CN114617205A - 一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料 - Google Patents
一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料。步骤如下:将酵母硒、乙氧基喹啉、膨润土、预混料、氯化胆碱及Ca(H2PO4)2充分混匀,依次添加玉米酒糟、米糠、棉粕、菜粕、面粉、黄粉虫、稻壳粉,并充分混匀;倒入搅拌机匀速添加豆油后倒入制粒盆中充分搓匀;加水后搓匀制成饲料;风干并保存。本发明以黄粉虫作为鱼类的新型替代蛋白源,通过在饲料中添加酵母硒来降低黄粉虫完全替代豆粕造成鱼体生长和饲料利用显著下降的负面影响,且酵母硒的添加能显著降低草鱼腹腔脂肪含量和肌肉滴水损失,显著提升鱼类肌肉硒含量、pH、嫩度和质构特性,为黄粉虫作为替代蛋白源在草鱼饲料中替代更高水平的豆粕提供了有力的应用解决方案。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鱼类饲料领域,涉及特殊原料的使用、专用饲料的配制,具体涉及一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料。
背景技术
淡水鱼类(英文名:freshwater fishes)指栖息于江河、湖沼、水库等淡水水域的鱼类。我国有淡水鱼类1400多种,淡水鱼类养殖产量位居世界第一,主要的养殖品种有青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙,俗称“四大家鱼”。其中,草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)是我国四大家鱼之一,一种重要的大宗淡水鱼类,养殖产量位居所有养殖鱼类之首,2020年的产量高达557.1万吨(中国渔业年鉴2021),由于草鱼生长速度快,繁育技术成熟,且价格低廉,营养丰富,因此深受养殖者及消费者的欢迎。
由于鱼粉资源日益短缺,以及豆粕价格逐步升高,替代蛋白源一直以来都备受关注。然而,由于替代蛋白源具有抗营养因子、消化率低、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成不均衡等缺点,日粮中过高的替代蛋白源水平会抑制鱼类的生长和饲料利用。并且,养殖鱼类的品质与鱼类的营养和饲料有着密切的关系。饲料中的替代蛋白源可能通过改变肌肉氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养物质组成、肌肉质构、肌纤维直径及密度,从而影响水产品的营养价值和口感,通过促进或减轻色素沉积影响体色,从多个方面影响水产品品质。
黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor),也被称为面包虫,隶属于昆虫纲(Insecta)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、拟步甲科,含有丰富的营养物质,被誉为“动物的营养宝库”。研究表明,黄粉虫蛋白、脂肪、无氮浸出物含量分别在47.2-66.3%,14.9-43.1%,2.8-3.4%之间;除此之外,黄粉虫还富含各种维生素、矿物质、多糖、壳聚糖、抗菌肽、几丁质等生物活性物质,是一种优质的动物蛋白原料。目前,黄粉虫已被广泛应用于食品开发、医药保健、有机废弃物处理、饲料加工等行业。黄粉虫营养成分全面、丰富,且容易规模化养殖,在饲料行业具有广阔的应用前景。
发明内容
