的过程对环境友好,为研发健康绿色食品提供新的方案。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产养殖饲料添加剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种添加剂、制备方法及其在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用。
背景技术
草鱼是世界上最重要的食用淡水鱼之一,其具备产量高,生长迅速,营养全面,成本相对便宜的优点。随着高密度集约化养殖模式的大范围推广,草鱼成为养殖数量最多的淡水鱼。然而,在集约化养殖过程中,鱼类的长期拥挤压力、高放养密度对草鱼的生长性能和肌肉品质产生负面影响,造成草鱼肉质恶化,降低草鱼养殖效率,增加生产成本。因此,改善草鱼肌肉品质有望提高其养殖效率和盈利能力。
饲料是决定养殖鱼类肉质口感的关键因素,为了提高鱼类生长速度,增强疾病抵抗力,往往会在饲料中加入添加剂,然而现有的添加剂多以化学合成的为主,如抗生素、促生长素、防腐剂等,这些添加剂的应用虽然会促进鱼类养殖产业的发展,但是在发展的同时,随之而来的是负面效应,比如添加剂的长期使用会危害鱼类健康,降低鱼类肉质口感,使鱼类体内产生药物残留,进一步给人类健康带来危害。并且,现有的添加剂存在功能单一的问题,不能全方位促进草鱼肌肉品质改善。因此,选择合适的饲料添加剂是有效改善鱼肉品质、促进鱼类养殖产业发展的重要措施之一。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提出了一种添加剂、制备方法及其在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用,本发明的添加剂通过缓解草鱼环境应激,减少鱼类脂肪蓄积,提高草鱼生长性能,改善肌肉品质,为草鱼品质的提升提供了基础,而且无毒副作用、环境友好。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了一种添加剂,按质量百分比计,包括以下原料:葡萄籽原花青素30%-50%、番茄红素15%-20%、姜黄素15%-20%、绿原酸10%-15%和牛磺酸10%-15%。
进一步地,所述葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为30%、20%、20%、15%和15%,或者40%、20%、15%、15%和10%,或者50%、15%、15%、10%和10%。
更进一步地,所述葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为50%、15%、15%、10%和10%。
本发明还提出了一种所述的添加剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:按质量百分比称取所述原料,将葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸混合均匀,即可得到所述添加剂。
本发明还提出了一种上述的添加剂在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用,将所述添加剂与草鱼基础饲料混合后饲喂草鱼。
进一步地,所述添加剂在草鱼基础饲料中的添加量为0.5%,即添加剂占草鱼基础饲料质量的0.5%。添加剂添加量过多不仅会造成资源浪费,反而会对鱼类生长和健康状态造成负面影响,过低则不能发挥其相对应的生物学功能。
进一步地,以质量份数计,所述基础饲料包括:豆粕粉250份、菜粕粉355份、米糠158份、小麦粉185份、豆油20份、磷酸二氢钙20份、氯化胆碱2份以及预混料10份。
葡萄籽原花青素是一组生物活性多酚化合物,也是蔬菜和水果中最普遍存在的化合物之一,具有广泛的健康促进作用,尤其是抗氧化性和促生长特性。将葡萄籽原花青素添加至鱼基础饲料中可提高机体抗氧化能力、促进鱼类肌肉生长、提高鱼类生长性能。
番茄红素主要从西红柿和番石榴中提取,具有很强的抗氧化能力、抗炎、和抗细胞凋亡功能。将番茄红素添加至鱼基础饲料中可以提高鱼体内源性抗氧化物质的含量,提高抗氧化酶活性,诱导调节活性氧(ROS)含量,增强抗氧化能力。番茄红素还有助于促进鱼类脂质分解代谢,减少脂肪蓄积。
姜黄素主要来源于姜黄,在鱼基础饲料中添加姜黄素,可以通过增加养殖动物的抗氧化能力、保持细胞膜完整性和增加持水能力来提高其肉质。姜黄素还有助于降低皮质醇,减缓养殖动物的应激反应。
绿原酸,是金银花的主要有效药理成分之一,具有促进鱼类生长,提高免疫力的功能,并且还具有无药物残留、无毒副作用以及无耐药性等优点。
牛磺酸,是从牛黄中分离出来的,又称β-氨基乙磺酸,牛磺胆碱、牛胆素,是一种含硫的非蛋白氨基酸,在体内以游离状态存在,不参与体内蛋白的生物合成。牛磺酸不仅具有良好的诱食效果,而且能够提高机体内各种消化酶的活性,促进养殖动物消化吸收。此外,牛磺酸还具有促进动物生长和调节机体渗透压等作用作为饲料添加剂在养殖业中得到了广泛应用。
本发明的饲料添加剂以葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸为原料,通过各原料之间共同作用,实现改善草鱼肌肉品质的目的,具体原理如下:葡萄籽原花青素和绿原酸主要具有促进鱼类肌肉生长,提高产量的功能。葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素和姜黄素主要具有强抗氧化特性,能通过提高鱼体内抗氧化酶的活力去除过多的活性氧(ROS),氧化应激,减少脂质和蛋白质氧化的发生,进而提高肌肉品质。牛磺酸不但具有良好的诱食效果,而且能够提高养殖动物消化吸收功能,进而促进生长。因此这几种原料混合制成添加剂能通过协同作用提高草鱼的生长性能和肌肉品质。