要解决的技术问题:针对目前鱼类实用日粮中以黄粉虫完全替代豆粕后,会造成鱼体生长和饲料利用显著下降的负面影响,本发明提供一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,以黄粉虫可作为饲养鱼类的新型替代蛋白源,并通过在饲料中添加适宜的酵母硒来降低因黄粉虫完全替代豆粕造成鱼体生长和饲料利用显著下降的负面影响,且酵母硒的添加显著降低了草鱼腹腔脂肪含量和肌肉滴水损失,及显著提升了草鱼肌肉硒含量、pH、嫩度和质构特性(硬度、胶黏性),为黄粉虫作为替代蛋白源在草鱼饲料中替代更高水平的豆粕提供了有力的应用解决方案。
技术方案:一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,以黄粉虫作为饲养鱼类的新型替代蛋白源,并添加酵母硒。
优选的,还包括棉粕、菜粕、米糠、面粉、玉米酒糟、豆油、Ca(H2PO4)2、膨润土、乙氧基喹啉、稻壳粉和含微量矿物质元素、维生素和氨基酸的预混料中的一种或任意多种。
优选的,所述鱼类为淡水鱼类。
优选的,所述鱼类为草鱼。
优选的,以重量百分比计,包括:黄粉虫17.2%、菜粕16%、棉粕12%、面粉20%、玉米酒糟5%、米糠10%、豆油4%、膨润土2%、氯化胆碱0.5%、预混料1%、乙氧基喹啉0.05%、Ca(H2PO4)22%,酵母硒0.0003-0.0009‰、余量为稻壳粉。
优选的,以重量百分比计,包括:黄粉虫17.2%、菜粕16%、棉粕12%、面粉20%、玉米酒糟5%、米糠10%、豆油4%、膨润土2%、氯化胆碱0.5%、预混料1%、乙氧基喹啉0.05%、Ca(H2PO4)22%,酵母硒0.0006-0.0009‰、余量为稻壳粉。
优选的,所述预混料为1%淡水鱼复合预混料(购自北京英惠尔生物技术有限公司)。
上述一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料的制备方法,制备步骤如下:
S1:含酵母硒小料的制备:按照饲料配方,依次准确称量酵母硒、乙氧基喹啉、氯化胆碱、膨润土、Ca(H2PO4)2、及预混料,将其充分混匀,得到含酵母硒的小料;
S2:大料的制备:按照饲料配方,在含酵母硒的小料中逐级依次加入玉米酒糟、米糠、稻壳粉、菜粕、棉粕、面粉、黄粉虫;
S3:饲料原料的制备:将大料边搅拌边匀速添加4%大料质量的豆油,然后倒入制粒盆中充分搓匀得到饲料原料;
S4:加水:将饲料原料放入搅拌机中搅拌,并匀速加入40%饲料原料质量的纯净水,混匀后倒入制粒盆中用手再次搓匀避免饲料原料成块状;
S5:制粒:选取直径为4mm的环模制粒机,并调整压轮与环模之间的压力,制备得到饲料颗粒;
S6:饲料风干:将饲料颗粒放在室温内通风阴凉处进行干燥,晾干后冷藏于-20℃下备用。
优选的,所述S5中压轮和环模之间压力通过两者之间的间隙来调整,缝隙为0.05~0.1mm。
有益效果:
1、在实用日粮中,以黄粉虫完全替代草鱼日粮豆粕,会显著抑制草鱼的生长和饲料利用,本发明在黄粉虫完全替代豆粕实用日粮中添加酵母硒能够显著改善草鱼的生长和饲料利用。
2、本发明饲料中酵母硒添加量为0.3-0.6wt%,能提高草鱼的末重、增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率。
3、本发明饲料中酵母硒添加量为0.3-0.6wt%,能显著降低了草鱼腹腔脂肪含量和肾脏指数。
4、本发明饲料中酵母硒添加量为0.3-0.6wt%,能显著提升和降低了草鱼肌肉pH和滴水损失,从而提升了草鱼肌肉品质。
5、本发明饲料中酵母硒添加量为0.3-0.6wt%,能显著提升了草鱼肌肉硬度、胶粘性和嫩度,改善了草鱼肌肉质构特性,从而提升了草鱼肌肉品质。
6、本发明饲料中酵母硒的添加显著降低了草鱼腹腔脂肪含量和肌肉滴水损失,及显著提升了草鱼肌肉硒含量、pH、嫩度和质构特性(硬度、胶黏性),为黄粉虫作为替代蛋白源在草鱼饲料中替代更高水平的豆粕提供了有力的应用解决方案。
附图说明
图1为各试验处理组鱼体肌肉硒含量;
图2为各试验处理组鱼体肌肉肌纤维平均直径;
图3为各试验处理组鱼体肌肉肌纤维密度;
图4为各试验处理组鱼体肌肉肌纤维直径(μm)分布;其中,Class20:0<肌纤维直径≤20;Class40:20<肌纤维直径≤40;Class60:40<肌纤维直径≤60;Class80:60<肌纤维直径
图5为各试验处理组鱼体肌肉组织HE染色(200×);
图6为各试验处理组鱼体肌肉肌原纤维超微结构(25000×),其中,S:肌节;D:暗带;W:明带;H:H带。
具体实施方式
本发明提出了一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,为使本发明的目的、技术方案及效果更加清楚、明确,以下将配合实施例来对本发明进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例
鱼类选择草鱼,以草鱼为例。
1.1材料与方法
1.1.1饲料配方
试验共设计了5个处理,分别是:豆粕组(SM),黄粉虫完全替代豆粕组(YM),黄粉虫完全替代豆粕并添加0.3mg/kg酵母硒组(3SE),黄粉虫完全替代豆粕并添加0.6mg/kg酵母硒组(6SE),黄粉虫完全替代豆粕并添加0.9mg/kg酵母硒组(9SE);试验饲料以豆粕/黄粉虫、菜粕、棉粕为主要蛋白源,面粉、玉米酒糟为主要碳水化合物,以大豆油为主要脂肪源,稻壳粉为饲料填充剂,设计了5种蛋白水平和脂肪水平分别为29%和6%的等蛋等脂饲料。每个处理组分别设置了3个重复。原料购于华秦农牧科技有限公司(中国,陕西省);酵母硒购于安琪酵母股份有限公司(中国,湖北省)所有购买回来的饲料固体颗粒原料使用粉碎机研磨之后过0.25mm的筛网,然后按饲料配方充分混匀,制成直径4mm的颗粒饲料,在通风干燥处自然风干后置于-20℃冰箱冷藏。制粒由西北农林科技大学安康水产试验示范站加工完成。饲料配方及营养组成见表1。
表1各组试验饲料配方及营养成分(干物质,g/kg)
1.1.2饲料制作
S1:含酵母硒小料的制备:使用精度为0.0001的电子天平准确称量酵母硒、乙氧基喹啉、氯化胆碱、膨润土、Ca(H2PO4)2、及预混料(购自北京英惠尔生物技术有限公司),将其充分混匀,获得含酵母硒小料;
S2:称大料:按照饲料配方,在小料中逐级依次加入玉米酒糟、米糠、稻壳粉、菜粕、棉粕、面粉、黄粉虫或豆粕,并充分混匀;
S3:搓油:将混匀后的大料倒入搅拌机匀速添加4%大料质量的豆油后倒入制粒盆中充分搓匀;S4:加水:将充分搓匀后的饲料原料放入搅拌机中搅拌,并匀速加入40%饲料原料质量的纯净水,混匀后倒入制粒盆中用手再次搓匀避免饲料原料成块状;
S5:制粒:选取直径为4mm的环模放入制粒机,并调整压轮与环模之间的压力,开机启动每次加量200-300g,避免制粒机出现堵塞;
S6:饲料风干:将制备好的饲料放在室温内通风阴凉处进行干燥,晾干后冷藏与-20℃备用。
1.1.3养殖系统
试验在西北农林科技大学(安康)水产试验示范站的池塘网箱中开展,网箱规格(长*宽*高)为:1.5m*1.5m*1.8m,网箱所在池塘平均水深1.9米,每个网箱配备一个料台,以便观察试验鱼的摄食情况。
1.1.4试验鱼及饲养管理
试验所用草鱼来自西北农林科技大学(安康)水产试验示范站。在正式养殖试验开始前,将试验鱼在池塘网箱进行为期两周的暂养驯化,以适应养殖环境。试验鱼暂养期间,每天用与试验饲料蛋白脂肪相等的商品料进行饱食投喂3次。试验开始前,将试验鱼饥饿24h,挑选体格健壮、规格均匀的草鱼,随机放入15个网箱,每个网箱20尾鱼,平均体重为320g。试验共5个处理,每个处理3个平行。试验期间,投饵量按体重的2%进行投喂,每天投喂3次(9:00,13:00,17:00),每次投喂1h。试验周期为70天(2021年8月11日至2021年10月18日)。整个养殖试验期间为自然光照,水质符合渔业标准。