本发明的添加剂对草鱼肌肉有以下作用:首先,可以有效提高草鱼的生长性能、饲料效率,还显著降低了草鱼腹部脂肪指数,减少了脂肪蓄积,并通过降低草鱼血清皮质醇含量,提高草鱼抗应激能力。其次,提高鱼肌肉中粗蛋白、风味氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量,使多不饱和脂肪酸的比例增加,从而提高草鱼肌肉营养价值。另外,食用添加有本发明添加剂的饲料的草鱼肌肉总抗氧化能力和SOD活力显著增加,ROS、脂质氧化产物TBARS和乳酸含量显著降低,提高草鱼肌肉抗氧化能力。除此之外,本发明的添加剂可以显著提高草鱼肌肉放置24h的pH值,提高肌肉a*值,降低b*,使草鱼肌肉硬度、咀嚼性和黏聚性显著降低,提高肌肉嫰度,改善草鱼肌肉质构品质。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点和技术效果:
本发明以葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸为原料制备得到了一种新型的添加剂,将该添加剂添加至草鱼基础饲料中,通过各原料之间共同作用,提高草鱼的生长速度和摄食率,缓解草鱼环境应激和脂肪蓄积,从而促进了草鱼肌肉生长,提高了肌肉的氧化稳定性和营养价值,实现改善草鱼肌肉品质的目的,并且本发明的添加剂所用原料安全无毒副作用,饲喂草鱼的过程对环境友好,为研发健康绿色食品提供新的方案。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式,该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制,而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式,并非用于限制本发明。另外,对于本发明中的数值范围,应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料,但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入,用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和/或材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时,以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下,可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见的。本发明说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
关于本文中所使用的“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”等等,均为开放性的用语,即意指包含但不限于。
本发明实施例所用各原料均购自上海麦克林公司。
以下通过实施例对本发明的技术方案做进一步说明。
实施例1
按葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为30%、20%、20%、15%和15%称取各原料,将葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸混合均匀,得到添加剂。
实施例2
按葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为40%、20%、15%、15%和10%称取各原料,将葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸混合均匀,得到添加剂。
实施例3
按葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为50%、15%、15%、10%和10%称取各原料,将葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸混合均匀,得到添加剂。
对比例1
同实施例1,区别在于,将番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸等质量替换成葡萄籽原花青素。即添加剂的配方为:100%的葡萄籽原花青素。
对比例2
同实施例1,区别在于省略葡萄籽原花青素的使用,将番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸等比例设为30%、25%、25%和20%。
性能测试
饲料的准备:分别将实施例1-3以及对比例1-2制备的添加剂按照添加量为0.5%添加至草鱼基础饲料中备用,草鱼基础饲料的配方(每1kg基础饲料所含的饲料成分)见表1。
表1草鱼基础饲料配方
饲料成分 | 基础饲料(g) |
豆粕粉 | 250 |
菜粕粉 | 355 |
米糠 | 158 |
小麦粉 | 185 |
豆油 | 20 |
磷酸二氢钙 | 20 |
氯化胆碱 | 2 |
预混料 | 10 |
总计 | 1000 |
注:表1中预混料为维生素与矿物质的混合物为广州市联鲲生物科技有限公司自产。