1.1.5样品采集
养殖试验结束后,所有试验鱼进行为期24h饥饿后再进行取样。将各网箱的所有鱼捞出,用50mg/L MS222进行麻醉处理后称重,并记录尾数,用于计算鱼体均重、特定生长率、饲料系数等指标。接着,从每个网箱随机挑选12尾鱼,其中2尾抹干称重,保存于-20℃冰箱,用于终末鱼体常规成分分析;剩余10尾用于以下采样,都先测量体重、体长、全长,用于肥满度计算。随机取3尾鱼,用3nh色差仪(NS800,深圳市三恩时科技有限公司,中国深圳)测量3尾鱼背部、侧线部以及腹部的体色;然后,对上面3尾鱼解剖,称量内脏重,分离获取肝脏、中肠、腹腔脂肪、脾脏、肾脏、脑、鳃、肌肉,经过液氮速冻再保存于-80℃条件下直至用于分子生物学和酶活等测定分析,然后再用锋利的手术刀取3尾鱼左、右两侧肌肉,左侧肌肉用于质构参数测定、常规成分分析和肌肉超微结构检测,右侧肌肉用于肌肉肉色、PH检测。剩余4尾鱼解剖分离内脏并测量肝脏重、肠重、肠长、腹腔脂肪重、脾脏重、肾脏重,用于肥满度、肝体比、脏体比、肾体比、脾体比、肠体比等指标计算。
2.样品测定
2.1生物学性状计算
增重率(Weight gain rate,WGR)=(鱼末均重-鱼初均重)/初体均重
特定生长率(Specific growth rate,SGR,%/d)=[ln(鱼末均重)-ln(鱼初均重)]/试验天数×100%
饲料系数(Feed conversion ratio,FCR,%)=投饲总量/(终末鱼体质量-初始鱼体质量)
蛋白沉积率(Protein retention efficiency,PRE,%)=鱼体蛋白沉积量/蛋白质摄入量×100%蛋白质效率(Protein efficiency rate,PER,%)=(鱼末均重-鱼初均重)/蛋白摄入量
脏体比(Viscerosomatic index,VSI,%)=内脏重/全鱼重×100%
肥满度(Condition factor,CF,g/cm3)=鱼末均重/体长3×100%
肝体比(Hepatosomatic index,HSI,%)=肝胰脏重/鱼末均重×100%
腹腔脂肪指数(Intraperitoneal lipidbody index,IFI,%)=腹腔脂肪重/体质量×100%
肠体比(Relative gut length,RGL,%)=肠长/体长×100%
脾体比(Spleen index,SI,%)=脾脏重/全鱼重×100%
肾体比(Kidney index,KI,%)=肾脏重/全鱼重×100%
滴水损失(Drip loss)=(初始肌肉重-24h后肌肉重)/初始肌肉重×100%
2.2常规成分测定
日粮和鱼体(肌肉和全鱼)常规组分采用AOAC法进行测定。样品在105℃干燥至恒重来测定水分。粗蛋白采用凯氏定氮法测定。粗脂肪采取索氏抽提法测定。灰分测定是根据样品在马弗炉中灼烧550℃至恒重来决定。
2.3日粮和肌肉硒含量测定
准确称量样品饲料和草鱼肌肉样品0.5g,置于消化管中,加入10ml硝酸和2mL过氧化氢后在微波消解仪中消解,然后再用电热板进行加热至接近蒸干,再加5mL盐酸溶液(6mol/L),继续加热至溶液变为清亮无色并伴有白烟出现,接着加入2.5mL的铁氰化钾溶液(100g/L),并定容,最后用原子荧光光度计进行硒含量检测。
2.4肌肉质构特性、pH和滴水损失测定
将解剖获得的肌肉取15g左右(W0)用于滴水损失测定,将称量好的肌肉用细线悬挂于4℃冰箱中达24h,24h后再次称重(W1),根据两次重量差计算肌肉滴水损失。
取0.5g肌肉进行pH的测定,首先将称量好的肌肉放入10ml离心管中,加入5ml的蒸馏水,匀浆,震荡30分钟后用pH计测定其pH。
在解剖后的鱼体背部肌肉选择背鳍正下方的区域用于肌肉质地分析,用锋利的解剖刀将选择用于质地分析的背肌区域修剪成1cm×1cm×1cm左右的小肉块,随后,采用食品物性分析仪(TMS-pllot,FTC,美国)中Texture ProfileAnalysis模式对修剪好的小肉块进行肌肉质地的测定。相关参数为:采用平底柱形探头p/5(直径5mm);测试前速率3mm/s,测试速率1mm/s,测试后速率1mm/s;压缩程度50%,停留间隔时间5s,负重探头类型Auto-5g,数据收集率200,环境温度18-20℃;每个样品测3次,取平均值。测定指标包括:硬度、弹性、黏附性、内聚性、咀嚼性、胶黏性以及剪切力。
2.5肌肉组织学观察
将用多聚甲醛固定好的肌肉样品在自来水中洗涤12小时,然后在分级系列的乙醇(30、50、70、80、90、95和100%)中进行两次常规脱水。然后将样品在二甲苯中浸润并包埋在石蜡中。使用切片机(RM2235,Leica,德国)将切片切成5μm,安装在载玻片上,用苏木精和伊红(H&E)染色。石蜡切片由西安依科生物科技有限公司制作。观察组织学样品并用正置显微镜(Leicabiosystems,Germany)拍照,使用Photoshop(Adobe,San Jose,USA)对肌肉组织切片进行肌纤维面积、直径测量。
2.6肌肉超微结构观察
试验结束时,用锋利的解剖刀取0.5mm×0.5mm×0.5mm大小的肌肉样品,经3%戊二醛预固定,1%四氧化锇再固定。接着用丙酮逐级脱水,脱水剂浓度为30%→50%→70%→80%→90%→95%→100%(100%浓度中换3次),将脱完水的样品先后经过脱水剂和环氧树脂(Epon812)渗透液,比例分别为3:1、1:1、1:3,每步30-60min。将渗透好的样品块放到适当模具中,形成包埋块,接着用超薄切片机(EM UC7,德国)制备50nm厚的超薄切片,先后用醋酸铀和枸橼酸铅染色,最后用透射电镜(JEM-1400PLUS,日本)观察并拍照。将所得到的电镜照片用Photoshop(Adobe,San Jose,USA)图像软件进行肌节、明带、暗带和H带测量。
2.7数据统计分析
所有试验数据用SPSS 19.0for windows(SPSS,IL,USA)经正态检验(Shapiro-Wilk normality test)及方差齐性检验(Levene homogeneity ofviarance test)后,进行单因素方差分析(one-wayANOVA),P<0.05表示差异显著,差异显著时对各处理组均值进行Duncan’s多重比较(Duncan’s multiply range tests);所有数据用平均值±标准差(mean±SE)的方式表示。
3.试验结果
3.1各组试验对草鱼生长性能的影响
养殖试验期间,未发现试验鱼死亡情况,所有试验鱼成活率100%。
黄粉虫完全替代豆粕后添加酵母硒对草鱼生长性能的影响见表2。从表2可知,当草鱼摄食黄粉虫完全替代豆粕的饲料后,其末重、特定生长率、增重率、蛋白质效率和蛋白沉积率显著降低(P<0.05);然而,在黄粉虫完全替代豆粕的饲料中添加0.3mg/kg(3SE)和0.6mg/kg(6SE)的酵母硒,可提升草鱼的末重、特定生长率、增重率、蛋白质效率和蛋白沉积率,且与全豆粕组(SM)无差异(P>0.05)。
表2各组试验对草鱼生长性能的影响
3.2各组试验对草鱼形体指标的影响
黄粉虫完全替代豆粕后添加酵母硒对草鱼形体指标的影响见表3;从表3可发现,饲料中添加0.3mg/kg酵母硒,降低了草鱼的腹腔脂肪含量,且显著低于SM组(P<0.05);另外,3SE组鱼体的肾体比显著低于SM组(P<0.05)。而肥满度、肝体比、脏体比、肠体比、脾体比、体长、体高和全长在所有实验组间均无差异(P>0.05)。
表3各组试验对草鱼形体指标的影响
3.3各组试验对草鱼全鱼和肌肉常规成分的影响