前期准备:将432条草鱼以自然的明暗循环保存在室外水箱中2周,以适应实验环境,在此期间,每天喂食2次基础饲料(09:00和17:00)至饱食状态,每天饲喂量为鱼体重的2-3%。
将适应实验环境的432条草鱼(平均重量211.17±6.29克)随机分配到18个实验网箱(2×1.5×1.5米),每网箱24条鱼,在实验过程中,溶解氧保持在约8.0mg/L,pH值保持在7.5±0.3,水温保持在26-30℃。将18个实验网箱随机分为6组,每组3个实验网箱,其中3组分别饲喂添加有实施例1-3制备添加剂的基础饲料,分别为实验组1、实验组2以及实验组3,另外3组为对照组1-3,分别饲喂基础饲料、添加有对比例1添加剂的基础饲料、添加有对比例2添加剂的基础饲料,每天饲喂2次,每天饲喂量为鱼体重的3-5%,饲喂至饱食状态。
养殖8周后,每个网箱鱼禁食24h,之后施用苯佐卡因麻醉,进行相关性能测试。
一、生长性能测试
根据每个网箱中存活的鱼的总数以及初始鱼总数计算成活率(SR),并从每个网箱中随机选择6条草鱼,一个实验组18条草鱼,称量每条鱼的体长体重,结合饲料消耗量,计算出草鱼的生长参数,包括增重率(WGR)、饵料系数(FCR)、肥满度(CF)、内脏指数(VSI)以及肝脏指数(HSI),计算公式如下:
成活率(SR)=最终存活鱼总数量/初始鱼总数量;
增重率(WGR)=(最终重量-初始重量)/初始重量×100;
饵料系数(FCR)=总饲料摄入量/(最终体重-初始体重);
肥满度(CF)=体重/体长3;
内脏指数(VSI)=内脏重/体重×100;
肝脏指数(HSI)=肝脏重/体重×100;
腹部脂肪指数(ABI)=腹部脂肪重/体重×100。
各组生长性能指标见表2。
表2生长性能测试结果
对照组1 | 对照组2 | 对照组3 | 实验组1 | 实验组2 | 实验组3 | |
成活率 | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
增重率 | 2.13±0.04b | 2.15±0.07b | 2.17±0.08b | 2.29±0.05ab | 2.38±0.03a | 2.39±0.04a |
饵料系数 | 1.47±0.03a | 1.49±0.07a | 1.45±0.05a | 1.40±0.06ab | 1.34±0.04b | 1.30±0.02b |
肥满度 | 2.03±0.01 | 1.98±0.15 | 1.93±0.18 | 1.93±0.12 | 1.91±0.14 | 1.87±0.07 |
内脏指数 | 12.64±1.19 | 11.98±1.54 | 12.98±1.98 | 12.54±1.12 | 13.13±0.52 | 12.40±0.48 |
肝脏指数 | 2.07±0.12 | 2.11±0.17 | 2.04±0.26 | 1.99±0.05 | 1.97±0.22 | 2.05±0.14 |
腹部脂肪指数 | 1.91±0.14a | 1.89±0.24a | 1.86±0.23a | 1.71±0.15ab | 1.64±0.09b | 1.61±0.10b |
由表2可以看出,添加有本发明实施例1-3添加剂的实验组1、实验组2和实验组3饲料较对照组显著提高了草鱼增重率,降低了饵料系数,说明其能显著提高养殖鱼类的生长性能、饲料效率。此外实验组1-3还显著降低了草鱼腹部脂肪指数,减少了脂肪蓄积。
二、抗应激能力
从每个网箱中随机选择6条草鱼,一个实验组18条草鱼,对每组随机选中的草鱼抽血,进行生化分析,血液指标测试结果见表3。
表3各组血液指标测试结果
由表3可以看出,实验组2和实验组3中草鱼血清皮质醇显著降低,实验组1-3较对照组钠离子浓度显著降低,提高了草鱼抗环境应激能力。
三、肌肉常规营养成分测试
从每个网箱中随机选择6条草鱼,一个实验组18条草鱼,对每组随机选中的草鱼采肌肉样品。采用中国国家标准法测定了鱼肌肉的粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432-1994)、粗脂肪(GB/T6433-2006(Class B))、粗灰分(GB/T 6438-2007)、水分(and GB/T 6435-2014/8.1)、氨基酸(GB/T 5009.124-2016)和脂肪酸(GB 5009.168-2016)。
各组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分测定结果见表4。
表4各组肌肉常规营养成分
对照组1 | 对照组2 | 对照组3 | 实验组1 | 实验组2 | 实验组3 | |
粗蛋白(%) | 18.36±0.57b | 18.45±0.87b | 18.38±0.84b | 19.14±0.42ab | 19.61±0.28b | 19.55±0.31b |
粗脂肪(%) | 3.58±0.06 | 3.45±0.09 | 3.58±0.12 | 3.57±0.04 | 3.59±0.06 | 3.51±0.04 |
灰分(%) | 1.22±0.03 | 1.24±0.06 | 1.27±0.09 | 1.24±0.02 | 1.23±0.06 | 1.26±0.04 |
水分(%) | 75.23±0.65 | 76.56±0.98 | 76.98±0.75 | 75.03±0.42 | 75.37±0.83 | 75.37±0.47 |
由表4可以看出,实验组1-3中鱼肉的肉粗蛋白含量较对照组显著提高,说明本发明的添加剂可以提高草鱼营养价值。
各组氨基酸测定结果见表5。