表4展示的是黄粉虫完全替代豆粕后添加酵母硒对草鱼全鱼和肌肉常规成分的影响;从表4展示的结果来看,YM组鱼体肌肉粗蛋白含量显著低于SM组(P<0.05),但3SE、6SE及9SE组与SM组无显著差异(P>0.05);在肌肉粗脂肪含量方面,3SE、6SE及9SE组显著低于SM和YM组(P<0.05)。在全鱼基本组分上,3SE组鱼体肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于SM和YM组(P<0.05);而所有试验组在全鱼粗脂肪、灰分以及水分含量上则没有表现出差异(P>0.05)。
表4各组试验对草鱼全鱼和肌肉常规成分的影响
3.4各组试验对草鱼肌肉硒含量的影响
图1展示的是所有实验组鱼体肌肉硒含量。如图1所示,SM组鱼体肌肉硒含量显著高于YM组(P<0.05),与3SE组无差异(P>0.05),而显著低于6SE和9SE组(P<0.05)。
3.5各组试验对草鱼肌肉质构特性、pH和蒸煮损失的影响
黄粉虫完全替代豆粕后添加酵母硒对草鱼肌肉质构特性、pH和蒸煮损失的影响如表5所示;在肌肉质构特性方面,与YM组相比,3SE组肌肉硬度和粘附性显著提升(P<0.05);YM、3SE和6SE处理组肌肉弹性显著高于SM组(P<005);与SM组相比,3SE和6SE组肌肉胶黏性,以及3SE组咀嚼性都显著提升(P<0.05);在肌肉剪切力方面,YM和3SE组显著低于SM和9SE组(P<0.05),而与6SE组无差异(P>0.05)。3SE和6SE组鱼体肌肉pH显著高于SM、YM和9SE处理组(P<0.05);在肌肉滴水损失上,3SE和6SE组显著低于SM和YM组(P<0.05),而与9SE组无差异(P>0.05)。
表5各组试验对草鱼肌肉质构特性、pH和蒸煮损失的影响
3.6各组试验对草鱼肌肉肌纤维密度和直径的影响
试验各处理组草鱼肌肉肌纤维平均直径、肌纤维密度及肌纤维密度分布分别见图2、图3和图4。图5展示的是草鱼肌肉组织HE染色结果。如图2所示,3SE和6SE组鱼体肌肉肌纤维平均直径显著低于SM和9SE组(P<0.05);而在肌纤维密度方面,3SE和6SE处理组肌纤维密度显著高于其他各处理组(P<0.05);从肌纤维直径分布来看,在Class40肌纤维直径方面,SM组显著低于其他各处理组(P<0.05);而在Class80肌纤维方面,则是SM和9SE组显著高于YM、3SE和6SE组。
3.7各组试验对草鱼肌肌肉肌原纤维的影响
从表6可知,3SE和6SE组鱼体肌肉肌节显著长于SM组(P<0.05),而与YM、6SE及9SE组无差异(P>0.05);在暗带长度上,所有添加酵母硒组(3SE、6SE和9SE)显著长于SM和YM组(P<0.05);YM、3SE、6SE组肌节明带长度显著长于SM组(P<0.05),而与9SE组无差异(P>0.05);另外,3SE和6SE组肌节H带长度显著长于SM和YM组。
表6各组试验对草鱼肌肉肌原纤维的影响
3.8各组试验对草鱼体色和肉色的影响
表7展示的则是黄粉虫完全替代豆粕后添加酵母硒对草鱼体色和肉色影响的结果;在背部体色方面,6SE组背部L值显著低于YM(P<0.05);SM组背部红度(a)显著低于9SE组(P<0.05),而与其他各处理组无差异(P>0.05);酵母硒组背部黄度(b)和饱和度(c)高于SM和YM组,其中6SE和9SE组显著高于YM组(P<0.05)。与SM和YM组相比,3SE和6SE组鱼体侧线部红度(a)、黄度(b)和饱和度(c)显著提高(P<0.05)。SM组腹部体色显著高于YM组(P<0.05),而与3SE、6SE和9SE组无差异(P>0.05);YM组鱼体腹部体色红度(a)显著高于SM、3SE、6SE和9SE组(P<0.05)。
在肌肉肉色方面,SM组红度(a)显著高于YM组(P<0.05),而与3SE和6SE组无差异(P>0.05)。
表7各组试验对草鱼体色和肉色的影响
注:L:亮度;a:红度;b:黄度;c:饱和度;
结合以上结果分析,草鱼摄食黄粉虫完全替代豆粕的饲料后,其生长和饲料利用显著降低,但通过添加0.3mg/kg和0.6mg/kg酵母硒(饲料实际硒含量分别为0.84mg/kg和1.14mg/kg),可提升草鱼的生长、饲料利用和肌肉硒含量,且通过增加肌纤维密度和肌节长度而改善了草鱼肌肉品质,提升草鱼的经济价值,从而为黄粉虫这种新型蛋白源在水产饲料中的开发应用提供了应用解决方案。
Claims (9)
1.一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:以黄粉虫作为饲养鱼类的新型替代蛋白源,并添加酵母硒。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:还包括棉粕、菜粕、米糠、面粉、玉米酒糟、豆油、Ca(H2PO4)2、膨润土、乙氧基喹啉、稻壳粉和含微量矿物质元素、维生素和氨基酸的预混料中的一种或任意多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:所述鱼类为淡水鱼类。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:所述鱼类为草鱼。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:以重量百分比计,包括:黄粉虫17.2%、菜粕16%、棉粕12%、面粉20%、玉米酒糟5%、米糠10%、豆油4%、膨润土2%、氯化胆碱0.5%、预混料1%、乙氧基喹啉0.05%、Ca(H2PO4)22%,酵母硒0.0003-0.0009‰、余量为稻壳粉。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:以重量百分比计,包括:黄粉虫17.2%、菜粕16%、棉粕12%、面粉20%、玉米酒糟5%、米糠10%、豆油4%、膨润土2%、氯化胆碱0.5%、预混料1%、乙氧基喹啉0.05%、Ca(H2PO4)22%,酵母硒0.0006-0.0009‰、余量为稻壳粉。
7.根据权利要求5所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料,其特征在于:所述预混料为1%淡水鱼复合预混料。
8.根据权利要求5所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:制备步骤如下:
S1:含酵母硒小料的制备:按照饲料配方,依次准确称量酵母硒、乙氧基喹啉、氯化胆碱、膨润土、Ca(H2PO4)2、及预混料,将其充分混匀,得到含酵母硒的小料;
S2:大料的制备:按照饲料配方,在含酵母硒的小料中逐级依次加入玉米酒糟、米糠、稻壳粉、菜粕、棉粕、面粉、黄粉虫;
S3:饲料原料的制备:将大料边搅拌边匀速添加4%大料质量的豆油,然后倒入制粒盆中充分搓匀得到饲料原料;
S4:加水:将饲料原料放入搅拌机中搅拌,并匀速加入40%饲料原料质量的纯净水,混匀后倒入制粒盆中用手再次搓匀避免饲料原料成块状;
S5:制粒:选取直径为4mm的环模制粒机,并调整压轮与环模之间的压力,制备得到饲料颗粒;
S6:饲料风干:将饲料颗粒放在室温内通风阴凉处进行干燥,晾干后冷藏于-20℃下备用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种改善鱼类生长性能和肌肉品质的功能性饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述S5中压轮和环模之间压力通过两者之间的间隙来调整,缝隙为0.05~0.1mm。
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