表5氨基酸组成测定结果
由表5可以看出,实验组1-3中草鱼肌肉中谷氨酸、甘氨酸等风味氨基酸,非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均有增加,较对照组提高了草鱼肌肉营养价值。
各组肌肉脂肪酸组成测定结果见表6。
表6肌肉脂肪酸组成测定结果
注:表6第1列为不同脂肪酸的名称。
由表6可以看出,实验组1-3中草鱼肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸DHA和PUFA的比例显著增加,提高了草鱼肌肉营养价值。
四、肌肉生化参数
从每个网箱中随机选择6条草鱼,一个实验组18条草鱼,对每组随机选中的草鱼采肌肉样品。利用商业试剂盒(南京建成生物,中国)测定肌肉生化参数,包括总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、活性氧(ROS)、硫代巴比妥酸活性物种(TBARS)、蛋白质碳基(PC)、总巯基(TS)、糖原、葡萄糖和乳酸,测定结果见表7。
表7肌肉生化参数测定结果
由表7可以看出,实验组1-3中草鱼肌肉总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和SOD活力显著增加,ROS、脂质氧化产物TBARS和乳酸含量显著降低。此外,实验组2中草鱼CAT活力和TS显著增加,蛋白质氧化产物PC显著降低。这些结果表明,添加有本发明制备的添加剂的实验组较对照组能显著提高草鱼肌肉抗氧化能力。
五、肌肉品质参数
从每个网箱中随机选择6条草鱼,一个实验组18条草鱼,对每组随机选中的草鱼采肌肉样品。用pH Meter(PHSJ-3F,Leici,中国)测定在4℃冰箱放置15min和24h的鱼片的pH,用色度计(LS172,深圳,中国)测量15min和24h时的肉色,包括L*(亮度)、a*(红色)和b*(黄色)。通过测量同一肌肉3次,获得平均颜色值。此外还测量了滴水损失。测定结果见表8。
表8肌肉品质参数测定结果
由表8可以看出,实验组1-3饲料添加剂能显著提高草鱼肌肉放置24小时的pH值,提高肌肉a*值,降低b*,并减少草鱼肌肉的滴水损失,提高了草鱼肌肉品质。
六、肌肉质构参数
从每个网箱中随机选择6条草鱼,一个实验组18条草鱼,取每组随机选中的草鱼侧线鳞以上的背部肌肉切成大小相等的鱼块(2cm×2cm×1cm)。用Univeral TA质构仪(中国上海腾技仪器科技有限公司,中国)测定肌肉质构参数:硬度(gf)、咀嚼性(g)、弹性、胶黏性(gf)、粘性(gf/mm)和粘聚性。测定结果见表9。
表9肌肉质构参数
由表9可以看出,实验组1-3的草鱼肌肉硬度、咀嚼性和黏聚性显著降低,说明该饲料添加剂提高了肌肉嫰度,提高了草鱼肌肉质构品质。
以上,仅为本申请较佳的具体实施方式,但本申请的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本申请揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变化或替换,都应涵盖在本申请的保护范围之内。因此,本申请的保护范围应该以权利要求的保护范围为准。
Claims (8)
1.一种添加剂,其特征在于,按质量百分比计,包括以下原料:葡萄籽原花青素30%-50%、番茄红素15%-20%、姜黄素15%-20%、绿原酸10%-15%和牛磺酸10%-15%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂,其特征在于,所述葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为30%、20%、20%、15%和15%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂,其特征在于,所述葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为40%、20%、15%、15%和10%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的添加剂,其特征在于,所述葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸的质量百分比分别为50%、15%、15%、10%和10%。
5.一种权利要求1-4任一项所述的添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:按质量百分比称取所述原料,将葡萄籽原花青素、番茄红素、姜黄素、绿原酸和牛磺酸混合均匀,即可得到所述添加剂。
6.权利要求1-4任一项所述的添加剂在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用,其特征在于,将所述添加剂与草鱼基础饲料混合后饲喂草鱼。
7.根据权利要求6所述的添加剂在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用,其特征在于,所述添加剂在草鱼基础饲料中的添加量为0.5%。
8.根据权利要求6所述的添加剂在改善草鱼肌肉品质中的应用,其特征在于,以质量份数计,所述基础饲料包括:豆粕粉250份、菜粕粉355份、米糠158份、小麦粉185份、豆油20份、磷酸二氢钙20份、氯化胆碱2份以及预混料10份。
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